Over viewing the most recently evolutions throughout global economy, we can easily conceive that the collateral effects of economical globalization and market integration, represents the main issues debated in specialized professional or political circles. The first step toward regain the global markets functionality is to review as a sine-qua-non condition, the institutional and functional structure of financial system and global economy system as well. In such context, this paperwork is meant to propose a new architecture of economies’ typology, reflecting in fact the most recently particularities of markets’ function. The criteria took under consideration has been the relevancy related to commercial and financial flows. Even the parameters presented here are quite abstracts in lack of detailed statistical data are important to reflect the new causality tied between economies in the new context of globalization.monetary system, global economy

Popa, Catalin C.

English

Research Papers in Economics

THE NEW ARCHITECTURE OF ECONOMIES’ TYPOLOGY INTO
GLOBALIZATION CONTEXT
Author: Cătălin C. POPA
Lecturer, Naval Academy „Mircea cel Bătrân” Constanta
Abstract
Over viewing the most recently evolutions throughout global economy, we can easily conceive that the
collateral effects of economical globalization and market integration, represents the main issues debated in
specialized professional or political circles. The first step toward regain the global markets functionality is to
review as a sine-qua-non condition, the institutional and functional structure of financial system and global
economy system as well. In such context, this paperwork is meant to propose a new architecture of economies’
typology, reflecting in fact the most recently particularities of markets’ function. The criteria took under
consideration has been the relevancy related to commercial and financial flows. Even the parameters presented
here are quite abstracts in lack of detailed statistical data are important to reflect the new causality tied between
economies in the new context of globalization.
Keywords: globalization, global economy, economical integration, global factors
For most of the specialists preoccupied by the globalization phenomenon, the concept of
the economical globalization induces, first of all, complexity due to the subjacent political or
social-cultural reasons, the globalization being most of the time associated, on a perceptive level,
to its implications. Starting with the nations relevance to the static and dynamic panel of the
economical globalization, in addition to the classification recommended by the OCDE, there can
be defined as relevant towards this phenomenon effects, three categories of economies, such as:
economies based on an offer (offer side economics countries), economies focused on the internal
demand and the export of capital (supply side economics) and finally the economies based on the
energetic resources supply. This classification is based on the weight and the relevance of the
nations within the international flow of goods, capital or labor, the characteristic features
correlative between these economies, being used to define the dynamic interdependencies settled
at the global level. (figure no.1).First, within  the  category of based on export economies  are included all those countries
t h a t  b u i l t  t h e i r  e c o n o m i c a l  p r i o r i t i e s  o n  t h e  a c c o u n t  o f  a t t r a c t i n g  c a p i t a l  i n v e s t m e n t s  a s  t o
capitalize the competitive differential resulted from accepting some social costs (income
differences, standard) or environmental costs. In fact this category is adopting as a long term
strategy the priorities of supply side economics theory. Leaders of this echelon are the
developing countries (emerging countries from South America and from South – East Asian
area), followed by the undeveloped countries (possibly considered ‘witness’ countries). Their
rhythm of economical growth is due to the production of goods with a lower rate of processing
labor costs and a lower added value as well. The competition is actually guaranteed by the
reduced cost of the products or services acquired/obtained by these countries which either accept
to preserve social conditions under average (low salaries/incomes, reduced social assurances,
improper conditions of health and work), deliberately assuming the effects of environmental
damage as a price of relocation of the polluting production coming from the developed countries.
These countries have an important weight in the  world/worldwide trade and a constant rhythm
of economical growth, based mainly on the export of raw material and products with a lower or
medium rate of processing, based on the production in lohn (indirect export of labor) or
franchise.
Figure 1
Based on export
economies
Economies based on
domestic demand and
capital export
Economies based on
resources
Lower added value
products and services
Services, technology and
capital flows
Energetic resources
Financial
marketsThe economies based on offer, count on their economical growth mainly on the export to
the countries with high incomes per/capita neglecting the domestic consumption. Thus, they
draw the main benefits, accumulating higher incomes from external market.  But the volatility of
this kind of economies is major, comparing with the volume and the structure of the necessary
c a p i t a l  t o  f i n a n c e  b u s i n e s s .  A l s o ,  t h e  e v o l u t i o n  o f  t h e  b a l a n c e  s h e e t  o f  p a y m e n t s  o f  t h e s e
countries is directly correlated to the level of demand formulated by the developed countries. On
the other hand the accumulation is focused as a waste to the national reserve, preserving in this
