Ewart, Paul

Kiefer, Johannes

English

Laser-based methods have transformed combustion diagnostics in the past few decades. The high intensity, coherence, high spectral resolution and frequency tunability available from laser radiation has provided powerful tools for studying microscopic processes and macroscopic phenomena in combustion by linear and non-linear optical processes. This review focuses on non-linear optical techniques based on resonant four-wave mixing for non-intrusive measurements of minor species in combustion. The importance of minor species such as reaction intermediates is outlined together with the challenges they present for detection and measurement in the hostile environments of flames, technical combustors, and engines. The limitations of conventional optical methods for such measurements are described and the particular advantages of coherent methods using non-linear optical techniques are discussed. The basic physics underlying four-wave mixing processes and theoretical models for signal calculation are then presented together with a discussion of how combustion parameters may be derived from analysis of signals generated in various four-wave mixing processes. The most important four-wave mixing processes, in this context, are then reviewed: Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing (DFWM), Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS), Laser Induced Grating Spectroscopy (LIGS) and Polarization Spectroscopy (PS). In each case the fundamental physics is outlined to explain the particular properties and diagnostic advantages of each technique. The application of the methods mentioned to molecular physics studies of combustion species is then reviewed along with their application in measurement of concentration, temperature and other combustion parameters. Related non-linear techniques and recent extensions to the ultra-fast regime are briefly reviewed. Finally practical considerations relevant to multi-dimensional and multi-species measurements, as well as applications in technical combustion systems are discussed. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Kiefer, J

Ewart, P

Oxford University Research Archive (ORA)

Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

Laser diagnostics and minor species detection in combustion using resonant four-wave mixing

Research Archive

A modeless, variable bandwidth, tunable laser. Optics Communications

A study of flame observables in premixed methane-air flames.

A study of the influence of exhaust gas recirculation and stoichiometry on the heat release in the endgas prior to knock using rotational coherent anti-Stokes-Raman spectroscopy thermometry.

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Advanced gasoline engine development using optical diagnostics and numerical modeling.

Analysis by gas-phase electron spin resonance of H, O, OH, and halogen atoms in flames.

Analysis of degenerate for-wave mixing spectra of NO in a CH4/N2/O2 flame.

Application of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) technique to the detection of NO. Applied Spectroscopy

Application of tunable diode laser diagnostics for temperature and species concentratiuon profiles of inhibited lowpressure flames. Applied Optics

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Atomic oxygen detection in flames using two-photon degenerate four-wave mixing.

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Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für Physikalische Chemie

Bragg diffraction of a Gaussian beam by a crossed-Gaussian volume grating.

Bragg-diffraction of Gaussian beams by periodically modulated media.

Braodband single-pulse CARS spectra in a fired internal combustion engine. Applied Optics

Broadband degenerate four-wave mixing of OH for flame thermometry.

Broadband DFWM of OH for thermometry. in:

CARS concentration sensitivity with and without nonresonant background suppression.

CARS experiments in a full-scale (10x10 m) industrial coal furnace. Applied Optics

CARS measurements in a simulated turbomachine combustor. Combustion and Flame

CARS measurements in an internal combustion engine. Applied Optics

CARS temperature and species measurements in augmented jet engine exhausts. Applied Optics

Cavity ringdown spectroscopy for concentration measurements.

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopic measurements of temperature and acetylene spectra in a sooting diffusion flame.

Coherent control for molecular ultrafast spectroscopy.

Collision-induced resonances in two-color resonant fourwave mixing spectra. Physical Review A

Collisional dependence of polarization spectroscopy with a picosecond laser

Collisional effects on molecular dynamics in electronic-resonance-enhanced CARS.

Collisional relaxation and internal energy redistribution in NO2 investigated by means of laser-induced thermal grating technique Chemical Physics Letters

Collisional relaxation of singlet O2(b 1Σg +) in neat gas investigated by laser-induced grating technique. Chemical Physics

Collisional relaxation of singlet O2(b1Σg+) in neat gas investigated by laser-induced grating technique. Chemical Physics

Combined coherent antiStokes Raman spectroscopy and linear Raman spectroscopy for simultaneous temperature and multiple species measurements. Optics Letters

Combined phosphor and CARS thermometry at the wall-gas interface of impinging flame and jet systems. Experiments in Fluids

Comparison of-incylinder coherent anti-Stokes-Raman scattering temperature measurements with predictions from an engine simulation.

Comparisons of sodium: rare-gas potentials by measurements of excited-state degenerate four-wave mixing.

Cross-beam polarization in flames with a pulsed dye laser. Applied Optics

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Degenerate four-wave mixing in absorbing media. Optics Letters

Degenerate four-wave mixing in nitrogen dioxide: Applicatio to combustion diagnostics.

Degenerate four-wave mixing in two-level saturable absorbers.

