Larvae of the tropical oyster Crassostrea belcheri set and metamorphosed when exposed to epinephrine (EPI), norepinephrine (NE), L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) and gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA). The optimum concentration of these neuroactive compounds was 10-5 M when larval set increased from 20% in the controls to between 60-80%. Larval setting performances were generally depressed when exposure was extended to 24 hours compared to 1 hour

Shau , Hwai Tan

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INDUCTION OF SETTLEMENT AND METAMORPHOSIS IN THE TROPICAL OYSTER, CRASSOSTEA BELCHER/ (SOWERBY), BY NEUROACTIVE COMPOUNDS SHAU-HWAI TAN1 AND TAT-MENG WONG2 1Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 Minden Penang, Malaysia 20pen Learning Institute of Hong Kong 9-31/F, Trade Department Tower 700 Nathan Road Kowloon, Hong Kong INDUCTION OF SETTLEMENT AND METAMORPHOSIS IN THE TROPICAL OYSTER, CRASSOSTEA BELCHER/ (SOWERBY), BY NEUROACTIVE COMPOUNDS SHAU-HWAI TAN1 AND TAT-MENG WONG2 1Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 Minden Penang, Malaysia 20pen Learning Institute of Hong Kong 9-31/F, Trade Department Tower 700 Nathan Road Kowloon, Hong Kong ABSTRACT Larvae of the tropical oyster Crassostrea belcheri set and metamorphosed when exposed to epinephrine (EPI), nor-epinephrine (NE), L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) and gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA). The optimum concentration of these neuroactive compounds was 10- 5 M when larval set increased from 20% in the controls to between 60-80%. Larval setting performances were generally depressed when exposure was extended to 24 hours compared to 1 hour. These results extend out knowledge of induced settlement in tropical oyster species and provides a useful technique for enhancing seed production in tropical bivalve hatchery operations. KEY WORDS: Induction, settlement, metamorphosis, oyster, neuroactive compounds, Crassostrea belcheri INTRODUCTION Swimming larvae of many benthic marine bivalves remain in the plankton for a period of time before undergoing metamorpho-sis into the juvenile stage. This metamorphic event usually occurs in conjunction with settlement. The settlement response in numerous bivalve larvae is regu-lated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including heredity, age, nutritional history of the larvae as well as physical and chemical characteristics of available substrate (Hatfield 1984). Previous studies on oyster larvae have shown that neuroactive compounds like epinephrine, norepinephrine, L-3,4-dihydroxy-phenylalanine and gamma-aminobutyric acid have influenced set-ting and metamorphosis in Crassostrea gigas (Coon et al. 1985, 1986, Cooper 1983, Cooper and Shaw 1984), C. virginica (Walch et al. 1988) and Ostrea edulis (Shpigel et al. 1989). However, nothing has been reported on the effects of neuroactive compounds on the setting of the tropical oyster Crassostrea belcheri. The aim of this study was to test the setting response of C. belcheri larvae towards neuroactive compounds, as an attempt to optimize the setting performance of tropical oyster larvae in the hatchery. MATERIALS AND METHODS Larvae of C. belcheri were obtained using standard culture techniques described in Wong et al. (1989). Eyed larvae of C. belcheri were cultured using 1 JLm filtered seawater (18 ppt). Culture media were changed on alternate days. A prescribed diet of Isochrysis galbana (Tahitian strain) was provided daily. Meta-morphic competence was ascertained by the presence of well-developed eyes and a predilection to metamorphose on the sur-faces of the holding tanks or on cultch provided. Competent eyed larvae collected in a 253 JLm nitex sieve were used in all experiments. The neuroactive compounds tested were epinephrine (EPI), norepinephrine (NE), L-3 ,4-dihydroxy-phenylalanine (L-DOPA) and gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) at concentrations of 10- 3 , 10-4 , 10- 5 , 10- 6 