Development of new greener material for conducting paper is sought for applications such as security paper, actuators, and anti-static packaging. It is required that these materials possess low density and good mechanical integrity. For this purpose, cellulose substrates are explored. Bacterial cellulose has been shown to be a better substrate due to ultrafine microstructure and porosity. The synthesis protocol has been optimized with respect to the molar ratio of aniline monomer to oxidizer. Preliminary results with optimized synthesis protocol and bacterial cellulose as substrate has shown promising microstructure

Anand, D

Khandelwal, Mudrika

Khandelwal, M

Name not available

Novel conducting paper from bacterial cellulose and poly aniline

Research Archive of Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

1  NOVEL CONDUCTING PAPER FROM BACTERIAL CELLULOSE AND POLYANILINE Divya Anand1, Dr. Mudrika Khandelwal2 1,2Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad Ordinance Factory Estate, Yeddumailaram, Medak, Telangana 502205 Phone: +91 (0) 40 23017118 1Email address: ms13m1004@iith.ac.in 2Email address: mudrika@iith.ac.in  ABSTRACT  Development of new greener material for conducting paper is sought for applications such as security paper, actuators, and anti-static packaging. It is required that these materials possess low density and good mechanical integrity. For this purpose, cellulose substrates are explored. Bacterial cellulose has been shown to be a better substrate due to ultrafine microstructure and porosity. The synthesis protocol has been optimized with respect to the molar ratio of aniline monomer to oxidizer. Preliminary results with optimized synthesis protocol and bacterial cellulose as substrate has shown promising microstructure.  KEYWORDS:-Bacterial Cellulose, Filter Paper, Conducting Polymer Composite, Polyaniline INTRODUCTION  Conducting paper constitutes a class of materials suitable for applications such as sensors, actuators, anti-static packaging, biomedicines, protective clothing and potential battery applications. For the above mentioned applications, it becomes necessary to develop materials which possess good conductivity, mechanical flexibility, along with light weight, low cost [1]. With increasing environmental concern, greener materials and processing technologies are also sought.  Given these requirements, polymers are bound to play an important role due to their exceptional low density. Polyaniline (PANI) is one of the preferred conducting polymer, while others include polypyrrole, polyacetylene, polythiophenes and so on, because of its good environmental stability, high electrical conductivity, facile synthesis and relatively low synthesis cost [2].Unlike other conducting polymers, PANI can be synthesized in water with an oxidizer [3]. It exists in various forms which differs in chemical and physical properties [4]. It exhibits three different oxidation states (a) leucoemeraldine-white/clear and colorless (b) emeraldine-green for the emeraldine salt and blue for emeraldine base (c) (per) nigeraniline-blue/violet [5]. The green protonated (emeraldine) state is usually preferred because it has conductivity higher than many polymers and similar to semi-conductors [6]. Its sensitivity to changes in its physicochemical 2  properties makes it a suitable candidate in various applications such as organic electrodes, sensors, and actuators [7-8]. However, there are several problems associated with using PANI for the proposed purpose. One major problem with conducting polymers is lack of mechanical integrity. Therefore the difficulty in processibility limits its potential applications [10]. Large ranges of materials with good mechanical properties have been used as substrates to produce PANI composites. These substrates include cellulose, rubber, plastic and textile [11-14]. Cellulose and its derivatives are preferred because of their abundance, low environmental impact. It can be obtained from many sources such as trees, plants, algae, fungi and bacteria. However, the most common forms used for conducting nanocomposites include cellulose pulp, cellulose derivatives, cotton cellulose, micro-crystalline cellulose and bacterial cellulose membranes [15-16]. Amongst them, bacterial cellulose (BC) is particularly advantageous because it is obtained as a 100% pure, highly crystallinity dilute hydrogel with above 95% water, which implies high holding capacity [18]. It has attractive mechanical properties and unique nanostructure which implies that it’s one of the best materials to be used as a substrate in PANI composites. [17]. Recently, some research groups explored the preparation of BC/PANI conducting nano-composites through the in situ polymerization of aniline monomers (An) in BC membrane [12-18].  