Biojisim mikroalga merupakan bahan mentah yang diperbaharui sesuai sebagai

tenaga baharu pada masa depan. Walaubagaimanapun, penghasilan biojisim yang

rendah tetap menjadi cabaran yang harus dikuasai dan beberapa faktor telah

dikenalpasti untuk meningkatkan penghasilan biojisim. Nitrogen yang merupakan

makronutrien menjadi unsur yang penting untuk dikaji kerana nitrogen yang sesuai

dapat mengubah tapak jalan metabolik mikroalga dan seterusnya meningkatkan

penghasilan biojisim

Lee, Zi Xin

English

Repository@USM

INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN SOURCES ON GROWTH PROFILE AND THEIR KINETIC STUDIES IN NEWLY ISOLATED ACIDOPHILIC MICROALGAE, COCCOMYXA DISPAR AND SCENEDESMUS PARVUS             LEE ZI XIN          UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA   JULY 2020      PUSAT PENGAJIAN TEKNOLOGI INDUSTRI UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA  BORANG PENYERAHAN DISERTASI MUTAKHIR SATU (1) NASKAH    Nama penyelia:  DR. MOHD ASYRAF KASSIM____________________________ Bahagian:  TEKNOLOGI BIOPROSES______________________________________  Saya telah menyemak semua pembetulan/pindaan yang dilaksanakan oleh Encik/Puan/Cik ____LEE ZI XIN___________________________________________ mengenai disertasinya sebagaimana yang dipersetujui oleh Panel Pemeriksa di Viva Vocenya.  2. Saya ingin mengesahkan bahawa saya berpuashati dengan pembetulan/pindaan yang dilaksanakan oleh calon.    Sekian, terima kasih.  _________________                _____19/7/2020__ (Tandatangan dan cop)      (Tarikh)       INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN SOURCES ON GROWTH PROFILE AND THEIR KINETIC STUDIES IN NEWLY ISOLATED ACIDOPHILIC MICROALGAE, COCCOMYXA DISPAR AND SCENEDESMUS PARVUS     by   LEE ZI XIN                         A dissertation submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) in the field of Food Technology  School of Industrial Technology  Universiti Sains Malaysia   JULY 2020ii  DECLARATION BY AUTHOR This dissertation is composed of my original work, and contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference has been made in the text. The content of my dissertation is the result of work I have carried out since the commencement of my research project and does not include a substantial part of work that has been submitted to qualify for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution.    zixin LEE ZI XIN JULY 2020   iii  ACKNOWLEDGEMENT  The completion of this thesis could not have been possible without the participation and assistance of so many people whose names may not all be enumerated. First of all, I would like to take this opportunity to express my utmost gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Mohd Asyraf Kassim who guided me throughout my research project in both practical and writing. Thousand thanks to his patience, support and encouragement throughout this year which are my biggest force to complete this thesis. I would also like to extend my sincere thanks to Tan Kean Meng and Ramizah Kamaludin who constantly guided me and gave me so many helpful tips to make my project runs smoothly.  Apart from that, my thanks also go to all staff in School of Industrial Technology especially Mr. Azmaizan bin Yaakub and Madam Najmah binti Hamid for their assistance by providing me all the necessary things that I need in the laboratory. I also appreciate all the lecturers who taught me throughout my four years of degree and provided me useful knowledge. In addition, I would like to thank my family members who constantly giving me enough of care and support so that I can finish my project. Not to forget all my course-mates who supported me and lent their helping hands when I needed them. Last but not least, I would like to express my deepest thanks to all the rest that I did not mention for their willingness to help me during my project. Their contributions are sincerely appreciated and gratefully acknowledged.  zixin LEE ZI XIN JULY 2020  iv  TABLE OF CONTENTS  ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES viii LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS x ABSTRAK xii ABSTRACT xiii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Research Background 1 1.2 Research Scope and Objectives 4 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5 2.1 Algae 5 2.2 Microalgae 6 2.3 Benefits of Microalgae 7 2.4 Microalgal Biochemical Composition 8 2.5 Factors Affecting Microalgae Cultivation 9 2.6 Nutrients 10 2.7 Nitrogen Source 12 2.7.1 Organic Nitrogen 14 2.7.1.1 Urea 15 v  2.7.2 Inorganic Nitrogen 16 2.7.2.1 Ammonium 16 2.7.2.2 Nitrate 18 2.8 Mathematical Modeling 20 CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 23 3.1 Microalgae Culture and Cultivation Medium 23 3.1.1 Medium and Chemical Composition 23 3.1.2 Microalgae Culture 23 3.1.2.1 Morphology of Microalgae Strains 24 3.2 Preparation of Experimental Cultivation Medium 25 3.3 Cultivation of Microalgae in Different Nitrogen Sources 25 3.4 Analytical Method 26 3.4.1 Cell Biomass Calibration Curve 26 3.4.2 Growth Profile 28 3.4.3 Growth Kinetic Parameters 28 3.5 Kinetic Modeling 29 3.6 Statistical Analysis 30 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 31 4.1 Microalgae Morphology 31 4.2 Effect of Nitrogen Sources on Microalgae 32 4.3 Kinetic Modeling 41 vi  CONCLUSION 48 4.4 Conclusion 48 4.5 Recommendation for Future Research 50 REFERENCES 52 APPENDICES 60      vii  LIST OF TABLES Table Caption Page 2.1 Biochemical composition of different species of microalgae.  8 2.2 Biomass yield achieved by using different forms of nitrogen sources. 14 4.1 The growth kinetic parameters of Coccomyxa dispar cultivated in Bold Basal Medium with different nitrogen sources. 33 4.2 The growth kinetic parameters of Scenedesmus parvus cultivated in Bold Basal Medium with different nitrogen sources. 35 4.3 Performance indices of the nonlinear model for Coccomyxa dispar and Scenedesmus parvus cultivated under 0.1% w/v sodium nitrate. 41 4.4 Predicted parameters of Coccomyxa dispar and Scenedesmus parvus cultivated in 0.1% w/v sodium nitrate of Bold Basal Medium (BBM). 42     viii  LIST OF FIGURES Figures Caption Page 2.1 Microscopic photographies (magnification 1:1000) of different algae species. 