Kunio T. TAKAHASHI

Motoha OJIMA

Takahiro IIDA

Tsuneo ODATE

National Institute of Polar Research Repository

JARE Data Reports, No. 336 (Marine Biology 49), June 2015      Zooplankton sampling during the 55th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition  in austral summer 2013–2014  Kunio T. TAKAHASHI1, 2*, Takahiro IIDA1, 2, Motoha OJIMA2 and Tsuneo ODATE1, 2  1 National Institute of Polar Research, Research Organization of Information and Systems,  10–3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8518. 2 Department of Polar Science, School of Multidisciplinary Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 10–3, Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8518. *Corresponding author. E-mail: takahashi.kunio@nipr.ac.jp   1. Introduction The Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE) has been conducting routine zooplankton monitoring in the Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean every austral summer (December–March) since 1972 (JARE-14). The monitoring is conducted from an icebreaker, which travels along much the same cruise track at roughly the same time each year. This routine schedule is ideal as a long-term temporal reference for monitoring work. Zooplankton samplings were also carried out from RT/V Umitaka-Maru, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, during the 2013/2014 season (JARE-55) as a part of the JARE monitoring program. Three tools are used for zooplankton sampling; a NORPAC (NORth PACific) standard net, a closing net, and a Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR). This report presents the data obtained from these three sampling tools during JARE-55 (December 2013 to March 2014).  2. Background and sampling protocol 2.1. NORPAC standard net The NORPAC standard net was established as a standard for collecting zooplankton in international cooperative surveys at an international meeting held in Honolulu in February 1956 (Motoda, 1957). Although several kinds of plankton nets have been employed from the icebreakers, —　1　—K.T. Takahashi, T. Iida, M. Ojima and T. Odate     vertical hauls using a NORPAC standard net have been routinely and frequently carried out to estimate the mean biomass of surface zooplankton and its spatiotemporal variability in the upper layer of the Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean. Samplings were conducted from the icebreaker Fuji during JARE-14 to JARE-24 (1972–1983), the icebreaker Shirase during JARE-25 to JARE-49 (1983–2008), RSV Aurora Australis chartered by JARE-50 (2009), and the new icebreaker Shirase during JARE-51 to JARE-54 (2009–2013) (Fukuchi and Tanimura, 1981; Watanabe et al., 1984; Takahashi et al., 1997; Sawabe et al., 2005; Takahashi et al., 2008; Takahashi et al., 2014a). From JARE-14 to JARE-28 (1986/1987), NORPAC standard net sampling sites were mainly conducted in the western part of the Indian Ocean sector; thereafter, sampling stations were shifted to the east because the cruise tracks of the Shirase remained along the same cruise track each season and at the same time of year beginning with JARE-29 (1987/1988). Regular sampling was conducted from Shirase along longitude 110°E from 40°S to 60°S in December and along 150°E from 64°S to 45°S in March on each voyage. The Umitaka-Maru transect was along 110°E from 40°S to 65°S in January. A twin NORPAC standard net made of nylon bolting cloth (NGG 54, mesh size 330 µm; NXX 13, mesh size 100 µm), was used at all sampling stations. The net was hauled vertically at a speed of about 1 m/s from a depth of approximately 150 m. The maximum depth reached was estimated from the wire angle and length of wire paid out. All samples obtained were immediately preserved on board in seawater with 5–10% buffered formalin. The volume of water filtered by each net was estimated using a flow-meter mounted at the center of the mouth ring of the net. The locations of sampling stations during two ship’s surveys are shown in Figures 1 and 2, and zooplankton sampling information and wet weights are presented in Tables 1 and 2. For a detailed description of zooplankton processing for wet-weight measurements see Ukai et al. (2014).  