Atsushi TANIMURA

Kunio  T. TAKAHASHI

Motoha OJIMA

Yukiko UKAI

National Institute of Polar Research Repository

JARE Data Reports, No. 329 (Marine Biology 46), October 2014      Plankton sampling from the Aurora Australis and the Shirase in 2009–2013 —NORPAC standard net & closing net samples—  Kunio T. TAKAHASHI1, 2＊, Motoha OJIMA2, Yukiko UKAI3 and Atsushi TANIMURA1, 2  1 National Institute of Polar Research, Research Organization of Information and Systems,  10–3, Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518. 2 Department of Polar Science, School of Multidisciplinary Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 10–3, Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518. 3Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie 514-8507. ＊Corresponding author. E-mail: takahashi.kunio@nipr.ac.jp   Introduction Each austral summer (December–March), plankton are sampled in the Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean as part of routine marine biology surveys of the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE). The samplings were conducted from the icebreaker Fuji during JARE-14 to -24 (1972–1983), as reported by Fukuchi and Tanimura (1981) and Watanabe et al. (1984), and subsequently from the icebreaker Shirase, which was launched in 1983. Sampling information and the wet weight of plankton samples obtained during JARE-25 to -49 (1983–2008) have been published previously (Takahashi et al., 1997; Sawabe et al., 2005; Takahashi et al., 2008). While several types of plankton net have been used from the icebreaker Shirase, vertical hauls by a NORPAC (North Pacific) standard net have been routinely carried out. This report presents the data obtained using a NORPAC standard net during JARE-50 to -54 (January 2009 to March 2013). Samplings was performed by the RSV Aurora Australis (Australian National Antarctic Research Expedition) chartered by JARE-50, and by the new icebreaker Shirase that was launched in 2009 (JARE-51).   —　1　—K.T. Takahashi et al.     Sampling protocol A twin NORPAC standard net, made of nylon bolting cloth NGG 54 (mesh size 330 µm) and NXX 13 (mesh size 100 µm), was used at all sampling stations. The net was hauled vertically at a speed of ca. 1 m/s from a depth of ~150 m. The maximum depth reached was estimated from the wire angle and length of wire paid out. All samples obtained were immediately preserved in 5–10% buffered formalin sea water on board. The volume of water filtered through each net was estimated using a flow-meter mounted on the center of the mouth ring of the net. The locations of sampling stations during the period January 2009 to March 2013 (JARE-50 to -54) are shown in Figures 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, and sampling data are presented in Tables 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. For a detailed description of the processing technique of wet weight measurements, see Ukai et al. (2014).  