5 2.2 Macroalgae of Phaeophyceae found at Waisai Coast, Indonesia 6 2.3 Schematic representation of intracellular pathways involved in nitrogen uptake, storage, assimilation and partitioning in an algal cell. 13 4.1 Coccomyxa dispar under microscope with 40 x 10 resolution. 31 4.2 Scenedesmus parvus under microscope with 40 x 10 resolution. 31 4.3 Cell biomass (g L-1) of Coccomyxa dispar cultivated in Bold Basal Medium with different nitrogen sources. 33 4.4 Cell biomass (g L-1) of Scenedesmus parvus cultivated in Bold Basal Medium with different nitrogen sources. 35 4.5 Biomass productivity (g L-1 day -1) of Coccomyxa dispar and Scenedesmus parvus cultivated in Bold Basal Medium with different nitrogen sources. 40 4.6 Logistic model for Coccomyxa dispar cultivated in nitrogen-deficient medium supplemented with 0.1% of sodium nitrate. 43 4.7 Gompertz model for Coccomyxa dispar cultivated in nitrogen-deficient medium supplemented with 0.1% of sodium nitrate. 44 4.8 Baranyi-Robets model for Coccomyxa dispar cultivated in nitrogen-deficient medium supplemented with 0.1% of sodium nitrate. 44 4.9 Logistic model for Scenedesmus parvus cultivated in nitrogen- 46 ix  deficient medium supplemented with 0.1% of sodium nitrate. 4.10 Gompertz model for Scenedesmus parvus cultivated in nitrogen-deficient medium supplemented with 0.1% of sodium nitrate. 47 4.11 Baranyi-Robets model for Scenedesmus parvus cultivated in nitrogen-deficient medium supplemented with 0.1% of sodium nitrate. 47    x  LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Symbol Caption + plus - minus ± plus-minus = equal % percent < less than  oC degree Celsius e.g. for example H2O  water HCl Hydrochloric acid CO2 carbon dioxide O2 oxygen Mg2+ magnesium ion Ca2+ calcium ion K+ potassium ion (NH2)2CO   urea H2CO3 carbonic acid NH3 ammonia NH4+ ammonium NO3-  nitrate NO2- nitrite     xi  Abbreviation Caption cm centimetre day −1 per day DNA deoxyribonucleic acid EC Enzyme commission number g gram g L-1 day -1 gram per litre per day h hour L min-1 litre per minute Lux luminious flux per unit area mg L-1 milligram per litre mL millilitre mM millimolar nm nanometre OD680 optical density at wavelength 680 nanometre pKa  ion dissociation constant R2 correlation coefficient RNA ribonucleic acid rpm revolutions per minute sp. species SD standard deviation USD United States Dollar μmol photons m-2 s-1 micro mol photons per metre square per second v/v volume per volume w/v weight per volume xii  KESAN NITROGEN TERHADAP PROFIL PERTUMBUHAN DAN KAJIAN KINETIK DUA MIKROALGA ASIDOFILIK, COCCOMYXA DISPAR DAN SCENEDESMUS PARVUS  ABSTRAK Biojisim mikroalga merupakan bahan mentah yang diperbaharui sesuai sebagai tenaga baharu pada masa depan. Walaubagaimanapun, penghasilan biojisim yang rendah tetap menjadi cabaran yang harus dikuasai dan beberapa faktor telah dikenalpasti untuk meningkatkan penghasilan biojisim. Nitrogen yang merupakan makronutrien menjadi unsur yang penting untuk dikaji kerana nitrogen yang sesuai dapat mengubah tapak jalan metabolik mikroalga dan seterusnya meningkatkan penghasilan biojisim. Walaupun banyak kajian tentang kesan nitrogen terhadap spesies mikroalga yang berbeza telah dijalankan, namun maklumat tentang kesan nitrogen terhadap spesies mikroalga Coccomyxa dispar dan Scenedesmus parvus masih kurang. Kajian ini telah dijalankan untuk mengkaji kesan nitrogen dengan mengkulturkan Coccomyxa dispar dan Scenedesmus parvus dalam Medium Bold Basal yang kekurangan nitrogen tetapi digantikan dengan amonium sulfate, sodium nitrat dan urea dalam kepekatan 0.1 peratus berat isipadu. Data kinetik pertumbuhan juga dibandingkan dengan menggunakan tiga model pertumbuhan (Logistik, Gompertz dan Baranyi-Roberts). Keputusan menunjuk bahawa kesan nitrogen terhadap penghasilan biojisim kedua-dua mikroalga adalah berbeza ketara. Sodium nitrat merupakan nitrogen yang terbaik untuk meningkatkan penghasilan biojisim bagi Coccomyxa diapar dan Scenedesmus parvus dengan menghasilkan produktivti biojisim masing-masing sebanyak 0.080 g L-1 hari-1 and 0.037 g L-1 hari -1. Keputusan juga menunjukkan model Logistik paling sesuai kepada Coccomyxa diapar (R2 0.9954) dan model Baranyi-Roberts paling sesuai kepada Scenedesmus parvus (R2 0.9972) untuk meramalkan profil kadar pertumbuhan mikroalga.  xiii  INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN SOURCES ON GROWTH PROFILE AND THEIR KINETIC STUDIES IN NEWLY ISOLATED ACIDOPHILIC MICROALGAE, COCCOMYXA DISPAR AND SCENEDESMUS PARVUS  ABSTRACT Microalgae are potential candidates to be sustainably developed in the future as a new energy resource. However, low biomass production remains a big challenge to be tackled. Several factors had been tested to increase biomass production including abiotic and biotic factors. Nitrogen is the macronutrient in which uptake is of particular importance. This is because by supplying suitable nitrogen sources, metabolic pathways can be manipulated thus expand the production capabilities of microalgae. Despite many studies conducted on effect of nitrogen sources in different microalgae species, there is still limited information on Coccomyxa dispar and Scenedesmus parvus. Thus, this research is conducted to determine the influence of nitrogen sources on two acidophilic microalgae strains, Coccomyxa dispar and Scenedesmus parvus through cultivating them in nitrogen-deficient Bold Basal Medium (BBM) supplemented with 0.1% w/v ammonium sulphate, sodium nitrate and urea. The growth data were fitted into three mathematical models (Logistic, Gompertz and Baranyi-Roberts) to analyse the cell growth profile. Results indicated that both microalgae strains were significantly influenced by the type of nitrogen sources. With the best nitrogen source (0.1% w/v sodium nitrate), the biomass productivity achieved by C. dispar (0.080 g L-1 day -1) was almost double compared to S. parvus (0.037 g L-1 day -1). Besides, Logistic model model was the most suitable kinetic growth model for Coccomyxa dispar with R2 of 0.9954 and standard error of estimate of 0.0251 while Baranyi-Roberts model was the most suitable kinetic growth model for Scenedesmus parvus with R2 of 0.9972 and standard error of estimate of 0.0098, to predict the growth profile when cultivated in 0.1% w/v sodium nitrate. 