It is said “there are as many polyaniline as the number of people who prepare them” [9]. Thus a major challenge is to always optimize protocol of PANI synthesis in each lab.  The proposed work aims to provide direction towards greener, flexible, light weight conducting paper from bacterial cellulose and polyaniline composite. This work reports optimization of the strategy to obtain the composite by in situ polymerization. MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENT Aniline monomer and ammonium persulfate (APS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, India. Toluene and hydrochloric acid were ordered from Alfa Aesar India. Laboratory prepared bacterial cellulose was donated by Dr. Mudrika Khandelwal from her previous work for this research. FESEM was used to study the morphology of both the substrates. Filter paper and bacterial cellulose was gold coated and imaged at 10 kV. The penetration studies were performed on filter paper and bacterial cellulose in order to get an idea of absorption of toluene and HCl.  In order to produce polyaniline, several synthesis chemistry protocols were tried. Two sets of experiments were conducted -  1. 0.2 M Aniline in 37% HCl and 0.2 M APS in water were used in molar ratio 5:1, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, 1:5 2. 0.2 M Aniline in Toluene and 0.2 M APS in 37% HCl were used in molar ratio  3:1, 1:1, 1:3 The reaction was carried out at room temperature for 24 hours. The polymer was obtained by using a filter paper and washing with DI water and acetone. 3  Further FTIR was done in order to verify the presence of functional groups in polyaniline. Finally a composite was prepared by carrying out polymerization in presence of BC as substrate.  RESULTS AND DISCUSSION  1. Choice of substrate  a) Microstructure - Filter paper and BC           Figure 1 SEM images of (a) Bacterial Cellulose and (b) Filter Paper  Figure 1 shows fibrous structure of bacterial cellulose and filter paper. The difference lies in the dimension of fibres forming the two cellulose matrices. The bacterial cellulose fibres are in nano dimensions whereas the filter paper is composed of micro sized fibres. BC fibres are uniform while filter paper fibres have varied dimensions. b) Penetration kinetics  In order to perform in situ polymerization, permeability of matrix is very important because for the polymerization to happen, the solvents carrying monomer and oxidising agent should travel inside the matrix. From the literature, toluene and HCl are commonly used in polyaniline synthesis, therefore the study has been carried out on these liquids.  4   Figure 2: The gain in weight with time for BC and FP in toluene (BC=black, FP=red) and 37% HCl (FP=black, BC=red) Figure 2 shows that the rise in weight is quicker and more for BC as compared to FP. This is because of high porosity and higher holding capacity of BC. 2. Synthesis Two synthesis protocols have been tried as described in experiments above. The obtained results are summarized below. Green coloured powders were obtained in most experiments, which is a signature of emeraldine polyaniline. The yield varied.   a) Experiment 1:  Aniline was dissolved in HCl and APS was dissolved in water. The molar ratio was varied. Green powders were obtained in systems with Aniline / APS molar ratio more than 1. Brown powders in the rest. Yield scaled up with volume. Table 1 below shows photos of powders obtained and weight. The yield has been quantified in terms of final weight of powder with respect to weight of reactants. Yield was higher for molar ratio more than 1.  b) Experiment 2:  Aniline was dissolved in HCl and APS was dissolved in Toluene. The molar ratio was varied. Dark green powders were obtained in all.   FTIR spectra for all the powders is discussed below. Further work was done with Aniline/ APS =1 using conditions in experiment 1.      5  Polyaniline obtained - 0.0719 g Dark Green powder was collected APS/Aniline molar ratio: -1: 3   Experiment 1                                 Table 1: Experiment set 1: molar ratio, weight of reactants, final powders and yield  APS/Aniline molar ratio Weight of APS+Aniline Weight obtained Weight obtained/Weight of APS+Aniline 5:1 1.23 0.038 0.01 3:1 0.77 0.048 0.06 1:1 0.64 0.075 0.12 1:3 0.51 0.054 0.1 1:5 0.69 0.072 0.1 1:1 0.96 0.157 0.16   Polyaniline obtained - 0.0378 g  Brown powder was collected APS/Aniline molar ratio: -5:1  APS/Aniline molar ratio: -3:1  Polyaniline obtained - 0.0486 g Brown powder was collected Polyaniline obtained - 0.0745 g Dark Green powder was collected APS/Aniline molar ratio: -1:1  APS/Aniline molar ratio: -1: 5  Polyaniline obtained - 0.054 g Dark Green powder was collected 6    Experiment 2      APS/Aniline molar ratio: -3:1          APS/Aniline molar ratio: -1:1       APS/Aniline molar ratio: -1: 3      Figure 3: FTIR Spectra for experiment set 1 and 2 with indicated molar ratios   In the FTIR spectra, peaks corresponding to polyaniline can be identified. The absorption peaks observed include those corresponding to the stretching of quinone and benzene ring in PANI. The absorption band for the stretching of the C-N band and vibration of C-H in benzene are also visible. The absorption peak of N-H, C-O and C-N stretching is also seen. This confirms Polyaniline obtained - 0.1106g Dark Green powder was collected Polyaniline obtained - 0.0318g Green powder was collected Polyaniline obtained - 0.13025g Yellowish green powder was collected  7  formation of PANI. However, a few extra peaks may be seen for molar ratio Anilne/APS less than 1.   