way the capacity for borrowing the international liquidities. But the national reserve, nominated
in strong currency helps practically the high deficits oh developed countries.
The economies based on domestic demand category do not necessarily belong to the
countries known as consumers above all but they mainly represent that specific class of
countries, strong developed focused importing goods for an exclusively cheap consuming from
offer based economies. Therefore, these economies draw benefits from a superior power
purchasing parity and from the ability to speculate the price differential in terms of labor costs.
The manufacture of a base product within a country where the guaranteed average income per
capita outruns to ten times the average income per capita on the global level, obviously leads to a
lack of competition, taxed by the unequal rules of the market economy. The production
relocation tendencies, triggered by lower added values, from the developed countries to the
developing countries, enable the growth of the demand from developed countries to a constant,
diminishing the price and maintaining the inflation within reasonable rates. In this way, it is
being assured the comfort of the daily consuming chimney and the increase of the life standards
speculating the investment deficit from the developing countries. On the other hand, the
countries based on the internal consumption have specialized in exporting goods or services with
high added value, exporting the capital through the financially markets or through the banking
system.
Services based on the informational and communicational technology and also on the
financial and insurances industry have no comparison when we speak about developed countries.
The export of licenses, patents, engineering or know-how procedures practically are
monopolized by developed countries, the advantages being selectively ascribed to the capital
suppliers. In spite of their own domestic demand increase, based on imported goods, the incomesof the developed countries become major throughout the export of services perspective,
maintaining a monopoly thanks to the substantial added values.
The deficit of the balance sheet of charge account can actually be found within the
foreigners assets, incorporated to sustaining the current account, sustaining or attracting
investments. Losses within the current account imbalances resulted can be reduced by the
developed countries either by moving the incomes obtained from the allocated investments
efficaciousness or by reducing the internal demand or reorienting it towards its own production
sources. The technological monopoly practiced by the developed countries with a ‘white’ and
healthy economy, has a double valence: on one hand it offers exclusivity over the benefits of the
technological progress trade (known as the most profitable neo-factor of production) and on the
other hand, it assures a strategic priority within the process of globalization.
Due to the new international climate, taking advantages from the investments
accumulated during the last decades, the developing countries, despite the deficits of their own
capital accounts, increased the quota in international flows export, becoming the most important
suppliers of investment resources for the developed countries. Thus, the developed countries
maintained their supremacy in defining the structures of the direct investments on the
international level, meaning the increase in capital export of the other categories of economies
Yet, as a research groups of UNCTAD estimated, the tendency on a medium and long term will
be defined by the returning of the capitals leaked out toward the developing countries, back to
the mother countries, monopolizing the credit segment.
The trend of modifying the balance sheet of capital in developing countries favor, that
have the immediate chance of becoming exporters of capital, does not necessarily represents a
positive effect of the economical globalization and is not compulsory bring a major benefit to
this kind of economy. At least as long the technological monopoly belongs further to the
developed countries. The ‘leak’ of the capital out of the developing economies, despite the
UNCTAD specialists positive opinion, proves the incapacity of the least developed countries to
redraw their work profits within the reinvesting procedure on a domestic level. Moreover, the
major deficits recorded by some developed countries in terms of capital account (e.g. USA, more
than 600 billions USD), certifies the major contribution brought by these economies in the
financial integration of real economy. These countries are actually giving away the surplus
produced on the account of the technology export and on the outturns cashed as a reward forinvested capital as an exchange for reinforcing positions in the primary production, energetic or
lower added value networks within the developing countries. The price of the deficit nourished
on the expense of the enormous public debt will be later found equalized in the patrimonial
balances of the most important transnational corporations.
The category of economies based on resources export comprises all those coutries
defined by preponderant export of energetic products as a main valence in creating the national
payments balance of sheet. Out of the countries exporting energy, the most relevant ones are the
producers and processors of oil and the exporters of natural gas. The economical improvements
recorded by these countries depend on the demand curves recorded by the importing countries
and, also, depend on the evolution of demand and offer formulated on the main international
stock markets. The dependence is not unilateral, from the exporters of energetic resources to