Sampling in the sea-ice region Ship-based marine biological monitoring program of the sea ice region of Lützow-Holm Bay, off Syowa station, began during JARE-52. The aim of this program is to investigate biological production and mechanisms in relation to sea ice. Zooplankton samples are collected using a closing net (mouth diameter 0.75 m, mesh size 100 µm) in various sea ice environments: fast-ice, pack-ice, and ice-free open ocean. To prevent the sea ice from entering the net, an ice-fence was employed and the net was closed as it reached the surface (Takahashi et al., 2012). The net was equipped with a flow-meter to estimate the volume of water filtered, and was vertically hauled from a depth of 150 m to the surface at stations where the bottom was deeper than 150 m, or from 5 m above the bottom to the surface at stations where the bottom was shallower than 150 m. All samples were fixed immediately with buffered 5% formaldehyde and seawater solution. The closing net data obtained during JARE-52 to -54 (February 2011 to February 2013) are also presented in this report. The locations of sampling stations are shown in Figures 3, 4 and 5, and the sampling data are listed in Tables 6, 7 and 8.   —　2　—JARE Data Reports, No. 329 (Marine Biology 46), October 2014     Scientists on board The samplings during each cruise was carried out by the JARE members listed in Table 9, and participants are acknowledged for their assistance.  Data policy Written permission is required to publish or present the data of this report. Please address inquiries to: Kunio T. Takahashi, Assistant Professor National Institute of Polar Research 10–3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan Phone: +81-42-512-0743, Facsimile: +81-342-528-3492 E-mail: takahashi.kunio@nipr.ac.jp  References Fukuchi, M. and Tanimura, A. (1981): Plankton Samplings on Board Fuji in 1972–1980. JARE Data Rep., 60 (Mar. Biol. 1), 27 p. Sawabe, E., Takahashi, K.T., Umeda, H. and Fukuchi, M. (2005): Plankton Sampling on Board Shirase in 1997–2001 —NORPAC standard net samples—. JARE Data Rep., 284 (Mar. Biol. 32), 16 p. Takahashi, K., Tanimura, A. and Fukuchi, M. (1997): Plankton Sampling on Board Shirase in 1983–1996 —NORPAC standard net samples—. JARE Data Rep., 224 (Mar. Biol. 28), 35 p. Takahashi, K.T., Sawabe, E., Tsujimoto, M. and Fukuchi, M. (2008): Plankton Sampling on Board Shirase in 2002–2008 —NORPAC standard net samples—. JARE Data Rep., 306 (Mar. Biol. 38), 26 p. Takahashi, K.T., Iida, T., Hashida, G. and Odate, T. (2012): Field test of “ice-fence” for oceanographic observation in the sea-ice zone. Nankyoku Shiryô (Antarct. Rec.), 56, 447–455 (in Japanese with English abstract). Ukai, Y., Takahashi, K.T., Fukuchi, M. and Tanimura, A. (2014): Revaluation of zooplankton wet —　3　—K.T. Takahashi et al.     weight data of the NORPAC net samples collected in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean. Nankyoku Shiryô (Antarct. Rec.), 58, 19–41 (in Japanese with English abstract). Watanabe, K., Nakajima, Y., Ino, Y., Sasaki, H. and Fukuchi, M. (1984): Plankton Samplings on Board the Fuji in 1980–1983. JARE Data Rep., 90 (Mar. Biol. 5), 11 p. —　4　—  Fig. 1.  Sampling stations during JARE-50 in 2009.  ■: January, ●: February.   —　5　—  Fig. 2.  Sampling stations during JARE-51 in 2009/2010.  ■: December, ▲: February, ●: March.   —　6　—  Fig. 3.  Sampling stations during JARE-52 in 2010/2011.  ■: December, ▲: February, ●: March.   —　7　—  Fig. 4.  Sampling stations during JARE-53 in 2011/2012.  ■: December, ▲: February, ●: March.   —　8　—  Fig. 5.  Sampling stations during JARE-54 in 2012/2013.  ■: December, ▲: February, ●: March. —　9　—St. No. Position Ship's time Length Angle Estimated Flow-meter Estimated Wet weight Wet weight Mesh size Sample No. of wire of wire depth of No.  Revolutions volume of water of sample in of sample per (µ m)Date time (m)  (°) haul (m) filtered (m3)  a haul (mg) m3 (mg)1 39°02´S Jan. 1 1305 173 30 150 2469 2556 32.17 217       6.7 330 St.1 NorpacGG110°43´E 2473 2978 35.30 526     14.9 100 St.1 NorpacXX2 43°26´S Jan. 2 1140 202 42 150 2469 2833 35.66 709     19.9 330 St.2 NorpacGG110°00´E 2473 2642 31.32 1550     49.5 100 St.2 NorpacXX3 47°33´S Jan. 3 1125 161 21 150 2469 1973 24.83 6010   242.0 330 St.3 NorpacGG109°59´E 2473 1947 23.08 2445   105.9 100 St.3 NorpacXX4 51°57´S Jan. 4 1052 150 - 150 2469 2000 25.17 6296   250.1 330 St.4 NorpacGG110°05´E 2473 2033 24.10 2367     98.2 100 St.4 NorpacXX5 56°06´S Jan. 5 1110 150 - 150 2469 2983 37.54 13118   349.4 330 St.5 NorpacGG109°58´E 2473 2751 32.61 5183   158.9 100 St.5 NorpacXX6 59°59´S Jan. 6 1121 150 - 150 2469 1772 22.30 1256     56.3 330 St.6 NorpacGG109°59´E 2473 1645 19.50 1725     88.5 100 St.6 NorpacXXA3 67°00´S Jan. 15 1056 200 - 220 2469 2383 29.99 869     29.0 330 St.A3 NorpacGG38°02´E 2473 2350 27.86 373     13.4 100 St.A3 NorpacXXA1 67°59´S Jan. 23 0845 200 - 204 2469 1940 24.42 945     38.7 330 St.A1 NorpacGG38°01´E 2473 1540 18.26 2235   122.4 100 St.A1 NorpacXXA12 67°30´S Jan. 24 0815 200 - 203 2469 2182 27.46 1566     57.0 330 St.A12 NorpacGG41°59´E 2473 2061 24.43 429     17.6 100 St.A12 NorpacXX(LMT)Table 1.  Plankton data collected by vertical hauls using a twin NORPAC standard net during the JARE-50 cruise of the Aurora Australis to the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean, Jan.–Feb. 2009. Sampling was performed by A. Tanimura & T. Iida.—　10　—St. No. Position Ship's time Length Angle Estimated Flow-meter Estimated Wet weight Wet weight Mesh size Sample No. of wire of wire depth of No.  Revolutions volume of water of sample in of sample per (µ m)Date time (m)  (°) haul (m) filtered (m3)  a haul (mg) m3 (mg)A0 68°18´S Jan. 30 1012 200 - 203 2469 1873 23.57 1475     62.6 330 St.A0 NorpacGG38°16´E 2473 1570 18.61 1206     64.8 100 St.A0 NorpacXX7 62°04´S Feb. 15 1119 150 - 159 2469 2500 31.47 25891   822.8 330 St.7 NorpacGG149°35´E 2473 2303 27.30 28988 1061.8 100 St.7 NorpacXX8 58°07´S Feb. 16 1106 150 - 161 2469 1996 25.12 735     29.3 330 St.8 NorpacGG149°46´E 2473 1876 22.24 939     42.2 100 St.8 NorpacXX9 54°04´S Feb. 17 1051 150 - 159 2469 2060 25.93 2292     88.4 330 St.9 NorpacGG150°07´E 2473 1308 15.51 2222   143.3 100 St.9 NorpacXX10 49°49´S Feb. 18 1036 150 - 154 2469 2812 35.39 2489     70.3 330 St.10 NorpacGG150°03´E 2473 1121 13.29 1413   106.3 100 St.10 NorpacXX11 46°00´S Feb. 19 1036 150 - 158 2469 2010 25.30 869     34.4 330 St.11 NorpacGG150°01´E 2473 2050 24.30 937     38.6 100 St.11 NorpacXX(LMT)Table 1.  Continued.—　11　—St. No. Position Ship's time Length Angle Estimated Flow-meter Estimated Wet weight Wet weight Mesh size Sample No. of wire of wire depth of No.  