3. Preparation of Composite   Further BC/PANI Composite was prepared using 1:1 composition of APS/Aniline which was conducting hence can easily be studied under FESEM image without using gold coating. It may be observed that BC nanofibres are well coated with PANI.              Figure 4:FE-SEM image of BC/PANI Composite   CONCLUSIONS  It has been shown that bacterial cellulose is a better substrate than filter paper due to its nanofibrous network and better porosity. Effect of Aniline to APS molar ratio on polyaniline synthesis has been studied. Ratios above 1 are favorable in terms of quality and yield. A preliminary result has been presented which shows good coating of the nanofibrous network with polyaniline. On the basis of these results, further work will be directed towards measurement of conductivity and mechanical properties and optimization of composite preparation accordingly.  REFERENCES   1. Kang, E. T., K. G. Neoh, and K. L. Tan. "Polyaniline: a polymer with many interesting intrinsic redox states." Progress in Polymer Science 23.2 (1998): 277-324. 2. Qaiser, Asif A., Margaret M. Hyland, and Darrell A. Patterson. "Control of polyaniline deposition on micro porous cellulose ester membranes by in situ chemical polymerization." The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 113.45 (2009): 14986-14993. 3. Hu, Weili, et al. "Flexible electrically conductive nanocomposites membrane based on bacterial cellulose and polyaniline." The Journal of physical chemistry B 115.26 (2011): 8453-8457. 8  4. RuizJ., GonzaloB., DiosJ. R., LazaJ. M., VilasJ. L., LeónL. M., Advances in Polymer Technology, Adv. Polym. Technol., 07306679, Improving the Processability of Conductive Polymers: The Case of Polyaniline 2013, S1, 32, S. E180. 5. Tzamalis, G.; Zaidi, N.; Monkman, A. (2003). "Applicability of the localization-interaction model to magnetoconductivity studies of polyaniline films at the metal-insulator boundary".Physical Review B 68 (24): 245106.  6. Konyushenko, Elena N., et al. "Polymerization of aniline in ice." Synthetic Metals 158.21 (2008): 927-933. 7. Ruiz, J., et al. "Improving the processability of conductive polymers: The case of polyaniline." Advances in Polymer Technology 32.S1 (2013): E180-E188. 8. Huang, Jiaxing. "Syntheses and applications of conducting polymer polyaniline nanofibers." Pure and applied chemistry 78.1 (2006): 15-27. 9. Stejskal, J., and R. G. Gilbert. "Polyaniline. Preparation of a conducting polymer (IUPAC technical report)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 74.5 (2002): 857-867 10. Cerqueira, Daniel A., Artur JM Valente, and Hugh D. Burrows. "Synthesis and properties of polyaniline–cellulose acetate blends: the use of sugarcane bagasse waste and the effect of the substitution degree." Carbohydrate polymers 78.3 (2009): 402-408. 11. Mrlik, Miroslav, et al. "Electrorheology of aniline oligomers." Colloid and Polymer Science 291.9 (2013): 2079-2086 12. Saritha Chandran, A., and Sunil K. Narayanankutty. "An elastomeric conducting composite based on polyaniline coated nylon fiber and chloroprene rubber."European Polymer Journal 44.7 (2008): 2418-2429. 13. Jeevananda, T. "Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline filled PU/PMMA interpenetrating polymer networks." European Polymer Journal 39.3 (2003): 569-578. 14. Nyholm, Leif, et al. "Toward Flexible Polymer and Paper‐Based Energy Storage Devices." Advanced Materials 23.33 (2011): 3751-3769. 15. Qian, X.; Shen, J.; Yu, G.; An, X. Influence of Pulp Fiber Substrate on Conductivity of Polyaniline-Coated Conductive Paper Prepared by In-situ Polymerization. BioResources 2010, 5, 899. 16. Yin, W.; Li, J.; Li, Y.; Wu, Y.; Gu, T.; Liu, C. Conducting IPN based on Polyaniline and Crosslinked Cellulose. Polym. Int. 1997, 42,276.  17. Lin, Zhidan, Zixian Guan, and Zhuoyao Huang. "New bacterial cellulose/polyaniline nanocomposite film with one conductive side through constrained interfacial polymerization." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 52.8 (2013): 2869-2874. 18. Wang, H.; Zhu, E.; Yang, J.; Zhou, P.; Sun, D.; Tang, W.Bacterial Cellulose Nanofiber-Supported Polyaniline Nanocomposites with Flake-Shaped Morphology as Supercapacitor Electrodes J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 13013.  

