The cultural behaviour of Curvularia lunata Wakker, which caused lesions in leaves of coconut seedlings, was studied on different agar media.  Temperature -growth studies indicated that the colony growth and sporulation were best at 30 perc.  The optimum temperature for germination of conidia on water agar was 30 perc. Germination was reduced with the increase of concentration of conidia, and was less on leaf surface than on water agar.  When coconut leaves were inoculated with C. eragrostidis which was occasionally isolated from lesions, failed to produce any symptoms on inoculatio

Mahindapala, R.

Salim, N.

Coconut Research Institute Repository

Ceylon Cocon. Q., (1981) 32, 96-104 Printed in Sri Lanka Leaf Blight Disease of Coconut 2 Studies on Curvularia sp N. SALIM Department of Biological Sciences, Sri Jayewardenepura University, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka and R. MAHINDAPALA Coconut Research Institute, Lunuwila, Sri Lanka ABSTRACT The cultural behaviour of Curvularia lunata Wakker, which caused lesions in leaves of coconut seedlings, was studied on different agar media. Temperature - growth studies indicated that the colony growth and sporulation were best at 30° C. The optimum tempera­ture for germination of conidia on Water Agar was 30° C. Germination was reduced with the increase of concentration of conidia, and was less on leaf surface than on water agar. When coconut leaves were inoculated with C. lunata, characteristic brown lesions appea­red in three days. C. eragrostidis which was occasionally isolated from lesions, failed to pro­duce any symptoms on inoculation. INTRODUCTION Leaf blight and Leaf spot diseases of coconut, Cocos nucifera, L., are common in many coconut growing countries. Several fungi such as Pestalozzia palmarum (Anon., 1961), Drechslera incurvata (Quillec & Renard, 1975), Periconia saraswatipurensis (Gupta & Ram, 1971) and Curvularia sp (Chan, 1974) have been found to be associated with these diseases. In Sri Lanka, fungi associated with the leaf blight complex are Drechslera incurvata and Pestalozzia palmarum. However, it is doubtful whether the latter fungus is the primary cause of leaf blight (Fernando & Mahindapala, 1977). During routine laboratory investiga­tions on leaf blight disease, a species of Curvularia was consistently isolated from lesions (Mahin­dapala, 1979). Curvularia eragrostidis (=C.maculans) causes extensive leaf spots in coconut seedlings in nurseries during the wet months in West Malaysia (Chan, 1974). During the wet seaspn of October-November, 1972, a serious outbreak of this disease occurred on var. Malayan Yellow dwarf with nearly all the nursery seedlings infected and over 50% of the frond area covered with spots (Chan, 1974). The present study is the second in a series of studies on leaf blight disease and describes experiments on the effect of temperature on vegetative growth of the fungus, germination of conidia, sporulation and on disease development. 97 N. SAL1M AND R. MAHINDAPALA MATERIALS AND METHODS Inoculum Coconut leaves showing symptoms of leaf blight were collected from Tall X Dwarf (var CRIC 65) palms at the Coconut Research Institute, Lunuwila. To prepare a culture of the fungus leaf pieces bearing lesions were surface sterilized by immersing for 2 min in 0.1 % mercuric chloride solution. These were then thoroughly washed in three changes of sterile distilled water, plated on Czapek-Dox Agar (CDA) medium and incubated at room tempera­ture. A pure culture of the fungus was prepared from hyphal tips. The fungus was identi­fied as Curvularia sp. In the laboratory, the culture was maintained by regular transfer every seven days to Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). Inoculation techniques Using a sterile 4 mm cork borer, an agar plug was cut from the leading edge of a 6—day old culture grown at 25° C, and inoculated centrally on fresh medium (20 cm3). The inocu­lated plates were incubated at the test temperature + 0.1 °C. A conidia! suspension was made by pouring five cm3 of sterile distilled water on to a freshly spoulating culture medium and the spores dislodged using a sterile glassrod. The spore suspension was sprayed on to test plants using a laboratory atomizer. Assessment of growth rate and germination of conidia In experiments on assessment of growth rate, treatments were replicated four times at each temperature tested. The colony diameter was measured at 24 h intervals, starting 24 h after inoculation, using a pair of calipers and a centimeter scale. In each plate, two measure­ments were made at right angles to each other. Germination of conidia was assessed by spray­ing one cm3 of conidia! suspension on to a Petri-dish containing 10 cm3 of 2.5% distilled water agar to give a uniform deposition