and 10- 7 M. The experiments were conducted in plastic tissue culture plates (24 wells; Falcon #3047) using 1 JLm filtered seawater mixed with fresh water (salinity: 18 ppt) at room temperature (26--28°C). EPI and NE were dissolved in 0.0005 N hydrochloric acid while L-DOPA and GABA were prepared as 10 x stock solutions in distilled water. For experiments, the stock solutions were diluted (1:9) in seawater to achieve the desired final experimental con-centrations. All test treatments were conducted in triplicate. In each exper-imental replicate, 50--100 larvae were placed in a total volume of 2 mL of test solution. A few washed marble chips measuring 3--4 mm in diameter were placed at the bottom as cultch. Larvae were exposed to various concentrations of the test compounds for 1 hour or 24 hours, then removed, rinsed and placed in fresh 18 ppt medium for the remainder of the observation period (24--48 hours). Food was not provided during the experiment. Controls were kept in 18 ppt with the same number of marble chips. In all experiments, the larvae were examined regularly with a dissecting microscope to monitor behaviour patterns or transient-responses to the test compounds. At the end of each experiment, all wells were examined to determine the percentage of the total number of larvae which had set and/or metamorphosed. A larva was categorized as metamor-phosed if it showed significant new shell growth. Spat that could not be washed off by using a water jet from a Pasteur pipette were recorded as ''cemented.'' The experimental procedures were mod-ified from those reported in Coon et al. (1985). All statistical comparisons were conducted using one-way anal-ysis of variance at a 95% level of significance. If statistical sig-nificance was noted, then a Duncan's Multiple Range Test was conducted to determine which treatments were significantly dif-ferent. RESULTS Observations on the behavioural responses of C. belcheri eyed larvae when exposed to the various test compounds showed that they were similar to those reported by Coon et al. (1985) for C. 435 (f) (f) 0 I 0... n::: 0 :L ~ .w :L w L-OOPA 0 -<!_ s: 60-w u n::: ~ 20-, toT"~.oL'' GABA :l C.ON1Rol..: I I ·l -6 -5 t--~~-" I ~~-n : n :·~j I -1 -6 -5 -4 -3 LOG <XlNCENTRATION ( M) HOUR EXFDSURE gigas. On exposure to BPI and NE, the larvae sank to the bottom of the well and immediately began morphogenetic differentiation. On the other hand, larvae exposed to both L-DOPA and GABA swam with their foot extended followed by crawling along the substratum. Subsequently, they cemented themselves and under-went metamorphosis. Figure 1 shows the percentage of eyed larvae which had meta-morphosed (when scored 4 days later) after 1 hour and 24 hours exposure to various concentrations of the test compounds. Setting performance was generally depressed when larvae were exposured for 24 hours, sometimes to levels lower than controls. In the case of 1 hour exposure, all 4 compounds increased the portion of larvae setting, with the best concentration at 10- 5 M. Details of statistical analysis on the setting performances for 1 hour and 24 hours exposure are summarised in Tables 1 and 2 respectively. The highest larval setting occurred in BPI at 10- 5 M (87.0 ± 5.3%). This was significantly higher (P > 0.05) than those recorded for NE, L-DOPA and GABA at the same concen-tration (70.1-71.8%). Concentrations of L-DOPA above 10- 4 M caused a variety of toxic effects including reduced larval activity, withdrawal of all tissues into the larval shell and increased mor-tality. Figures 2 and 3 show the relative proportion of spat which were cemented after 1 hour and 24 hours exposure to various concen-trations of the test compounds. BPI at 10- 4 M yielded the highest percentage of free ( cultchless) spat followed by BPI at 10- 5 M and NEat 10-4 M. In comparison, the yield of free spat was negli-gible with L-DOPA and GABA. Once again, exposure for 24 hours resulted in lower number of free spat. DISCUSSION The result of this study demonstrates that larvae of the