1 
 
NOVEL CONDUCTING PAPER FROM BACTERIAL CELLULOSE AND 
POLYANILINE 
Divya Anand
1
, Dr. Mudrika Khandelwal
2
 
1,2
Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering 
Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad 
Ordinance Factory Estate, Yeddumailaram, Medak, Telangana 502205 
Phone: +91 (0) 40 23017118 
1
Email address: ms13m1004@iith.ac.in 
2
Email address: mudrika@iith.ac.in 
 
ABSTRACT  
Development of new greener material for conducting paper is sought for applications such as 
security paper, actuators, and anti-static packaging. It is required that these materials possess low 
density and good mechanical integrity. For this purpose, cellulose substrates are explored. 
Bacterial cellulose has been shown to be a better substrate due to ultrafine microstructure and 
porosity. The synthesis protocol has been optimized with respect to the molar ratio of aniline 
monomer to oxidizer. Preliminary results with optimized synthesis protocol and bacterial 
cellulose as substrate has shown promising microstructure.  
KEYWORDS:-Bacterial Cellulose, Filter Paper, Conducting Polymer Composite, Polyaniline 
INTRODUCTION 
 
Conducting paper constitutes a class of materials suitable for applications such as sensors, 
actuators, anti-static packaging, biomedicines, protective clothing and potential battery 
applications. For the above mentioned applications, it becomes necessary to develop materials 
which possess good conductivity, mechanical flexibility, along with light weight, low cost [1]. 
With increasing environmental concern, greener materials and processing technologies are also 
sought.  
Given these requirements, polymers are bound to play an important role due to their exceptional 
low density. Polyaniline (PANI) is one of the preferred conducting polymer, while others include 
polypyrrole, polyacetylene, polythiophenes and so on, because of its good environmental 
stability, high electrical conductivity, facile synthesis and relatively low synthesis cost [2].Unlike 
other conducting polymers, PANI can be synthesized in water with an oxidizer [3]. It exists in 
various forms which differs in chemical and physical properties [4]. It exhibits three different 
oxidation states (a) leucoemeraldine-white/clear and colorless (b) emeraldine-green for the 
emeraldine salt and blue for emeraldine base (c) (per) nigeraniline-blue/violet [5]. The green 
protonated (emeraldine) state is usually preferred because it has conductivity higher than many 
polymers and similar to semi-conductors [6]. Its sensitivity to changes in its physicochemical 
2 
 
