행사명 : The 5th Seoul ODA International Conferenc

Huh, Taewook

Pawar, Manohar

K-Developedia(KDI School) Repository

Korean Responses to Environmental Challenges: Origin, Drivers and Impacts of Green Growth on DevelopmentManohar PawarProfessor of Social PolicyCharles Sturt University, AustraliaTaewook HuhLecturer of Public AdministrationDankook University, Korea13 October 2011The 5th Seoul ODA International Conference? Introduction ? Korean Background ? Dynamics of the Major Env. Policies in Korea ? Low Carbon Green Growth Policy & Responses to Climate Change ? Implications for Developing Countries ? Conclusion? Korean environmental Issues & responses in the historical & contemporary contexts, and implications for developing countries ? To provide an overview of Korean initiatives, policies and programs that address environmental concerns and emerging climate change issues ? To discuss what other developing countries can learn from Korean experiences of dealing with the environmental issuesIntroduction? Economic development system (‘development dictatorship’)? between the mid ’60s and late ‘80s? ‘the strong state’, superior in the power relationship? the social structure producing irrationalism in terms of balancing  economic growth and environmental conservation? Public awareness & Democratization process raised? environment movement: pre-history (‘60s-’70s), era of the anti-pollution (‘80s) era of new environment movement (since ‘90s)? grassroots level movement, participation & politicisation Korean Background? Sustainable Development & Governance approach? encompassing the economic, social, and environmental sectors? allowing increased participation of the private & voluntary sectors? Presidential Commission on SD kicked off ? Response to Climate Change & Establishment of PCGG? Green Growth project driven by the Lee Myung-Bak gov.? Presidential Committee of GG (since ‘08) carrying out a range of policies and programmes in the fields of Climate Change • rapid industrialisation & urbanisation• serious environmental problems appeared from the ‘70s ? Economic growth and environmental degradation (’60s to ‘80s)? Environmental Pollution Prevention Act in 1963 focusing on sanitary issues ? Not resulting into effective implementation of environment policies ? Exceptional environmental policy: Green Belt since 1971?5.45% of the national territory & 37% of the urban area ?to hide a range of military facilities for Seoul ?to reduce rapid growth in population & industrial concentrationDynamics of the Major Env. Policies in Korea? Effects of Green Belt policy? protection of agricultural land, environmental & natural resource ? pressure to greenbelt landowners & developers ? Since ‘97, greenbelt released for development purposes  ? Relationship between per capita income & env. indicators? ’inverted U-shaped relationship’: in ’80s, 10 %of the average annual growth rate, industrial waste 90% & CO2 75% increased ? In ‘80s, precautionary approach developed? economic incentive, environmental effects evaluation ? ‘environmental right’ article enacted in the constitution? civic awareness & civil environmental movement enhanced? ’90s as the era of new environmental movement  ? 1992 Rio World Summit, Local Agenda 21 ? Raised to the status of gov. dept. → Ministry of Env. in 1994? plural environmental laws system ? Economic inducements: volume-rate garbage disposal system, burden charges, deposit-refund systems ? Environment Monitoring & information systems? Social and Political Responses and Transition in theGlobalisation era (‘80s to early ‘00s)? Since ’00s, the transition of environmental policy? constitution of PCSD & preparations for the global CC response ? PCSD to create a national strategy & policies on SD? policy integration between the economy, society & environment? on the basis of governance practices for SD- principles of multi-stakeholder participation & participatorydecision-making between gov. & non-gov. actors- distinguished from the existing command/control mechanism,    economic incentives for enterprises Low Carbon Green Growth Policy & Response to Climate Change – since the 2000s? GG to create a win-win synergy between env. protection & economic growth? the GG initiative Lee Myung Park gov. since ‘08 ? weight on experts regarding specific issues? In 1992 joined UNFCCC, in 2002 Kyoto Protocol? Non Annex I country, increasing international expectation of Korea? mitigation & adaptation policies of CC carried out ? GG National Strategy & Five-Year Plan? Basic Act on Low Carbon GG & Four-River Restoration Project? In the adversarial relationship with civic env. groups? lack of a range of discussions, no attention to the factors of SD? growth strategies to secure profits of the industry & business? Much weight on Green New Deal & Four-River Restoration? facing a backlash from a number of civic groups → ‘helter-skelter’ mater plan, a trigger for the Great Canal Construction Project? Failed to earn social consensus ? biased human constitution of the head committee? Re-focus on social equality as an over-arching plan for SD required? Limits of GG policy: going forward of backward?? Korean experiences offer useful insights ? Importance of early and preventive action? The democratization process and people’s participation ? Awareness-raising, interest groups, research, NGOs, engagement of intellectuals and media – environmental movement? Facilitate the participation of and cooperation among people, communities, civil society, NGOs, the business and the gov.Implication for Developing Countries? Green belt policy? Application of the environmental improvement charges system and a range of technologies  and  information systems? Significant fiscal allocations ? Leadership in developing a national strategy for GG? International cooperation, aid and mutual knowledge transfer are necessary? Debate between green growth and sustainable development ? Korean society has unitedly stood up against the environmental degradation and been able to create effective pressure on the government and the business sector to change their policies and programs to appropriately respond to growing environmental concerns? Demonstrated leadership, initiative, significant fiscal allocations and attempted to mobilise all sectors together to address the common causeConclusions? Achieving a balance between economic growth, environmental sustainability and people’s wellbeing will remain as an ongoing challenge for many countries   ? While adapting Korean experiences, developing countries need to focus on their own innovations and local solutions  Conclusions

Korean responses to environmental challenges

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Korean responses to environmental challenges

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