Diabetes mellitus is associated with cerebral alterations in both human and animal models of the disease. These alterations include abnormal expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides and hippocampal astrogliosis. Urtica dioica (Nettle) is among several species listed for their use against diabetes in folk medicine. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the astrocyte number in the dentate gyrus of diabetic rats after treatment with nettle. A total of 21 male albino Wistar rats were used in the present study. The animals were divided into three groups: control, nettle-untreated diabetic, and nettle treated diabetic. Hyperglycaemia was induced by streptozotocin (80 mg/kg) in the animals of the diabetic and treatment groups. One week after injection of the streptozotocin, the animals in the treatment group received a hydroalcoholic extract of Urtica dioica (100 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks intraperitoneally. After a 5-week survival period, all the rats were sacrificed and coronal sections were taken from the dorsal hippocampal formation of the right cerebral hemispheres. The area densities of the astrocytes were measured and compared between the three groups (p < 0.05). The number of astrocytes increased in the diabetic rats (24.06 ± 9.57) compared with the controls (17.52 ± 6.66). The densities in the treated rats (19.50 ± 6.16) were lower than in the diabetic rats. Furthermore, the control and treated rats showed similar densities. We concluded that U. dioica extract helped compensate for astrocytes in the treatment rats dentate gyrus in comparison with diabetic rats. Copyright © 2009 Via Medica

Afshar, M.

Golalipour, M.J.

Jahanshahi, M.

