Albert Rees

English

Research Papers in Economics

This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National
Bureau of Economic Research
Volume Title: Real Wages in Manufacturing, 1890-1914
Volume Author/Editor: Albert Rees
Volume Publisher: UMI
Volume ISBN: 0-87014-069-8
Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/rees61-1
Publication Date: 1961
Chapter Title: APPENDIX B Definitions of Industries and List of State
Series Used
Chapter Author: Albert Rees
Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c2290
Chapter pages in book: (p. 137 - 144)APPENDIX B
Definitions of Industries and List of State Series Used
THE industries for which wage series are provided in the text are
defined below in terms of census industries as of 1914. In some cases,
they are differently defined in earlier censuses; the 1914 census pro-
vides explanations of such differences.
Cotton
Census industry: cotton manufactures (includes cotton goods, cotton
smaliwares, and cotton lace).
Massachusetts—cotton goods,1890—1914;cotton smaliwares,
1908—14.
Pennsylvania—1892 series used 1892—1901: tapestries and table-
cloths, cotton yarns, cotton goods, chenille goods. The 1896 series
used 1901—5: cotton yarns, cotton goods, chenille goods, lace goods.
Other series used were: towels, 1910—14; curtains, 1910—12; cotton
goods, 1906—14; lace goods and draperies, 1906—14. (For 1906—10,
the last two series are given separately for Philadelphia and the rest of
the state.)
Connecticut—cotton mills, cotton goods, 1900—1903 (cotton goods
include batts, thread and yarn, rope, cord, twine, netting, and
webbing, which are products included in the census industry, plus a
few items, such as laundered shirts, that are not included).
Rhode Island—cotton goods, 1893—1903.
Maine—cotton mills, 1895—1903.
South Carolina—textiles, 19 10-14. This series covered 166 establish-
ments in 1914, of which twelve did not produce cotton textiles. Seven
produced hosiery; one each produced asbestos textiles, wool and
cotton blankets, hair cloth, and jute bagging; and one did bleaching
and finishing.
Wool
Census industry: wool manufactures except carpets and rugs (includes
woolen goods, worsted goods, felt goods, and wool hats).
137APPENDIX B
Massachusetts—woolen goods, 1890—1910; worsted goods, 1890—
1910; woolen and worsted goods, 1910—14; wool hats, 1909—12; felt
goods, 1908—14.
New Jersey—woolen and worsted goods, 1898—1914.
Pennsylvania—i 892 series used 1892—96: worsted goods, worsted
yarns, woolen goods, woolen yarns. The 1896 series used 1896—1905:
woolen and worsted fabrics; woolen and worsted cassimeres; worsted,
woolen, and cotton yarns; upholstery goods; woolen blankets,
flannels, etc.; woolen and worsted yarns; and wool hats. Other series
used were: woolens and worsteds, Philadelphia, 1906—9; woolens and
worsteds, blankets and flannels, outside Philadelphia, 1906—9; woolen
goods, 1910-12; cotton and woolen yarns, Philadelphia, 1907—9;
yarns,1910—12;upholstery and drapery goods,Philadelphia,
1906—9; upholstery goods, 1910—12; blankets and flannels, 1910—12.
Connecticut—woolen mills, 1900—1903.
Rhode Island—woolen goods, 1893—1903.
Maine—woolen mills, 1895—1902.
Silk
Census industry: silk goods, including throwsters.
Massachusetts—silk and silk goods, 1890—1914.
New Jersey—silk, broad and ribbon; silk throwing; silk dyeing,
1896—1914 (some of the establishments included in silk dyeing are
probably in the census industry "dyeing and finishing of textiles").
Pennsylvania—1892 series used 1892—96: silk broad goods; 1896
series used 1896—1 silk broad goods and ribbons; silk—broad
goods, thrown silk, yarns, etc., and ribbons. Other series used were
silk dress goods and throwing, 1906—9; silk ribbons, dress goods, and
throwing, 1906—9; silk throwing, 1906—9; silk, 1910—14.