Revolutions volume of water of sample in of sample per (µm)Date time (m)  (°) haul (m) filtered (m3)  a haul (mg) m3 (mg)1 40°50´S Dec. 1 0906 196 40 150 2469 4274 59.54 4450     74.7 330 St.L1 GG109°57´E 2891 4150 54.86 1409     25.7 100 St.L1 XX2 45°52´S Dec. 2 0752 173 30 150 2469 2355 32.81 2596     79.1 330 St.L2 GG110°01´E 2891 2261 29.89 3569   119.4 100 St.L2 XX3 50°54´S Dec. 3 0749 196 40 150 2469 4201 58.53 4126     70.5 330 St.L3 GG110°06´E 2891 4270 56.45 13679   242.3 100 St.L3 XX4 55°34´S Dec. 4 0857 173 30 150 2469 2930 40.82 2886     70.7 330 St.L4 GG108°41´E 2891 3132 41.41 7734   186.8 100 St.L4 XX5 59°20´S Dec. 5 0747 233 50 150 2469 7820 108.95 5752     52.8 330 St.L5 GG108°41´E 2891 8008 105.87 14792   139.7 100 St.L5 XXLH1 66°51´S Feb. 14 0001 233 50 150 2469 6370 88.75 1575     17.7 330 St.LH1 GG37°43´E 2891 4700 62.14 3725     59.9 100 St.LH1 XX6 64°07´S Mar. 7 0858 233 50 150 2469 6280 87.49 6089     69.6 330 St.L6 GG149°41´E 2891 5322 70.36 8629   122.6 100 St.L6 XX7 60°13´S Mar. 9 0859 233 50 150 2469 8248 114.91 9677     84.2 330 St.L7 GG149°50´E 2891 8180 108.14 30763   284.5 100 St.L7 XX10 44°56´S Mar. 13 1551 196 40 150 2469 4718 65.73 1349     20.5 330 St.L10 GG152°11´E 2891 4845 64.05 2797     43.7 100 St.L10 XX(LMT)Table 2.  Plankton data collected by vertical hauls using a twin NORPAC standard net during the JARE-51 cruise of the Shirase to the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean, Dec. 2009–Mar. 2010. Sampling was performed by H. Shinagawa.—　12　—St. No. Position Ship's time Length Angle Estimated Flow-meter Estimated Wet weight Wet weight Mesh size Sample No. of wire of wire depth of No.  Revolutions volume of water of sample in of sample per (µm)Date time (m)  (°) haul (m) filtered (m3)  a haul (mg) m3 (mg)1 40°24´S Dec. 2 0832 224 48 150 2469 2408 33.55 2213     66.0 330 52.L01.GG54110°10´E 2473 3704 49.35 6428   130.2 100 52.L01.XX132 45°11´S Dec. 3 0832 160 20 150 2469 1826 25.44 1226     48.2 330 52.L02.GG54110°00´E 2473 2210 29.45 2192     74.4 100 52.L02.XX133 50°35´S Dec. 4 0835 152 10 150 2469 1822 25.38 11041   435.0 330 52.L03.GG54110°01´E 2473 1892 25.21 6557   260.1 100 52.L03.XX134 54°53´S Dec. 5 0841 152 10 150 2469 1944 27.08 2109     77.9 330 52.L04.GG54110°00´E 2473 1893 25.22 3257   129.1 100 52.L04.XX135 60°01´S Dec. 6 1445 177 32 150 2469 2959 41.22 6318   153.3 330 52.L05.GG54110°00´E 2473 3152 42.00 8234   196.1 100 52.L05.XX136 63°04´S Mar. 10 0651 196 40 150 2469 6952 96.85 15700   162.1 330 52.L06.GG54149°49´E 2473 5201 69.30 23691   341.9 100 52.L06.XX137 60°53´S Mar. 11 1653 172 29 150 2469 3580 49.88 4510     90.4 330 52.L07.GG54149°50´E 2473 3209 42.76 17448   408.1 100 52.L07.XX138 56°00´S Mar. 12 1749 173 30 150 2469 4720 65.76 5899     89.7 330 52.L08.GG54150°03´E 2473 4490 59.83 8527   142.5 100 52.L08.XX139 50°57´S Mar. 13 1540 166 25 150 2469 3327 46.35 543     11.7 330 52.L09.GG54150°11´E 2473 3144 41.89 2159     51.5 100 52.L09.XX1310 45°48´S Mar. 14 1553 196 40 150 2469 6577 91.63 501       5.5 330 52.L10.GG54151°59´E 2473 5800 77.28 3133     40.5 100 52.L10.XX13(LMT)Table 3.  Plankton data collected by vertical hauls using a twin NORPAC standard net during the JARE-52 cruise of the Shirase to the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean, Dec. 2010–Mar. 2011. Sampling was performed by T. Odate.—　13　—St. No. Position Ship's time Length Angle Estimated Flow-meter Estimated Wet weight Wet weight Mesh size Sample No. of wire of wire depth of No.  