properties makes it a suitable candidate in various applications such as organic electrodes, 
sensors, and actuators [7-8]. 
However, there are several problems associated with using PANI for the proposed purpose. One 
major problem with conducting polymers is lack of mechanical integrity. Therefore the difficulty 
in processibility limits its potential applications [10]. Large ranges of materials with good 
mechanical properties have been used as substrates to produce PANI composites. These 
substrates include cellulose, rubber, plastic and textile [11-14]. Cellulose and its derivatives are 
preferred because of their abundance, low environmental impact. It can be obtained from many 
sources such as trees, plants, algae, fungi and bacteria. However, the most common forms used 
for conducting nanocomposites include cellulose pulp, cellulose derivatives, cotton cellulose, 
micro-crystalline cellulose and bacterial cellulose membranes [15-16]. Amongst them, bacterial 
cellulose (BC) is particularly advantageous because it is obtained as a 100% pure, highly 
crystallinity dilute hydrogel with above 95% water, which implies high holding capacity [18]. It 
has attractive mechanical properties and unique nanostructure which implies that it’s one of the 
best materials to be used as a substrate in PANI composites. [17]. Recently, some research 
groups explored the preparation of BC/PANI conducting nano-composites through the in situ 
polymerization of aniline monomers (An) in BC membrane [12-18].  
It is said “there are as many polyaniline as the number of people who prepare them” [9]. Thus a 
major challenge is to always optimize protocol of PANI synthesis in each lab.  
The proposed work aims to provide direction towards greener, flexible, light weight conducting 
paper from bacterial cellulose and polyaniline composite. This work reports optimization of the 
strategy to obtain the composite by in situ polymerization. 
MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENT 
Aniline monomer and ammonium persulfate (APS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, India. 
Toluene and hydrochloric acid were ordered from Alfa Aesar India. Laboratory prepared 
bacterial cellulose was donated by Dr. Mudrika Khandelwal from her previous work for this 
research. FESEM was used to study the morphology of both the substrates. Filter paper and 
bacterial cellulose was gold coated and imaged at 10 kV. The penetration studies were performed 
on filter paper and bacterial cellulose in order to get an idea of absorption of toluene and HCl.  
In order to produce polyaniline, several synthesis chemistry protocols were tried. Two sets of 
experiments were conducted - 
 
1. 0.2 M Aniline in 37% HCl and 0.2 M APS in water were used in molar ratio 5:1, 3:1, 1:1, 
1:3, 1:5 
2. 0.2 M Aniline in Toluene and 0.2 M APS in 37% HCl were used in molar ratio  3:1, 1:1, 
1:3 
The reaction was carried out at room temperature for 24 hours. The polymer was obtained by 
using a filter paper and washing with DI water and acetone. 
3 
 
Further FTIR was done in order to verify the presence of functional groups in polyaniline. 
Finally a composite was prepared by carrying out polymerization in presence of BC as substrate. 
 
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
 
1. Choice of substrate 
 
a) Microstructure - Filter paper and BC  
 
 
 
      
Figure 1 SEM images of (a) Bacterial Cellulose and (b) Filter Paper 
 
Figure 1 shows fibrous structure of bacterial cellulose and filter paper. The difference lies in the 
dimension of fibres forming the two cellulose matrices. The bacterial cellulose fibres are in nano 
dimensions whereas the filter paper is composed of micro sized fibres. BC fibres are uniform 
while filter paper fibres have varied dimensions. 
b) Penetration kinetics 
 
In order to perform in situ polymerization, permeability of matrix is very important because for the 
polymerization to happen, the solvents carrying monomer and oxidising agent should travel inside the 
matrix. From the literature, toluene and HCl are commonly used in polyaniline synthesis, therefore the 
study has been carried out on these liquids.  
4 
 