Influence Of Nitrogen Sources On

Growth Profile And Their Kinetic

Studies In Newly Isolated Acidophilic

Microalgae, Coccomyxa Dispar And

Scenedesmus Parvus

Microalgae are potential candidates to be sustainably developed in the future as a new energy resource. However, low biomass production remains a big challenge to be tackled. Several factors had been tested to increase biomass production including abiotic and biotic factors. Nitrogen is the macronutrient in which uptake is of particular importance. This is because by supplying suitable nitrogen sources, metabolic pathways can be manipulated thus expand the production capabilities of microalgae. Despite many studies conducted on effect of nitrogen sources in different microalgae species, there is still limited information on Coccomyxa dispar and Scenedesmus parvus. Thus, this research is conducted to determine the influence of nitrogen sources on two acidophilic microalgae strains, Coccomyxa dispar and Scenedesmus parvus through cultivating them in nitrogen-deficient Bold Basal Medium (BBM) supplemented with 0.1% w/v ammonium sulphate, sodium nitrate and urea

Influence Of Nitrogen Sources On Growth Profile And Their Kinetic Studies In Newly Isolated Acidophilic Microalgae, Coccomyxa Dispar And Scenedesmus Parvus

http://eprints.usm.my/46940/1/INFLUENCE%20OF%20NITROGEN%20SOURCES%20ON%20%28ABSTRACT%29.pdf

Influence Of Nitrogen Sources On Growth Profile And Their Kinetic Studies In Newly Isolated Acidophilic Microalgae, Coccomyxa Dispar And Scenedesmus Parvus

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