2.2. Closing net The ship-based marine-biological monitoring program for the sea-ice region of Lützow-Holm Bay, off Syowa Station, Antarctica, began during JARE-52 (Takahashi et al., 2014a). The aim of this —　2　—JARE Data Reports, No. 336 (Marine Biology 49), June 2015     program is to investigate biological production and mechanisms in relation to sea-ice. Zooplankton samples are collected using a closing net (mouth diameter 0.60 m, mesh size 100 µm) in various sea ice environments: fast-ice, pack-ice, and ice-free open ocean. To prevent sea-ice from entering the net, an “ice-fence” is employed and the net is closed as it reaches the surface (Takahashi et al., 2012, 2014b). The net is equipped with a flow-meter to estimate the volume of water filtered, and is hauled vertically from a depth of 150 m to the surface at stations where the bottom is deeper than 150 m, or from 5 m above the bottom to the surface at stations where the bottom is shallower than 150 m. All samples are fixed immediately in seawater with 5% buffered formalin. The locations of sampling stations are shown in Figure 1, and the sampling information and wet weight of zooplankton are listed in Table 3.  2.3. Continuous Plankton Recorder The CPR was designed by Sir Alister Hardy in the mid 1920s, and first used in the Antarctic during the 1925–1927 Discovery Expedition. The CPR can collect surface plankton continuously for 450 nautical miles (830 km) during a single tow. CPRs have been used successfully in the monitoring of plankton communities in the North Sea and North Atlantic Ocean over the past 70 years, operated by the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science (SAHFOS) (Reid et al., 2003). The Australian Antarctic Program started a long-term CPR survey in 1991 to monitor zooplankton abundances and distributions in the Southern Ocean (Hosie et al., 2003). The Australian CPR survey covers a wide area through much of the year, reflecting broad logistic and research objectives in each season. The icebreaker Shirase travels along much the same cruise track at roughly the same time each year. The CPR data collected from Shirase provides an important time reference with which to interpret the data collected by the Australian Antarctic Program over the rest of the area. Sharing of data and results will greatly benefit both the Australian and Japanese programs. JARE initiated an annual CPR survey beginning in 1999 (JARE-41) as part its monitoring program in the Antarctic (Takahashi et al., 2006, 2009; Takahashi and Hosie, 2014). CPR tows on the Shirase were conducted mainly on three tows south along 110°E from 45°S to —　3　—K.T. Takahashi, T. Iida, M. Ojima and T. Odate     the ice edge in December and three or four tows north along 150°E in February and March during each voyage (Figure 3). The Umitaka-Maru transects were mainly along 110°E from 45°S to 60°S in January and around 110°E to south of Tasmania, Australia, in January and February (Figure 4). We used a Type II (Mark V) CPR, based on the design of the SAHFOS CPRs, with minor modifications to the external design, simplification of the internal cassettes, and built using marine-grade 316 stainless-steel rather than phosphor bronze (Hosie et al., 2003). The CPR was towed horizontally at a ship speed of about 15 knots, deployed from the stern with 100 m of wire cable paid out. The depth of CPR tows was about 10 m. The CPR has a mouth opening of 1.6 cm2 and is fitted with 270-µm silk gauze. The towing of the CPR through the surface water turns an