Connecticut—silk goods, 1900—1903.
Rhode Island—silk goods, 1896—1903.
Hosiery and Knit Goods
Census industry: hosiery and knit goods.
Massachusetts—hosiery and knit goods, 1890—19 14.
New Jersey—knit goods, 1898—19 14.
Pennsylvania—i 892 series used 1892—96: hosiery; hosiery and knit
goods; knit goods. The 1896series used 1896—1905: hosiery;
138APPENDIX B
knit goods, underwear. Other series used were hosiery, 1906—12; knit
goods, 1906—12 (for 1906—9, given separately in and outside of
Philadelphia).
Wisconsin—knitting works, 1890—99 and 1903—7.
Connecticut—hosiery and knit goods, 1900—1903.
Rhode Island—hosiery and knit goods, 1893—1903.
Dyeing and Finishing Textiles
Census industry: dyeing and finishing textiles exclusive of that done
in textile mills.
Massachusetts—print works, dye works, and bleacheries, 1890—
1907; dyeing and finishing textiles, 1908—14.
New Jersey—dyeing and finishing cotton goods, 1898—1914.
Pennsylvania—dyers, bleachers, and finishers, 1906—12; dyeing and
finishing textiles, 1913—14.
Rhode Island—print works, dye works, and bleacheries, 1893—1903.
All Textiles
Census industries: This is a combination of the census industries
included in the five preceding series, plus two additional industries:
carpets and rugs other than rag; and cordage, twine, jute, and linen
goods. It excludes the manufacture of clothing and of such miscel-
laneous textile products as awnings, bags, belting, etc., and also
excludes several related industries such as wool shoddy, haircioth,
fur-felt hats, and mats and matting.
In computing this series, we have combined the component series
for all industries by states and then combined the states using census
employment weights. The list below gives the states series, in addition
to those listed in the five component industries above, used in the "all
textiles" series. Wisconsin, which is included in hosiery and knit
goods, was not used in computing all textiles.
Massachusetts—carpetings, 1890—1907; carpets and rugs other than
rag, 1908—14; cordage and twine, 1890—1914; mixed textiles, 1890—96;
cotton, woolen, and other textiles, 1890—95.
New Jersey—cotton goods, 1899—1914 (not included in our series
on the cotton industry because of poor correspondence with census
industry); thread, 1899—1914; carpets, 1898—1914.
Pennsylvania—l 892 series used 1892—96: carpets, mixed textiles,
139APPENDIX B
cotton and woolen goods, miscellaneous yarns. The 1896 series used
1896—1905: carpets, cotton and woolen cloths, carpet yarns. Other
series used were cordage and twine, 1906—14; carpets, 1906—14 (given
separately in and outside Philadelphia, 1906—9); woolen, worsted,
felt goods, and wool hats, 1913—14; hosiery and knit goods, 1913—14.
(The last two series were omitted from their respective industry
series because of sharp changes in employment and earnings in
1913—14. These changes seem to result from misclassifying some
establishments by industry in 1913. When these series are combined
with others in all textiles, the movement of both earnings and
employment is reasonable.)
Boots and Shoes
Census industries: boots and shoes, not including rubber boots and
shoes; boot and shoe cut stock, exclusive of that produced in boot
and shoe factories; boot and shoe findings, exclusive of those pro-
duced in boot and shoe factories.
Massachusetts—boots and shoes, 1890—1914 (1890—1907 includes
boots and shoes, factory product; soles, heels and cut stock; boot and
shoe findings; stitching, heeling, etc.); boot and shoe findings,
1908—11; boot and shoe cut stock, 1908—il; boot and shoe cut stock
and findings, 1912—14.
New Jersey—shoes, 1890—1914.
Pennsylvania—men's, women's, misses', and children'sshoes,
1896—1905 (1896 series) and 1906—9; boots and shoes, 1910—14.
Ohio—boots and shoes, 1893—1912.
Wisconsin—boots and shoes, 1890—99 and 1903—7.