of about 2 x 103 spores cm-2 which was found to be the ideal spore concentration on the test surface. After incubation, discs 4 mm in diameter were removed randomly using a cork borer, and mounted in 0.1 % cotton blue in lactophenol. These were examined under the microscope to assess germination. To assess germination on the leaf, leaves from 3-month old seedlings were sprayed with a freshly made suspension of conidia. Care was taken to prevent run-off and the inocu­lated leaf pieces were incubated in Petri-dishes lined with moist filter paper. After incubation, the leaf pieces were taken out of the Petri-dish and allowed to dry for a few minutes. After­wards, a piece of sellotape was fixed, then removed and mounted in 0.1 % cotton blue in lacto­phenol. In germination assessment on Agar and on leaves, about 250 spores were examined from each treatment. A spore was scored as germinated if the length of the germ tube exceeded the breadth of the germinating cell of the conidium. Identity of the fungus Using a camera lucida and a calibrated stage micrometer, the length and the breadth of about 100 spores together with other relevant morphological features were noted to deter­mine the species using a key provided by Ellis (1971). LEAF BLIGHT DISEASE OF COCONUT 98 EXPERIMENTAL Effect of temperature on growth of roe fungus Sterile Petri-dishes containing IS cm3, of Czapek-Dox agar were inoculated and incuba­ted at 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 30°, 35° and 40° C. At each temperature the mean growth was assessed daily from four replicates. The fungus did not grow outside the range 10° - 40°C and the optimum temperature for growth is about 30°C (Fig. 1). Time (days) Fig. I. Growth of C. lunata on Czapek-Dox agar at different temperatures. Effect of temperature on Sporulation Petri-dishes containing PDA were inoculated as described earlier and incubated at 10°, 15°, 20°, 30°, 35°, and 40°C. Ten plates were incubated at each temperature and the con­centration of conidia was assessed using a conidia! suspension made as described earlier at two day intervals from two replicates. 99 Nr SAUM AND R. MAHINDAPALA To determine the concentration, the number of conidia was counted in several droplets (each of volume 0.01 cm3) of spore suspension using a haemocytometer. Mean values were obtained from five random samples. Temperature considerably affected the sporulation time and the number of spores pro­duced (Fig. 2). The optimum for sporulation (i.e. the shortest time for sporulation and the highest production of spores) appears to be 30°C. 0 1 4 i • ft II Time (days) Fig. 2. Effect of sporulation of C. lunata at different temperatures. Effect of temperature on germination of conidia Distilled water Agar plates (2.5%) were pre-incubated for 2 h at the test temperature in order to equilibrate the temperature of the Agar medium with that of the environment. The agar plates were then inoculated with freshly made suspension of conidia and incubated for 6h-at 5°, 10°, 15°, 20* 30°, 40°and45°C. Germination was assessed hourly after- inoculation. LEAF BLIGHT DISEASE OF COCONUT 100 The results of this experiment, which are presented in Figure 3, show that germination occurred at all temperatures tested except 3° and 45°C. The optimum temperature for germin­ation appears to be 30°C. At this temperature, germination was observed within an hour and reached the maximum (98%) within 6 h. Time (h) Fig. 3 . Germination of C. lunata conidia with time. Effect of the concentration of conidial suspension on germination (a) Distilled water agar (2.5%) plates were inoculated with spore suspension of different concentrations made from freshly sporulated plates and incubated for 8 h at 30°C. Ger­mination was assessed hourly. (6) Four coconut leaves from 3 month old seedlings were excised and inoculated with diff­erent concentrations of freshly made suspension of conidia. Different concentrations of conidia were made by serially diluting a spore suspension of concentration 10s spores cm-*. 101 N. SALIM AND R. MAHINDAPALA , • •> - • While spraying, care was taken to prevent run-off and the inoculated leaflets were incu­bated at'30?C in a saturated atmosphere. Germination was assessed 2 hourly using the Sello-tape method. ' Results of these experiments are presented in Fig. 4. Although the rate of germination on coconut leaves was less than that on DWA, a higher percentage germination at low spore concentrations has been noted. Time of Incubation (h) Fig. 4. (a) Effect of spore density of C. lunota on germination on Water Agar surface. Disease development and the identity of the fungus .. „ Coconut leaves were inoculated and incubated at the ambient temperature. The mode of infection was studied by examining epidermal peels mounted on 0.1 % cotton blue in lacto-phenol under the microscope. By examining a large number of infections, it was noted that 72% of the germinated conidia entered leaf by direct penetration of the cuticle while the rest entered through stomata. It was also observed that a minimum period of between 2-4 h Was required for the initiation LEAF BLIGHT DISEASE OF COCONUT 102 of infection. Two days after inoculation, infection appeared in the form of small roundish or oval shaped brown lesions each about 0.6 mm in diameter. After the 3rd day, the spots enlarged and appeared slightly darker. Within 7 days, about 1/3 of the leaf was subjected to extensive necrosis. Fig.S shows the structure of conidiophores. Conidia are formed at the tip of the conidiophore and are 19.9-25.5 x 8.6-11.3 Frninsize. The fungus was identified as C. lunata. mi-Time of incubation (h) Fig. 4. (b) Effect of spore density of C. lunata on germination on coconut leaves. In certain isolations, another species of Curvularia, distinct from C. lunata was observed. This fungus was identified as C. eragrostidis (= C. maculans) where the conidia are straight, . symmetrical, four-celled, dark brown with the two mid cells showing a darker shade (Fig. 5) However, inoculation experiments with C. eragrostidis failed to produce any symptoms. 103 N. SALIM AND R. MAHINDAPALA Fig. 5. (a) Curvularia lunata (b) Curvularia eragrostidis. LEAF BLIGHT DISEASE OF COCONUT 104 D I S C U S S I O N From the features examined, the fungus appears to be Curvularia lunata (Wakker), the conidial state of Cochliobolus lunatus Boedjin. Although C. eragrostidis (= C. maculans), which is considered to be a serious pathogen of coconut in Malaysia (Chan, 1974), was also isolated from some of the lesions, it does not seem to be a primary invader of tissue. The temperature-growth curve for this fungus is similar to that of other fungi. The optimum temperature for growth (30°C) relates to the general outdoor temperature, and is likely that the fungus grows well under these conditions. The sporulation was quickest at the optimum temperature for mycelial growth (30°C) and this indicates that under field conditions there could be profuse sporulation. The optimum temperature for spore germination is similar to that for mycelial growth and sporulation. However, the temperature range which allows germination is broader than that for growth. Germination on coconut leaves took about 12 h to reach the maximum whereas on Agar medium it took only about 6 h at 30°C. This is perhaps due to the available moisture conditions. A noteworthy characteristic of the fungus is the considerable germination observed after one hour's incubation. This would help the fungus in spreading very quickly under wet conditions in nurseries, where the leaf surface humidity is high due to the very close planting of seedlings. There is also a reduction of germination with the increase of spore concentration, a phenomenon also observed with Pestalozzia palmarum (Fernando & Mahindapala, 1977). This perhaps is due to competition for limiting nutrients or due to the release of inhibitory substances by the spores themselves (Sussman & Halvorson, 1966). The mode of entry is both by direct penetration through the cuticle and through the stomata. The observation that about 72% of germinated spores enter by direct penetration gives an indication of the pathogenicity of the fungus. In the experiments, symptoms on inoculated plants appeared after three days. Under favourable conditions, a rapid develop­ment of the disease in the host has been found. This work formed part of a report submitted by N. S. on partial fulfilment for the Bachelor of Science (Special) degree. R E F E R E N C E S Anon. (1961). Annual report of the Coconut Research Institute for 1960. Ceylon Cocon. Q. 12; 1-100. Chan, C. L. (1974). Chemical control of Curvularia eragrostidis Leaf spot of coconut. Mardi Research Bulletin 2; 19-24. Ellis, M. B. (1971). Dematiaceous hyphomycetes, Surrey, Commonwealth Mycological Institute. Fernando, P. and Mahindapala, R. (1977). Leaf Blight Disease of Coconut 1. Studies on Pestalozzia palmarum, Ceylon Cocon. Q. 28; 73-80. Gupta, Q. S. D. and Ram, A. (1971). New Leaf spot disease of coconut palm. Indian Phytopathology 24; 205-206. Mahindapala, R. (1979). Curvularia left spot of coconut Ceylon Cocon. Q. 30; 116-118. Quillec, G. and Renard, J. L. (1975). Helminthosporium leaf spot in the coconut. Oleagineux 30; 205-213. Sussman A. S. and Halvorson, H. O. (1966) Spores, their dormancy and germination, New York, Harper and Row. 

Leaf blight disease of coconut 2. studies on Curvularia sp

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Leaf blight disease of coconut 2. studies on Curvularia sp

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