Revolutions volume of water of sample in of sample per (µm)Date time (m)  (°) haul (m) filtered (m3)  a haul (mg) m3 (mg)1 39°23´S Dec. 2 1628 181 34 150 2469 4910 68.41 2483     36.3 330 53.L01.GG54110°34´E 2473 5400 71.95 5243     72.9 100 53.L01.XX132 44°20´S Dec. 3 1422 209 44 150 2469 6805 94.81 2996     31.6 330 53.L02.GG54110°29´E 2473 6195 82.55 3705     44.9 100 53.L02.XX133 49°50´S Dec. 4 1415 224 48 150 2469 2960 41.24 1459     35.4 330 53.L03.GG54110°06´E 2473 3346 44.58 4029     90.4 100 53.L03.XX134 54°58´S Dec. 5 1427 233 50 150 2469 6555 91.32 3795     41.6 330 53.L04.GG54110°04´E 2473 6505 86.68 6602     76.2 100 53.L04.XX135 59°35´S Dec. 6 1342 196 40 150 2469 3764 52.44 797     15.2 330 53.AJ2.GG54110°00´E 2473 3446 45.92 2502     54.5 100 53.AJ2.XX135´ 59°33´S Mar. 10 1336 167 26 150 2469 3100 43.19 2460     57.0 330 53.AJ2´.GG54109°58´E 2473 3269 43.56 6890   158.2 100 53.AJ2´.XX134´ 55°43´S Mar. 11 0802 151 8 150 2469 2776 38.67 1433     37.1 330 53.L04´.GG54109°59´E 2473 3161 42.12 4914   116.7 100 53.L04´.XX133´ 50°10´S Mar. 12 0825 212 42 150 2469 3549 49.44 2504     50.6 330 53.L03´.GG54110°04´E 2473 4248 56.60 9259   163.6 100 53.L03´.XX132´ 44°35´S Mar. 13 0815 159 12 150 2469 2305 32.11 179       5.6 330 53.L02´.GG54110°00´E 2473 2813 37.48 565     15.1 100 53.L02´.XX131´ 39°32´S Mar. 14 0821 156 16 150 2469 2019 28.13 35       1.2 330 53.L01´.GG54110°18´E 2473 2263 30.15 561     18.6 100 53.L01´.XX13(LMT)Table 4.  Plankton data collected by vertical hauls using a twin NORPAC standard net during the JARE-53 cruise of the Shirase to the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean, Dec. 2011–Mar. 2012. Sampling was performed by K.T. Takahashi.—　14　—St. No. Position Ship's time Length Angle Estimated Flow-meter Estimated Wet weight Wet weight Mesh size Sample No. of wire of wire depth of No.  Revolutions volume of water of sample in of sample per (µm)Date time (m)  (°) haul (m) filtered (m3)  a haul (mg) m3 (mg)1 40°39´S Dec. 2 0856 173 30 150 2469 3215 44.79 519     11.6 330 L01.GG110°02´E 2473 3365 44.84 602     13.4 100 L01.XX2 45°33´S Dec. 3 0849 179 33 150 2469 2508 34.94 5672   162.3 330 L02.GG110°02´E 2473 2510 33.44 8733   261.1 100 L02.XX3 50°34´S Dec. 4 0938 268 56 150 2469 6245 87.00 8966   103.1 330 L03.GG110°02´E 2473 7808 104.04 10587   101.8 100 L03.XX4 55°27´S Dec. 5 0846 162 22 150 2469 1838 25.61 2635   102.9 330 L04.GG109°58´E 2473 1948 25.96 11320   436.1 100 L04.XX5 60°49´S Dec. 6 0846 151 5 150 2469 2010 28.00 4678   167.1 330 L05.GG110°03´E 2473 2740 36.51 9137   250.3 100 L05.XX6 63°10´S Mar. 9 0858 222 47 150 2469 4646 64.73 6135     94.8 330 L06.GG149°14´E 2473 3462 46.13 5552   120.4 100 L06.XX8 55°56´S Mar. 12 1547 179 33 150 2469 3082 42.94 3124     72.8 330 L08.GG150°02´E 2473 3074 40.96 4671   114.0 100 L08.XX9 49°13´S Mar. 13 0904 300 55 150 2469 6556 91.34 3056     33.5 330 L09.GG150°28´E 2473 6455 86.01 5530     64.3 100 L09.XX10 45°08´S Mar. 14 0846 199 41 150 2469 2568 35.78 243       6.8 330 L10.GG152°27´E 2473 3057 40.73 433     10.6 100 L10.XX(LMT)Table 5.  Plankton data collected by vertical hauls using a twin NORPAC standard net during the JARE-54 cruise of the Shirase to the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean, Dec. 2012–Mar. 2013. Sampling was performed by T. Takamura.—　15　—St. No. Position Ship's time Length Angle Estimated Flow-meter Estimated Wet weight Wet weight Mesh size Sample No. of wire of wire depth of No.  