 
Figure 2: The gain in weight with time for BC and FP in toluene (BC=black, FP=red) and 37% HCl 
(FP=black, BC=red) 
Figure 2 shows that the rise in weight is quicker and more for BC as compared to FP. This is 
because of high porosity and higher holding capacity of BC. 
2. Synthesis 
Two synthesis protocols have been tried as described in experiments above. The obtained results 
are summarized below. 
Green coloured powders were obtained in most experiments, which is a signature of emeraldine 
polyaniline. The yield varied.  
 
a) Experiment 1: 
 
Aniline was dissolved in HCl and APS was dissolved in water. The molar ratio was varied. 
Green powders were obtained in systems with Aniline / APS molar ratio more than 1. Brown 
powders in the rest. Yield scaled up with volume. Table 1 below shows photos of powders 
obtained and weight. The yield has been quantified in terms of final weight of powder with 
respect to weight of reactants. Yield was higher for molar ratio more than 1. 
 
b) Experiment 2: 
 
Aniline was dissolved in HCl and APS was dissolved in Toluene. The molar ratio was varied. 
Dark green powders were obtained in all.  
 
FTIR spectra for all the powders is discussed below. Further work was done with Aniline/ APS 
=1 using conditions in experiment 1. 
 
 
 
 
 
5 
 
Polyaniline obtained - 0.0719 g 
Dark Green powder was collected 
APS/Aniline molar ratio: -1: 3  
 
Experiment 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 1: Experiment set 1: molar ratio, weight of reactants, final powders and yield 
 
APS/Aniline molar 
ratio 
Weight of APS+Aniline Weight obtained Weight obtained/Weight of 
APS+Aniline 
5:1 1.23 0.038 0.01 
3:1 0.77 0.048 0.06 
1:1 0.64 0.075 0.12 
1:3 0.51 0.054 0.1 
1:5 0.69 0.072 0.1 
1:1 0.96 0.157 0.16 
 
 
Polyaniline obtained - 0.0378 g 
 Brown powder was collected 
APS/Aniline molar ratio: -5:1  
APS/Aniline molar ratio: -3:1  Polyaniline obtained - 0.0486 g 
Brown powder was collected 
Polyaniline obtained - 0.0745 g 
Dark Green powder was collected 
APS/Aniline molar ratio: -1:1  
APS/Aniline molar ratio: -1: 5  
Polyaniline obtained - 0.054 g 
Dark Green powder was collected 
6 
 
 
 
Experiment 2 
 
 
 
  APS/Aniline molar ratio: -3:1  
 
 
 
 
   
 APS/Aniline molar ratio: -1:1  
 
 
 
 
 
APS/Aniline molar ratio: -1: 3  
 
 
 
 
Figure 3: FTIR Spectra for experiment set 1 and 2 with indicated molar ratios 
 
 
In the FTIR spectra, peaks corresponding to polyaniline can be identified. The absorption peaks 
observed include those corresponding to the stretching of quinone and benzene ring in PANI. 
The absorption band for the stretching of the C-N band and vibration of C-H in benzene are also 
visible. The absorption peak of N-H, C-O and C-N stretching is also seen. This confirms 
Polyaniline obtained - 0.1106g 
Dark Green powder was collected 
Polyaniline obtained - 0.0318g 
Green powder was collected 
Polyaniline obtained - 0.13025g 
Yellowish green powder was 
collected  
7 
 
formation of PANI. However, a few extra peaks may be seen for molar ratio Anilne/APS less 
than 1. 
 
 
3. Preparation of Composite 
 
 
Further BC/PANI Composite was prepared using 1:1 composition of APS/Aniline which was 
conducting hence can easily be studied under FESEM image without using gold coating. It may 
be observed that BC nanofibres are well coated with PANI. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 4:FE-SEM image of BC/PANI Composite 
 
 
CONCLUSIONS 
 
It has been shown that bacterial cellulose is a better substrate than filter paper due to its 
nanofibrous network and better porosity. Effect of Aniline to APS molar ratio on polyaniline 
synthesis has been studied. Ratios above 1 are favorable in terms of quality and yield. A 
preliminary result has been presented which shows good coating of the nanofibrous network with 
polyaniline. On the basis of these results, further work will be directed towards measurement of 
conductivity and mechanical properties and optimization of composite preparation accordingly. 
 