English

Golestan University of Medical Sciences Repository

 Folia Morphol. Vol. 68, No. 2, pp. 93–97 Copyright © 2009 Via Medica O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E ISSN 0015–5659 www.fm.viamedica.pl   The effect of Urtica dioica extract on the number of astrocytes in the dentate gyrus of diabetic rats M. Jahanshahi1, M.J. Golalipour1, M. Afshar2 1Department of Anatomy, Gorgan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran 2Department of Anatomy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran [Received 29 January 2009; Accepted 16 March 2009] Diabetes mellitus is associated with cerebral alterations in both human and animal models of the disease. These alterations include abnormal expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides and hippocampal astrogliosis. Urtica dioica (Net­tle) is among several species listed for their use against diabetes in folk medi­cine. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the astrocyte number in the dentate gyrus of diabetic rats after treatment with nettle. A total of 21 male albino Wistar rats were used in the present study. The ani­mals were divided into three groups: control, nettle-untreated diabetic, and nettle treated diabetic. Hyperglycaemia was induced by streptozotocin (80 mg/kg) in the animals of the diabetic and treatment groups. One week after injection of the streptozotocin, the animals in the treatment group received a hydroal­coholic extract of Urtica dioica (100 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks intraperitoneally. After a 5-week survival period, all the rats were sacrificed and coronal sections were taken from the dorsal hippocampal formation of the right cerebral hemis­pheres. The area densities of the astrocytes were measured and compared between the three groups (p < 0.05). The number of astrocytes increased in the diabetic rats (24.06 ± 9.57) compared with the controls (17.52 ± 6.66). The densities in the treated rats (19.50 ± 6.16) were lower than in the diabetic rats. Furthermore, the control and treated rats showed similar densities. We concluded that U. dioica extract helped compensate for astrocytes in the treatment rats dentate gyrus in comparison with diabetic rats. (Folia Morphol 2009; 68, 2: 93–97) Key words: diabetes, astrocyte, dentate gyrus, Urtica dioica INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disor­der in humans, which is associated with cerebral changes. More than 1% of the world population suffer from diabetes and their numbers are gradu­ally increasing [12]. A high occurrence of the disease is noted in Iran, especially in urban populations, and is therefore a major health problem [15]. Diabetes mellitus is associated with cerebral changes in both human and animal models of the disease. These changes include abnormal expression Address for correspondence: Dr. M. Jahanshahi, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Gorgan University of Medical Sciences, km 4 Gorgan-Sari road (Shastcola), Gorgan, Iran, P.O. Box: 49175-553, tel: 0098 171 4421651, e-mail: mejahanshahi@yahoo.com 93      Folia Morphol., 2009, Vol. 68, No. 2 of hypothalamic neuropeptides, astrogliosis in the hippocampus [18], decreased synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus, neurotoxicity, and changes in glutamate neurotransmission [20]. Increasing evidence has shown that diabetes may be associated with learning and memory deficits in humans [4, 5, 14]. Studies examining the effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on memory func­tion in mice and rat models have also shown defi­cits in memory retention and retrieval, compared to non-diabetic controls [2, 3, 8, 19]. As we showed in our previous studies, astrocytes have the capacity to increase after spatial learning in the hippocam­pal subfields and dentate gyrus with Morris water maze techniques [10, 11], astrocytes also increased in diabetes [18]. Urtica L., the stinging nettle (Urticacea), is an annual perennial herb that is distinguished by its stinging hairs [13]. Urtica dioica (U. dioica), among the Urtica species, has been known for a long time as a medicinal plant. The decreasing effect on blood sugar of U. dioica as a medicinal herb has been intro­duced in old writings such as those by Avicenna [6]. In addition, U. dioica is among several species listed for their use against diabetes in folk medicine, in a large pharmacological screen of European species [17]. As the dentate gyrus is an important site for adult neurogenesis in mammals and neuropathological damage occurs in diabetic cases, and also because the number of astrocytes is increased in this disease, and lastly because there is no almost documenta­tion regarding the effects of treatment with nettle on astrocytes in the Dentate gyrus of diabetic rats, the aim of this study was the evaluation of the as­trocyte number in the dentate gyrus of diabetic rats treated with nettle. MATERIAL AND METHODS Animals Twenty-one adult male Wistar rats (weighing 250–300 g) were used. The animals were divided into three groups: control, nettle-untreated diabet­ic, and nettle treated diabetic. All the animals were treated in agreement with the Helsinki Convention on the use of animals in research, approved by the Institutional Review Board. The animals were kept in an air-conditioned animal room (22 ± 2oC) un­der a 12-hour light/dark cycle; food and water were available. Induction of diabetes by streptozotocin The streptozotocin (STZ) used was of analytical grade, obtained from Merck and Sigma. STZ was dissolved in saline for immediate use and injected intraperitoneally. Diabetes was induced with a sin­gle IP injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (80 mg/kg) to overnight-fasting rats. Blood samples for glucose measurements were taken from the tail vein. Diabe­tes was confirmed by measuring the glucose con­centration by using the glucometer method. In the experiments, 7 rats were used in each group. Preparation of the Urtica dioica hydroalcoholic extract Leaves of U. dioica were collected from a suburb of Gorgan, northern Iran (Golestan, Iran) in 2005 and taxonomically identified by the Department of Pharmacognosy at Mazandaran University of Medi­cal Sciences. A voucher specimen (5-77-1) was de­posited in the herbarium of Mazandaran University. Powder of U. dioica leaves was percolated with hy­droalcoholic (60°) solvent for 48 hours. The extract was filtered and concentrated in a vacuum at 40°C to make a jelly material. Study design This study consisted of three groups: a normal healthy control group that received saline daily for 4 weeks, a diabetic group which received saline dai­ly for 4 weeks after STZ injection, and the treatment group — diabetic rats that were administered 100 mg/kg hydroalcoholic extract of U. dioica [9] daily for 4 weeks. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (GTT) was performed on 16-hour fasted rats using 2 g glu­cose/kg body weight. In all groups, blood was col­lected from the animals by tail snipping at 0, 30, 90, and 120 minutes after glucose load. In addition, glucose tests were performed after IP injection STZ at 1 and 5 weeks. Tissue processing After the animals had been sacrificed, the brains were removed and fixed in buffered formaldehyde 10% solution for histological analysis. After process­ing and embedding, the brains were cut coronally into 7 µm slices. Approximately 10 slices were ob­tained from each brain. Then they were stained with phosphotungstic acid haematoxylin (PTAH) staining [10, 11]. We used PTAH staining for astrocyte stain­ing because it is one of the special staining methods 94 M. Jahanshahi et al., Urtica dioica extract and astrocytes Figure 1. Blood glucose concentration in control, diabetic and treatment groups. for astrocyte cells and their processes. Using this meth­od the astrocytes appeared blue and the neurons appeared pink [1]. Quantification of the number of astrocytes A photograph of each section was produced us­ing an Olympus BX 51 microscope and a DP 12 dig­ital camera under a magnification of 400X. An area of 20000 µm2 was selected randomly in the dentate gyrus in all sections. To measure the area density of the astrocytes, the images were transferred onto a computer. Using OLYSIA Autobioreport software, Olympus Co., the appropriate grids were superim­posed on the pictures and the cells were counted manually. Statistical analysis Experimental results concerning this study were evaluated using SPSS v.11.5 and expressed as mean ± SE. To compare the means of the mea­sured parameters in the three groups by analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, after confirmation of normality, the means were compared by the ANOVA Post Hoc Tukey test; p < 0.05 was considered sig­nificant. RESULTS The GTT of the three groups at the beginning and on the 5th week of the study are shown in Figure 1. As can be seen in Figure 1, the GTT re­sults of all rats were normal at the beginning of the experiment. The GTT results at the end of the study show a marked difference to the previous results in the rats that received STZ, i.e. the rats from the diabetic and treatment groups. The con-Table 1. Mean of astrocytes in dentate gyrus (DG) in control, diabetic, and treatment groups DG Mean Std. error mean  Area [mm2] Control 17.52 6.662 20000 Diabetic 24.06 9.576 20000 Treatment 19.50 6.164 20000 Table 2. Mean of astrocytes in dentate gyrus (DG) of all rats in control, diabetic and treatment groups DG Control Diabetes Treatment Rat 1 17.2 16.88 23 Rat 2 14.75 26.25 15 Rat 3 12.4 26.36 21.2 Rat 4 25 23.14 20.3 Rat 5 18.8 25.55 18.6 Rat 6 16.9 25.2 20 Rat 7 17.6 25 18.3 Mean 17.52 24.06 19.50 trol rats which did not receive STZ showed a nor­mal GTT. In contrast, the diabetic rats which had undergone STZ-induced diabetes on the first day of the study and did not receive the nettle extract showed the most profound impairment in GTT. The means of the astrocyte number (per 20000 µm2) in the control, diabetic, and treatment groups are shown in Table 1, and the mean of the astrocytes in each rat is shown in Table 2. Morphometric evaluation showed that the num­ber of astrocytes in the diabetic group (24.06 ± 9.57) was higher than in the control group (17.52 ± 6.66), and also that the number of astrocytes in the treat­ment group (19.50 ± 6.16) was higher than in the control group, but the treatment group had less astrocytes than the diabetic group. On the other hand, there was a significant dif­ference in astrocyte number between the control and the diabetic groups, but the difference between the treatment group and the other groups was not sig­nificant. It seams that nettle can decrease the den­sity of astrocytes that increase in diabetes. The transitions showed that the anterior-poste­rior distributions of astrocyte densities were not the same in the three groups (Table 3), but some simi­larities between the control and treatment groups 95       Folia Morphol., 2009, Vol. 68, No. 2  Table 3. Mean of astrocytes in dentate gyrus (DG) from an­terior to posterior in control, diabetic and treatment groups DG Control Diabetes Treatment 1 14 34.75 20.5 2 17.5 27 27.5 3 21 27.25 16 4 16.75 20.5 19 5 20.5 22.25 17.5 6 13.25 18.25 16 7 18 20.25 18.5 8 17.75 19.25 18.5 9 16.25 21.75 19 10 18.5 26 19.5 were seen. In addition, no significant regression model was compatible with the transitions drawn up (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION The present data showed that the astrocytes in the dentate gyrus of diabetic rats, as we thought, increased in comparison with nondiabetic controls, and this difference was significant (p < 0.05). Ad­ditionally, in the treatment group with hydroalco­holic extract of U. dioica, the number of astrocytes was higher than in the nondiabetic controls, but this difference was not significant (p < 0.05). Our data showed that the treatment group had less astrocytes compared with diabetic rats, but this difference was not significant (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the number of astrocytes after treat­ment with extract of U. dioica decreased in the diabetic rats. An attempt was made to find the anterior-poste­rior transitions of the astrocyte densities and provide mathematical equations for computational analysis. The transition of the cell density can show the distri­bution of the density in anterior-posterior transition. The underlying trends of the transitions drawn up were not significantly describable by regression mod­els. This finding is opposite to our previous studies in spatial learning. In our previous studies we found different increases in astrocytes in the anterior and posterior of hippocampal formation [10, 11]. It seems the diabetes, despite of spatial learning examination, does not have a different effect in the anterior-pos­terior of hippocampal formation. The increase in cell density seen in the diabetic group was compatible with the results of previous studies. For example, Revsin et al. [20] in 2005 re­ported that one month after STZ treatment, the number of astrocytes was significantly increased in the STZ-treated group as compared to the vehicle-treated group (p < 0.001, n = 5); this finding is similar to our results. Saravia et al. [18] in 2002 showed that the num­ber of GFAP astrocytes increased 3-fold in the hip­pocampal stratum radiatum of STZ-diabetic female mice compared with age-matched, vehicle-treated nondiabetic controls (p < 0.005). Muranyi et al. [16] showed that the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes increased significantly in the hippocampal formation of diabetic rats. The diame­ters of astrocyte cell bodies were found to be en­larged, and the numberand length of astrocyte foot processes were increased. What is more, in our previous study in which we worked on the granule cell in the dentate gyrus, we showed that Urtica dioica extract can help to restore diabetes-induced granule-cell loss in the rat dentate gyrus [7]. However, by comparison of our results with our previous study it seems that nettle extract adminis­tration can be a beneficial treatment for the regula­tion of cell density in the dentate gyrus of diabetic patients and that this can ameliorate cognitive im­pairment in the diabetic patient. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to the research departments of Golestan and Birjand Universities of Medical Sciences and to Mr A.M. Gharavi and Mrs S. Ghaffari for their help with histological processing. REFERENCES 1.	 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The effect of Urtica dioica extract on the number of astrocytes in the dentate gyrus of diabetic rats

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The effect of Urtica dioica extract on the number of astrocytes in the dentate gyrus of diabetic rats

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