Revolutions volume of water of sample in of sample per (µ m)Date time (m)  (°) haul (m) filtered (m3)  a haul (mg) m3 (mg)A 69°03´S Feb. 9 1641 75 0 75 2469 396   5.52 1980   358.9 100 52.A.XX1339°20´EB 68°59´S Feb. 12 1618 135 0 135 2469 557   7.76 2355   303.5 100 52.B.XX1339°11´EC 68°31´S Feb. 18 0832 150 0 150 2469 915 12.75 3386   265.6 100 52.C.XX1338°42´ED 67°43´S Feb. 23 2133 233 50 150 2469 533   7.43 5095   686.2 100 52.D.XX1338°18´EBP 66°50´S Feb. 24 0829 170 28 150 2469 435   6.06 1914   315.9 100 52.BP.XX1337°49´E(LMT)Table 6.  Plankton data collected by vertical hauls using a closing net during the JARE-52 cruise of the Shirase in the sea ice region of Lützow-Holm Bay off Syowa station, Feb. 2011. Sampling was performed by T. Odate.—　16　—St. No. Position Ship's time Length Angle Estimated Flow-meter Estimated Wet weight Wet weight Mesh size Sample No. of wire of wire depth of No.  Revolutions volume of water of sample in of sample per (µ m)Date time (m)  (°) haul (m) filtered (m3)  a haul (mg) m3 (mg)A 68°57´S Feb. 14 1810 150 0 150 2469 660   9.20 1119   121.7 100 53.A.XX1339°05´EB 68°56´S Feb. 17 1100 150 0 150 2469 755 10.52 1275   121.2 100 53.B.XX1339°05´EC 68°34´S Mar. 1 2139 150 0 150 2469 849 11.83 2063   174.4 100 53.C.XX1338°39´EBP 66°50´S Mar. 4 0841 167 26 150 2469 828 11.54 5513   478.0 100 53.BP.XX1337°51´E(LMT)Table 7.  Plankton data collected by vertical hauls using a closing net during the JARE-53 cruise of the Shirase in the sea ice region of Lützow-Holm Bay off Syowa station, Feb.–Mar. 2012. Sampling was performed by K.T. Takahashi.—　17　—St. No. Position Ship's time Length Angle Estimated Flow-meter Estimated Wet weight Wet weight Mesh size Sample No. of wire of wire depth of No.  Revolutions volume of water of sample in of sample per (µ m)Date time (m)  (°) haul (m) filtered (m3)  a haul (mg) m3 (mg)A 68°50´S Feb. 10 2129 150 0 150 2469 1220 17.00 4005   235.6 100 A.XX38°55´EB 68°40´S Feb. 16 1040 150 0–1 150 2469 1430 19.92 6048   303.6 100 B.XX38°38´EC 68°23´S Feb. 17 1018 185 36 150 2469 493   6.87 3651   531.5 100 C.XX37°50´EE 67°39´S Feb. 17 1539 153 11 150 2469 348   4.85 3651   753.0 100 E.XX37°49´EBP 66°49´S Feb. 18 0850 153 11 150 2469 891 12.41 3627   292.2 100 BP.XX37°49´E(LMT)Table 8.  Plankton data collected by vertical hauls using a closing net during the JARE-54 cruise of the Shirase in the sea ice region of Lützow-Holm Bay off Syowa station, Feb. 2013. Sampling was performed by T. Takamura.—　18　—JARE(Year) Name of members Affiliations *JARE-50 (2008/09) T. Iida National Institute of Polar ResearchA. Tanimura Mie UniversityJARE-51 (2009/10) H. Shinagawa University of TsukubaJARE-52 (2010/11) T. Odate National Institute of Polar ResearchJARE-53 (2011/12) K.T. Takahashi National Institute of Polar ResearchJARE-54 (2012/13) T. Takamura National Institute of Polar Research*Affiliations are for the year each scientist was on board.Table 9.  List of scientists on each cruise.—　19　—

Plankton sampling from the Aurora Australis and the Shirase in 2009–2013 —NORPAC standard net & closing net samples—

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Plankton sampling from the Aurora Australis and the Shirase in 2009–2013 —NORPAC standard net & closing net samples—

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