REFERENCES   
1. Kang, E. T., K. G. Neoh, and K. L. Tan. "Polyaniline: a polymer with many interesting 
intrinsic redox states." Progress in Polymer Science 23.2 (1998): 277-324. 
2. Qaiser, Asif A., Margaret M. Hyland, and Darrell A. Patterson. "Control of polyaniline deposition on 
micro porous cellulose ester membranes by in situ chemical polymerization." The Journal of Physical 
Chemistry B 113.45 (2009): 14986-14993. 
3. Hu, Weili, et al. "Flexible electrically conductive nanocomposites membrane based on bacterial 
cellulose and polyaniline." The Journal of physical chemistry B 115.26 (2011): 8453-8457. 
8 
 
4. RuizJ., GonzaloB., DiosJ. R., LazaJ. M., VilasJ. L., LeónL. M., Advances in Polymer 
Technology, Adv. Polym. Technol., 07306679, Improving the Processability of Conductive 
Polymers: The Case of Polyaniline 2013, S1, 32, S. E180. 
5. Tzamalis, G.; Zaidi, N.; Monkman, A. (2003). "Applicability of the localization-interaction 
model to magnetoconductivity studies of polyaniline films at the metal-insulator 
boundary".Physical Review B 68 (24): 245106.  
6. Konyushenko, Elena N., et al. "Polymerization of aniline in ice." Synthetic Metals 158.21 
(2008): 927-933. 
7. Ruiz, J., et al. "Improving the processability of conductive polymers: The case of 
polyaniline." Advances in Polymer Technology 32.S1 (2013): E180-E188. 
8. Huang, Jiaxing. "Syntheses and applications of conducting polymer polyaniline 
nanofibers." Pure and applied chemistry 78.1 (2006): 15-27. 
9. Stejskal, J., and R. G. Gilbert. "Polyaniline. Preparation of a conducting polymer (IUPAC 
technical report)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 74.5 (2002): 857-867 
10. Cerqueira, Daniel A., Artur JM Valente, and Hugh D. Burrows. "Synthesis and properties of 
polyaniline–cellulose acetate blends: the use of sugarcane bagasse waste and the effect of the 
substitution degree." Carbohydrate polymers 78.3 (2009): 402-408. 
11. Mrlik, Miroslav, et al. "Electrorheology of aniline oligomers." Colloid and Polymer 
Science 291.9 (2013): 2079-2086 
12. Saritha Chandran, A., and Sunil K. Narayanankutty. "An elastomeric conducting composite based on 
polyaniline coated nylon fiber and chloroprene rubber."European Polymer Journal 44.7 (2008): 2418-
2429. 
13. Jeevananda, T. "Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline filled PU/PMMA interpenetrating 
polymer networks." European Polymer Journal 39.3 (2003): 569-578. 
14. Nyholm, Leif, et al. "Toward Flexible Polymer and Paper‐Based Energy Storage Devices." Advanced 
Materials 23.33 (2011): 3751-3769. 
15. Qian, X.; Shen, J.; Yu, G.; An, X. Influence of Pulp Fiber Substrate on Conductivity of 
Polyaniline-Coated Conductive Paper Prepared by In-situ Polymerization. BioResources 
2010, 5, 899. 
16. Yin, W.; Li, J.; Li, Y.; Wu, Y.; Gu, T.; Liu, C. Conducting IPN based on Polyaniline and 
Crosslinked Cellulose. Polym. Int. 1997, 42,276. 
 
17. Lin, Zhidan, Zixian Guan, and Zhuoyao Huang. "New bacterial cellulose/polyaniline 
nanocomposite film with one conductive side through constrained interfacial 
polymerization." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 52.8 (2013): 2869-2874. 
18. Wang, H.; Zhu, E.; Yang, J.; Zhou, P.; Sun, D.; Tang, W.Bacterial Cellulose Nanofiber-
Supported Polyaniline Nanocomposites with Flake-Shaped Morphology as Supercapacitor 
Electrodes J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 13013. 
 


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Novel conducting paper from bacterial cellulose and poly aniline

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