external propeller that drives the mesh rolls across the tunnel at a rate of approximately 1 cm/nautical mile (1852 m) of tow. The 6-m-long mesh is sufficient to sample 450 nautical miles (833 km) as a normal towing distance. All zooplankton samples were preserved in seawater with 5–10% buffered formalin and were brought to the laboratory for analysis. The CPR mesh rolls were cut into segments, each representing a 5-nautical-mile sample (approximately 9.3 km) along the transect. Complete details of the processing techniques have been described by Hosie et al. (2003). CPR data are available at the Australian Antarctic Data Centre through the home page of the Southern Ocean Continuous Plankton Recorder (SO-CPR) Survey (http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/cpr/). Information on sampling from the Shirase is presented in Table 4 and from the Umitaka-Maru in Table 5.  3. Scientists on board The sampling during each cruise was carried out by K. T. Takahashi (National Institute of Polar Research) on the Shirase and by T. Iida (National Institute of Polar Research) on the Umitaka-Maru.  4. Data archive Permission to use these data for publication of presentation should be obtained in writing. Inquiries about details of the data record should be addressed to: Kunio T. Takahashi, Assistant Professor —　4　—JARE Data Reports, No. 336 (Marine Biology 49), June 2015     National Institute of Polar Research 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan Phone: +81-42-512-0743, Facsimile: +81-342-528-3492 E-mail: takahashi.kunio@nipr.ac.jp  Acknowledgments We express our heartfelt appreciation to all members of JARE-55 for their support. We also thank the officers and crew of the icebreaker Shirase and the RT/V Umitaka-Maru.  References Fukuchi, M. and Tanimura, A. (1981): Plankton samplings on board Fuji in 1972–1980. JARE data reports, 60 (Marine biology 1), 27 p. Hosie, G.W., Fukuchi, M. and Kawaguchi, S. (2003): Development of the Southern Ocean Continuous Plankton Recorder survey. Prog. Oceanogr., 58, 263–283. Motoda, S. (1957): North Pacific standard plankton net. Inform. bull. planktol. Japan, 4, 13–15 (in Japanese). Reid, P.C., Colebrook, J.M., Matthews, J.B.L., Aiken, J. and Continuous Plankton Recorder Team (2003): The Continuous Plankton Recorder: concepts and history, from Plankton Indicator to undulating recorders. Prog. Oceanogr., 58, 117–173. Sawabe, E., Takahashi, K.T., Umeda, H. and Fukuchi, M. (2005): Plankton sampling on board Shirase in 1997–2001 —NORPAC standard net samples—. JARE data reports, 284 (Marine biology 32), 16 p. Takahashi, K.T. and Hosie G.W. (2014): Plankton sampling in 2009–2013 —Continuous Plankton Recorder survey —. JARE data reports, 328 (Marine biology 45), 22 p. Takahashi, K., Tanimura, A. and Fukuchi, M. (1997): Plankton sampling on board Shirase in 1983–1996 —NORPAC standard net samples—. JARE data reports, 224 (Marine biology 28), 35 p. Takahashi, K.T., Hosie G.W., Umeda, H., Hirawake, T. and Fukuchi, M. (2006): Plankton sampling —　5　—K.T. Takahashi, T. Iida, M. Ojima and T. Odate     on board Shirase in 1999–2004 —Continuous Plankton Recorder survey—. JARE data reports, 286 (Marine biology 33), 15 p. Takahashi, K.T., Sawabe, E., Tsujimoto, M. and Fukuchi, M. (2008): Plankton sampling on board Shirase in 2002–2008 —NORPAC standard net samples—. JARE data reports, 306 (Marine biology 38), 26 p. Takahashi, K.T., Hosie G.W. and Fukuchi, M. (2009): Plankton sampling in 2004–2009 —Continuous Plankton Recorder survey—. JARE data reports, 311 (Marine biology 39), 31 p. Takahashi, K.T., Iida, T., Hashida, G. and Odate, T. (2012): Field test of “ice-fence” for oceanographic observation in the sea-ice zone. Nankyoku Shiryô (Antarctic Record), 56, 447–455 (in Japanese with English abstract). Takahashi, K.T., Ojima, M., Ukai, Y. and Tanimura, A. (2014a): Plankton