Leather
Census industry: leather, tanned, curried, and finished.
Massachusetts—leather, 1890—1907; leather, tanned, curried, and
finished, 1908—14.
New Jersey—leather, 1899—1914.
Pennsylvania—leather, miscellaneous, 1906—12; shoe leather, enam-
eled and glazed kid, 1906—12; sole and harness leather, 1906—9; sole
leather, 1910—12; harness leather, 1910—12; tanneries, 1910—12.
Wisconsin—tanners and curriers, 1890—95; leather, 1896—99 and
1904—7.
140APPENDIX B
Electrical Machinery
Census industry: electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies.
Massachusetts—electrical apparatus and appliances, 1896—1907;
electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies, 1907—14.
New Jersey—electrical appliances, 1898—19 14; lamps (light bulbs),
1898—1914; gas and electric fixtures, 1902—14.
Pennsylvania—-electrical supplies, 1896—1905 (1896 series); elec-
trical apparatus and lamps, 1906—9; electrical supplies, 1910—14;
fixtures, gas and electric, 19 12—14. (There is a separate census industry
"gas and electric fixtures," but it had fewer than half as many employ-
ees in Pennsylvania, according to the 1914 Census, as are covered by
this state series.)
Ohio—electrical goods and supplies, 1896—1912.
Paper and Paper Products
Census industries: paper and wood pulp; bags, paper not made in
paper mills; boxes, fancy and paper; labels and tags; paper patterns;
card cutting and designing; cardboard, not made in paper mills;
envelopes; paper goods, n.e.s.
Massachusetts—paper and paper goods, 1890-95; paper, 1896—
1907; paper boxes, 1897—1907; paper goods, n.e.s., 1896—1914; paper
and wood pulp, 1908—14; envelopes, 1909—14; boxes, fancy and
paper, 1908—14.
New Jersey—paper, 1898—1914; boxes, wood and paper, 1898—1912
(over two-thirds of employment in wood and paper boxes combined
in 1913 is in paper boxes); boxes, paper, 1913—14.
Pennsylvania—1896 series used 1896—1905: paper manufactories;
paper, paper boxes, envelopes, etc.
Wisconsin—paper and pulp, 1890—99, 1903—7.
Connecticut—paper goods, 1900—1903.
Rubber
Census industry: rubber goods (includes rubber belting and hose,
rubber boots and shoes, and rubber goods, n.e.s.).
Massachusetts—rubber and elastic goods, 1890-1908; boots and
shoes, rubber, 1908—14; rubber goods, n.e.s., 1909—14.
New Jersey—rubber goods (hard and soft), 1898—19 14.
Ohio—rubber goods, 1900—1910.
Connecticut—rubber goods, 1900—1903.
141APPENDIX B
Glass
Census industries: glass; glass cutting, staining, and ornamenting.
New Jersey—glass, window and bottle, 1899—1914;glass, cut
tableware, 1908—14.
Pennsylvania—1896 series used 1899—1905: window glass, bottles,
and table goods. Other series were glass, window, 1908—14; glass
bottles, 1908—14; glass, plate, 1908—14; glass, decorative, 1910—14;
lamps and chimneys, 1910—14; glass, tableware, 1910—14; glass, cut,
1910—14; glass, stained, 1910—12.
Ohio—glass and glassware, 1901—12.
Foundries and Machine Shops
Census industries: engines, steam, gas, and water; foundry and
machine shop products; gas machines and gas and water meters;
hardware; iron and steel—cast-iron pipe; locomotives not made by
railroad companies; plumbers' supplies, n.e.s.; pumps, steam, and
other power; steam fittings and steam and hot-water heating appara-
tus; stoves and hot-air furnaces; stoves, gas and oil; structural iron-
work not made in steel works or rolling mills. (This list, except for
the two stove industries and locomotives, makes up the industry
"foundry and machine shop products" as used in the data by states
of the Census of 1909. Stoves and hot-air furnaces and locomotives
were included in foundry and machine shop products in the Censuses
of 1889 and 1899. Stoves, gas and oil, were combined with stoves and
hot-air furnaces in the data by states of the Census of 1909.)