Degenerate four-wave mixing measurements of methyl radical distributions in hydrocarbon flames: Comparison with model predictions.

Degenerate four-wave mixing spectroscopy and spectral simulation of C2 in an atmospheric pressure oxy-acetylene flame

Degenerate four-wave mixing temperature measurements in a flame. Optics Letters

Dependence of partially saturated polarization spectroscopy signals on the pump intensity and collision rate. Physical Review A

Detection of acetylene by electronic resonance-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering Applied Physics B

Detection of atomic hydrogen by two-color laser-induced grating spectroscopy. Optics Letters

Detection of atomic hydrogen in flames using picosecond two-color two-photon-resonant six-wave-mixing spectroscopy. Applied Optics

Detection of benzene and trichloroethylene in sooting flames. Applied Spectroscopy

Detection of C2 and temperature measurement in a flame by using degenerate four-wave mixing in a forward geometry. Optics Communications

Detection of C2H2 and HCl using midinfrared degenerate four-wave mixing with stable beam alignment: towards practical in situ sensing of trace molecular species.

Detection of CH in an oxyacetylene flame using 2-color resonant 4-wave-mixing technique.

Detection of CN by degenerate four-wave mixing. Optics Letters

Detection of free NH2 (X 2B1) radicals by CARS spectroscopy.

Detection of free NH2 (X2B1) radicals by CARS spectroscopy.

Detection of methane with mid-infrared polarization spectroscopy.

Detection of methyl radicals in a flat flame by degenerate four-wave mixing. Optics Letters

Detection of minor species with laser techniques.

Detection of NH radicals in flames using degenerate four-wave mixing.

Detection of NO in a spark-ignition research engine using degenerate four-wave mixing.

Detection of OH in a flame by degenerate four-wave mixing. Optics Letters

Detection of OH in flames by using polarisation spectroscopy. Applied Optics

Detection of polyatomic molecules using infrared degenerate four-wave mixing. Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für Physikalische Chemie

Detection of trace species in hostile environments using degenerate four-wave mixing: CH in an atmosphericpressure flame.

Detection of vibrational overtone excitation in methane by laser-induced grating spectroscopy.

Detection of vibrational-overtone excitation in water via laser-induced grating spectroscopy.

Determination of line shift coefficients with femtosecond time resolved CARS.

Determination of probe volume dimensions in coherent measurement techniques. Applied Optics

Development of improved PLIF CH detection using an Alexandrite laser for singleshot investigation of turbulent and lean flames.

Development of rotational CARS for combustion diagnostics using a polarization approach.

Diagnostics of watercontaining gas mixtures using thermal laser-induced gratings. Chemical Physics

Diffraction mechanisms in gas-phase laser induced grating spectroscopy of vibrational overtone transitions.

Doppler-free Laser Polarization spectroscopy. Physical Review Letters

Doppler-free polarization spectroscopy of diatomic molecules in flame reactions. Optics Communications

Double phase-conjugate four-wave mixing of OH in flames.

Double-resonance laserinduced grating spectroscopy of nitric oxide.

Dual-pump CARS for the simultaneous detection of N2,O2 and CO in CH4 flames.

Dual-pump CARS measurements of N2, H2 and CO in a partially premixed flame.

Dual-Stokes CARS system for simultaneous measurement of temperature and multi species in turbulent flames.

Effect of Damköhler number on superequilibrium OH concentration in turbulent nonpremixed jet flames. Combustion and Flame

Effect of Doppler broadening on quantitative concentration measurements with degenerate four-wave mixing spectroscopy.

Effects of quenching on electronic-resonance-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering of nitric oxide. Applied Physics Letters

Electronic resonance enhancement of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering. Physical Review A

Electronic three wave mixing spectra of transient species produced by UV laser photolysis of benzene

Electronic-resonance-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy of nitric oxide.

Electronically resonant CARS detection of O H . i n R a u x J A a n d M c C a y T D ( e d . ) Combustion diagnostics by nonintrusive methods

Emission tomography of flame radicals. Optics Letters

Erratum: The dependence of broadband four-wave mixing signal intensity on the length of the interaction region.

Estimation of spatial averaging of temperatures from coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy. Applied Optics

Examination of allyl radical excited-state dynamics and ground-state vibrational frequencies by ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy.

Excitation of laserinduced thermal gratings in the gas phase via Raman-active transitions. Optics Communications

Experimental investigation of saturated degenerate four-wave mixing for quantitative concentration measurements. Applied Optics

Experimental investigation of saturated polarization spectroscopy for quantitative concentration measurements. Applied Optics

Flame temperature measurement using picosecond transient grating experiments. Chemical Physics Letters

Focal-plane imaging of crossed beams in nonlinear optics experiments. Review of Scientific Instruments

Formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their growth to soot - a review of chemical reaction pathways.

Laser diagnostics and minor species detection in combustion using resonant four-wave mixing

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