sampling from the Aurora Australis and the Shirase in 2009–2013 —NORPAC standard net & closing net samples—. JARE data reports, 329 (Marine biology 46), 19 p. Takahashi, K.T., Takamura, R.T. and Odate, T. (2014b): Report on a modified ice-fence for oceanographic observations under heavy sea-ice conditions during JARE-54 and JARE-55. Nankyoku Shiryô (Antarctic Record), 58, 393–403 (in Japanese with English abstract). Ukai Y., Takahashi, K.T., Fukuchi, M. and Tanimura, A. (2014): Revaluation of zooplankton wet weight data of the NORPAC net samples collected in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean. Nankyoku Shiryô (Antarctic Record), 58, 19–41 (in Japanese with English abstract). Watanabe, K., Nakajima, Y., Ino, Y., Sasaki, H. and Fukuchi, M. (1984): Plankton samplings on board the Fuji in 1980–1983. JARE data reports, 90 (Marine biology 5), 11 p. —　6　— Fig. 1.  Icebreaker Shirase sampling stations during JARE-55 in 2013/2014.■: November & December, ▲: February, ●: March. 20ºS30ºS40ºS50ºS60ºS70ºS40ºE 60ºE 80ºE 100ºE 120ºE 140ºE 160ºESt. 14 5St. 93Syowa Station678JARE-55 (Shirase)BP 70ºS 69ºS 68ºS 67ºS 66ºS 40ºE 42ºE38ºE36ºE EACB—　7　— 20ºS30ºS40ºS50ºS60ºS70ºS40ºE 60ºE 80ºE 100ºE 120ºE 140ºE 160ºESt. KC1 KC4KC5KC2Syowa StationJARE-55 (Umitaka Maru) KC6Fig. 2.  RT/V Umitaka-Maru sampling stations during JARE-55 in January 2014.—　8　— 30ºS 40ºS 50ºS 60ºS 70ºS 80ºE 100ºE 120ºE 140ºE 160ºE45a#1235bFig. 3.  Transects for CPR surveys by the icebreaker Shirase during JARE-55 in 2013/2014. Numbers indicate the sequential number of the CPR run. ●: Starting position, ▼: ending position.—　9　— 30ºS 40ºS 50ºS 60ºS 70ºS 80ºE 100ºE 120ºE 140ºE 160ºE#123465Fig. 4.  Transect for CPR surveys by RT/V Umitaka-Maru during JARE-55 in 2014. Numbers indicate the sequential number of the CPR run. ●: Starting position, ▼: ending position.—　10　—Table 1.  Data for plankton samples collected by vertical hauls with twin NORPAC standard nets during the JARE-55 cruise of the icebreaker Shirase to the Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean, November 2013–March 2014. Sampling was conducted by K.T. Takahashi.  Station No. Position Ship’s time (LMT) Lengthof wire(m) Angle of wire (°) Estimateddepth of haul (m) Flow-meter Estimated volume of water filtered (m3) Wet weight of sample in a haul (mg) Wet weight of sample per m3 (mg)Mesh size(µm) Sample No. Date Time No. Revolutions L01 40°51′S Nov. 29 0842 162 22 150 2469 2382 33.19 14125 425.6 330 L01.GG 109°59′E 2473 1988 26.49 12410 468.5 100 L01.XX L03 50°54′S Dec. 1 0847 156 16 150 2469 2260 31.49 24950 792.4 330 L03.GG 110°00′E 2473 2036 27.13 8747 322.4 100 L03.XX L04 55°53′S Dec. 2 0838 155 14 150 2469 1668 23.24 2284 98.3 330 L04.GG 109°58′E 2473 1720 22.92 2247 98.0 100 L04.XX L05 59°50′S Dec. 3 0441 167 26 150 2469 1708 23.80 1414 59.4 330 L05.GG 109°59′E 2473 1792 23.88 1405 58.8 100 L05.XX L06 63°39′S Mar. 6 1502 151 8 150 2469 1840 25.63 348 13.6 330 L06.GG 148°35′E 2473 1770 23.58 315 13.4 100 L06.XX L07 59°13′S Mar. 8 0834 170 28 150 2469 2152 29.98 735 24.5 330 L07.GG 150°08′E 2473 1802 24.01 1029 42.9 100 L07.XX L08 53°48′S Mar. 9 0839 177 32 150 2469 2130 29.67 1179 39.7 330 L08.GG 151°02′E 2473 1568 20.89 1411 67.5 100 L08.XX L09 49°49′S Mar. 11 0753 158 18 150 2469 1849 25.76 1041 40.4 330 L09.GG 151°00′E 2473 2381 31.73 1895 59.7 100 L09.XX  —　11　—Table 2.  Data for plankton samples collected by vertical hauls with twin NORPAC standard nets during the JARE-55 cruise of RT/V Umitaka Maru to the Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean, January 2014. Sampling was conducted by T. Iida.  