Massachusetts—machines and machinery; cooking, lighting, and
heating apparatus, 1890—1907; foundry and machine-shop products,
hardware, steam fittings and heating apparatus, stoves and hot-air
furnaces, structural ironwork not made in steel works or rolling mills,
1908—14.
New Jersey—boilers, tanks, etc.; foundry (iron); furnaces, ranges
and heaters; machinery; steel and iron, structural, 1899—1914. (The
Census of 1914 shows no structural shapes produced in rolling
mills in New Jersey in 1914, and only one rolling mill producing
structural shapes in 1909. The state series "iron and steel, structural,"
covers twenty-three establishments in 1909.)
Pennsylvania—i 892 series used 1892—96: iron foundries and
machine works; stoves, ranges, heaters, etc.; hardware; engines and
boilers; boilers; bridges; locomotives and engines; car couplers. The
142APPENDIX B
1896 series used 1896—1905: iron and steel bridges; stoves, ranges,
and heaters; bath boilers, tanks, etc.; hardware specialties; cast-
iron pipe; building and structural ironwork; engines, boilers, etc.;
iron vessels and engines; boilers, tanks, stacks, etc.; machinery;
foundries and machine shops; locomotives, stationary engines, etc.;
plumbers' supplies; steam pumps; iron fences and rails. Other series
were machinery and castings, 1906—7; iron and steel bridges and
structural work; gas, gasoline, and steam engines and oil well supplies;
locomotives, stationary engines, and metallic packing; hardware
specialties 1906—9; foundries and machine shops, 1908—9; structural
iron; iron and steel bridges; gas and gasoline engines; foundries;
machinery; machine tools; stoves, heaters, and ranges; gas meters;
boilers, tanks, and vats; castings; engines and boilers; plumbers'
supplies; pumps and valves; radiators and steam fittings; ventilators,
elevators, and fire escapes, 1910—12.
Ohio—boilers, engines, and tanks; foundry and machine shop
products; machinery; stoves, ranges, and furnaces, 1893—1912;
iron (structural and architectural), 1894—1912.
Connecticut—general hardware, iron and iron foundries, machine
shops, 1900—1903.
Iron and Steel
Census industries: blast furnaces; steel works and rolling mills; tin
plate and terne plate.
Massachusetts—iron and steel:steel works and rolling mills,
1909—14.
New Jersey—pig iron, 1899—1913; steel and iron (bar), 1899—1914.
Pennsylvania—i 892 series used 1892—96: pig iron; malleable iron;
steel; iron and steel sheets and plates; plate and bar; rolling mills,
general products; nails and spikes. The 1896 series used 1896—1905:
pig iron; steel plants and rolling mills that make a rolled product;
steel mills that do not roll or finish their product; tin plate, black
plate works. Other series used were pig iron; iron and steel, ingots and
castings; iron and steel, rolled; tin and terne plate, 1906—12. The
following series are used in 1914 only (affecting only weighted days
in operation for 1914): iron, pig, basic foundry and forge; ferro-
alloys; bars, rolled iron; bars, muck iron; ingots, crucible; cast-
ings, steel; billets, blooms, and slabs, steel; bars, rolled steel; plates,
universal; plates, sheared; plates, black for tinning; rails; shapes,
structural, heavy; shapes, structural, light; shapes, other iron and steel;
143APPENDIX B
sheets; tin plate; rods, steel in coils; pipes and tubing, rolled; hoops,
bands, and cotton ties; bolts, nuts, and rivets; nails and spikes, cut
and wrought; wire nails; axles; horse shoes (the last five series include
some establishments other than rolling mills, but such establishments
include less than half the employment covered by the series in each
case).
Ohio—steel, iron, and tin, 1901—12.
144

Real Wages in Manufacturing, 1890-1914

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