importers but it is a mutual relation, because the balance sheets of these economies are based
mainly on the incomes cashed from this kind of exports. This implies a very high sensitivity in
comparison to the production and consumptions’ dynamic on a global level.
The rhythm of the economical growth and the balance sheet of payments for the
oil exporters meet major fluctuations, much more significant than in the case of the importing
economies. The balance of capital account of the net energetic products exporters can be
seriously damaged on a short term, either by the massive withdrawal of investments in the
exploitation and processing the energy or by the shrinkage of the worlds’ production and the
aggregate demand. This fact can be noticed by analyzing the decrease in terms of current balance
account with almost 60% in 2006 compared to 2005, recorded by the exporters of oil despite the
annual world growth rhythm of 1,3%, only based on the price stagnation and the cumulated
reduction of demand from the UE’s countries and the stagnation of consumption from the other
developing countries. For 2008, the demand sluggish from the industrialized countries was
possible to be compensated for a certain period only by increasing prices (on a record level), the
trend practically reversing in oil exporters disadvantage starting with the end of September 2008.
That was possible thanks to the reduction of demand from the main importers with over 36%.
Therefore, the sudden fluctuations of the oil price on the international markets exist in the
balance sheet of the states depending on the export of energetic resources with an immediate and
multiplied effect.Despite the strategic importance, these kinds of economies are considered vulnerable in
their major dependence in relation with the demand conditions and investing capital cost. We can
observe the exaggerated volatility of the ‘black gold’ price during to 2008. Within last year, we
have recorded two price peaks, 34,6 USD/barrel (January 2009) as a minim compared to a price
of 147,27 USD/barrel as a maxim. Meantime, the OPEC countries and its strategic allies did not
succeed as easily as before to adjust the demand by manipulating the offer. The repeated
restraints of production (up to 22% in only two weeks during to October 2008), only had a
reverse effect, of reduction instead of increasing the price per barrel. Therefore, in crisis
conditions, it is possible for the economies based on resources export to sluggish more deep owe
to the ‘lever’ effect of the developed countries demand (the main consumers of oil and natural
gas). To conclude, the basic characteristic of economies based on the export of energy it refers to
the fact that follow the trend of world trade and it can contradict, during its evolution, the logic
of resources rarity. Also, given the conditions of contracting production, these countries become
more vulnerable.
Conclusions
The structure of oil demand has substantially changed during the past three years when
the demand’s structure, although quite constant as total volume, radically changed within its
structure. This is due to the recorded requests of increase coming from the developing or least
developed countries as the demand from the developed countries was decreasing. The calculated
perspectives indicate a similar trend for the next two decades also, the increase being ascribed
mostly to the developing countries demand. In this case, the sensitivity of the economies based
on exporting energetic resources will be imperatively linked to the evolution of the world
demand, but mainly to the macroeconomic situation of the developing nations with real chances
to become the main upholders/supporters of the world consumption. Therefore, the volatility of
the balance account of the ‘energetic’ countries shall depend on the production volume and on
the engaged export by the developing, transition and least developed countries. On the other
hand, following the logic of supply side economy theories, the economies based on export, will
continue to depend on the aggregate demand from the developed countries as well. The most
equilibrate solution for crises slowdown, benefic for all kind of economies shall be in this case
only a general deflation. Taking under consideration the mentioned relations between these threekind of economics (or a mixed type as a particular perspective), is wrong to think that the credit
stimulation will solve the problem of aggregate demand in developed countries. The global
economical growth will be reinforced only on the base of value theory reappraisal.
References
[1]   Aglietta M., “The International Monetary Fund and the International Financial
Architecture”, C.E.P.I.I. Paper Work No. 08, 2000, pp. 18-43.
[2]   Aglietta M., “Financial Macroeconomics”, Vol. II, C.N.I. ,,Coresi” Publishing House,
Bucharest, 2001, pp. 84-112.
[3]   Boyer R., Young W., “Mundell’s International Economics, Adaptation and Debates”,
I.M.F. Staff Papers, 2005, pp. 8-16.
[4]   Crochane J., “Financial Markets and Real Economy”, N.B.E.R. Working Paper, 2005,
pp.25-44.
[5]   Levine R., “Finance and Growth”, N.B.E.R. Working Paper, 2004,  pp.11-37.
[6]   Merton R., Bodie  Z., “The Design of Financial System”, I.M.F. Working Paper, 2005,
pp.10-45.
[7]   Popa C., “Economical Globalization and International Financial Institutions”, Naval
Academy Publishing House, Constantza, 2008
[8]   Popescu I. [et al.], “Globalization. Myth and Reality”, Economica Publishing House,
Bucharest, 2004, pp.132-164.
[9]   Teunissen  J., “The Management of Global Financial Markets”, FONDAD, Hague, 2000,
pp.31-43.

The new architecture of economies' typology within the globalization context

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Research Papers in Economics