Station No. Position Ship’s time (LMT) Lengthof wire(m) Angle of wire (°) Estimateddepth of haul (m) Flow-meter Estimated volume of water filtered (m3) Wet weight of sample ina haul (mg) Wet weight of sample per m3 (mg)Mesh size(µm) Sample No. Date Time No. Revolutions KC1 40°00′S Jan. 13 1104 202 42 150 2471 3518 49.01 451 9.2 330 KC1 GG 110°00′E 3729 3110 41.44 548 13.2 100 KC1 XX KC2 45°00′S Jan. 14 1822 155 14 150 2471 2480 34.55 1231 35.6 330 KC2 GG 110°00′E 3729 2445 32.58 381 11.7 100 KC2 XX KC4 55°00′S Jan. 17 0528 150 4 150 2471 2272 31.65 3044 96.2 330 KC4 GG 110°00′E 3729 2405 32.05 6527 203.7 100 KC4 XX KC5 60°00′S Jan. 19 2055 152 2 150 2471 2250 31.35 976 31.1 330 KC5 GG 110°00′E 3729 2319 30.90 4614 149.3 100 KC5 XX KC6 65°00′S Jan. 24 2352 150 4 150 2471 1523 21.22 2060 97.1 330 KC6 GG 110°00′E 3729 1250 16.66 1212 72.8 100 KC6 XX  —　12　—Table 3.  Data for plankton samples collected by vertical hauls with a closing net during the JARE-55 cruise of the icebreaker Shirase in Lützow-Holm Bay off Syowa Station, Antarctica, February 2014. Sampling was conducted by K.T. Takahashi.  Station No. Position Ship’s time (LMT) Lengthof wire(m) Angle of wire (°) Estimateddepth of haul (m) Flow-meter Estimated volume of water filtered (m3) Wet weight of sample in a haul (mg) Wet weight of sample per m3 (mg)Mesh size(µm) Sample No. Date Time No. Revolutions A 68°52′S Feb. 9 0916 150 0 150 2469 1221 17.01 2586 152.0 100 A.XX 38°42′E B 68°29′S Feb. 9 1505 150 0 150 2469 1222 17.02 2425 142.4 100 B.XX 38°40′E C 68°05′S Feb. 12 0759 196 40 150 2469 2489 34.68 3844 110.9 100 C.XX 38°40′E E 67°11′S Feb. 12 1337 190 38 150 2469 2621 36.52 1952 53.5 100 E.XX 38°07′E BP 66°49′S Feb. 12 1814 173 30 150 2469 1818 25.33 1512 59.7 100 BP.XX 37°48′E  —　13　—Table 4.  Data for plankton samples collected by Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) during the JARE-55 cruise of the icebreaker Shirase to the Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean, December 2013–March 2014. Sampling was conducted by K.T. Takahashi.  CPR Run # Start End *No. of Segments Distance towed (km) Remarks Date & Time (GMT) Position Date & Time (GMT) Position 1 Dec. 1, 2013; 50°56.1′S Dec. 2, 2013; 55°53.6′S 60 555 0236 110°00.2′E 0101 109°57.9′E 2 Dec. 2, 2013; 55°52.9′S Dec. 2, 2013; 59°50.6′S 48 441 0208 109°59.3′E 2100 109°59.7′E 3 Mar. 6, 2014; 63°33.0′S Mar. 7, 2014; 59°13.3′S 54 498 0902 148°39.6′E 2159 150°07.0′E 4 Mar. 7, 2014; 59°14.3′S Mar. 9, 2014; 55°49.3′S 43 394 2304 150°08.6′E 0453 150°47.1′E 5a Mar. 9, 2014; 55°48.3′S Mar. 9, 2014; 53°47.8′S 26 231 0534 150°49.1′E 2158 150°59.8′E 5b Mar. 9, 2014; 53°49.2′S Mar. 10, 2014; 49°48.1′S 49 450 2304 151°01.4′E 2158 150°59.5′E  —　14　—Table 5.  Data for plankton samples collected by Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) during the JARE-55 cruise of RT/V Umitaka Maru to the Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean, January–February 2014. Sampling was carried out by T. Iida.  CPR Run # Start End *No. of Segments Distance towed (km) Remarks Date & Time (GMT) Position Date & Time (GMT) Position 1 Jan. 14, 2014; 45°00.0′S Jan. 15, 2014; 50°58.8′S 72 665 1405 109°59.8′E 2149 109°59.8′E 2 Jan. 15, 2014; 51°00.0′S Jan. 16, 2014; 55°00.0′S 49 445 2320 110°00.5′E 1953 110°00.6′E 3 Jan. 17, 2014; 55°00.3′S Jan. 17, 2014; 57°30.4′S 31 279 0205 109°58.8′E 1420 110°00.0′E 4 Jan. 29, 2014; 63°01.4′S Jan. 30, 2014; 59°28.8′S 72 661 0915 109°15.9′E 1030 119°11.5′E 5 Jan. 30, 2014; 59°28.6′S Jan. 31, 2014; 56°16.5′S 68 624 1044 119°12.6′E 1100 127°53.2′E 6 Jan. 31, 2014; 56°16.0′S Feb. 1, 2014; 52°10.2′S 74 679 1114 127°55.1′E 2301 135°39.8′E  —　15　—

Zooplankton sampling during the 55th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition in austral summer 2013–2014

https://nipr.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=10817&item_no=1&attribute_id=18&file_no=1

Zooplankton sampling during the 55th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition in austral summer 2013–2014

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

National Institute of Polar Research Repository