tropical oyster, C. belcheri can be induced to set by exposure to the com-pounds BPI, NE, L-DOPA and GABA. Exposure for 1-hour pe-riod increased larval setting success up to 3.5 times that controls, but prolonged exposure to some of these resulted in reduced ef-fects sometimes to levels below controls. o·····o 24 HOUR EXPOSURE The optimum concentration of BPI for larval settlement in C. belcheri is lower than the 10- 4 M reported for C. iredalei (Leu 1990), C. gigas and C. virginica (Coon et al. 1985, 1986) as well as C. lugubris and Saccostrea commercialis (Jarayabhand, pers. comm.). However, the optimum concentration of NE (10- 5 M) for C. belcheri is comparable to those reported for C. lugubris and S. commercialis (Jarayabhand, pers. comm.) though lower than Figure 1. The percentage of Crassostrea belcheri eyed larvae which metamorphosed in response to 1 hour and 24 hour exposures to var-ious concentrations of test compounds. TABLE 1. Summary of statistical analysis on mean setting percentage when larvae were exposed to different concentrations of the test compounds for 1 hour. Concentration (M) Percentage Setting(%) (m ± s.d.) Treatment 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 1o-3 Control EPI 26.7 ± 3.5b,c 74.0 ± 4.5" 87.0 ± 5.3 74.4 ± 1.2" 32.8 ± 5.lb 24.5 ± 1.5c,e.f,j NE 30.1 ± 5.7· 64.3 ± 2.6d 70.6 ± 5.8d 64.4 ± 5.5d 21.8 ± 4.3f L-DOPA 32.4 ± 6.7h 63.7 ± 6.5g 71.4 ± 5.9g 31.6 ± 2.3h 11.3 ± 3.1 GABA 29.5 ± 9.1i 66.9 ± 1l.li 71.8 ± 2.3i 71.8 ± 3.4i 29.8 ± 5.7i Data sets bearing the same letters are not significantly different (P < 0.005). TABLE 2. Summary of statistical analysis on mean setting percentage when larvae were exposed to different concentrations of the test compounds for 24 hours. Concentration (M) Percentage Setting(%) (m ± s.d.) Treatment 10-7 1o-6 10-s 10-4 1o-3 Control EPI 31.9 ± 1.8" 61.8 ± 9.9 36.4 ± 6.7" 4.3 ± 2.0 0.9 ± 0.1 24.5 ± 1.SO·h NE 35.7 ± 4.3c 52.4 ± 3.3b 44.7 ± 6.7b,c 10.1 ± 1.1 3.7 ± 1.0 L-DOPA 21.9 ± 5.4° 56.0 ± 9.8d 54.4 ± 6.0d 23.9 ± 5.4° 9.4 ± 2.3 GABA 26.1 ± 5.6g,h 58.1 ± 5.5f 54.4 ± 3.1f 49.8 ± 6.1f 35.7 ± 4.8g Data sets bearing the same letters are not significantly different (P < 0.005). the 10-4 M reported for C. iredalei (Leu, 1990), C. gigas and C. virginica (Coon et al. 1985, 1986). Prolonged exposure to EPI and NE at concentrations higher than 10- 5 M resulted in reduced metamorphic induction, reduced 0 ;;----lf) lf) 0 I Cl.. 0:: 0 2 ~ w 2 w <.,C) <{ 1-z w (.) 0:: w Cl.. LOG CONCENTRATION ( M) Figure 2. The relative proportion of Crassostrea belcheri spat which were cemented (•) and free (D) in response to a 1 hour exposure to various concentrations of test compounds. rates of morphogenetic differentiation and increased mortality. Similar observations were reported for C. iredalei (Leu 1990), C. lugubris and S. commercialis (Jarayabhand, pers. comm.). These observations differ from those of Coon et al. (1985, 1986) who 100,-----------------------------~ EPI ~ lf) lf) 0 I Cl.. 0:: 0 2 <{ f-w :2: w <.,C) <{ f-z w u 0:: w Cl.. LOG CONCENTRATION ( N) Figure 3. The relative proportion of Crassostrea belcheri spat which were cemented (•) and free (D) in response to 24 hour exposure to various concentrations of test compounds. reported that in C. gigas prolonged exposure to EPI and NE at 10- 4 M resulted in increased percentage set from 80 to 90% and 50 to 80%, respectively. The percentage of free spat resulting from EPI and NE treat-ment (10--80%) was comparable to that reported for C. gigas (85-90%) and C. virginica (65%) (Coon et al. 1986). However, only 38.7% of C. iredalei spat was reported as cultchless by Leu (1990). According to Coon et al. (1986), the mechanism through which EPI and NE are able to induce metamorphosis independent of settlement behaviour is mediated through vertebrate type alpha-adrenergic receptors. Because EPI triggers metamorphosis without the settlement behaviours that normally preceded it, these recep-tors presumably function later, or on a different pathway in the chain of events that comprise settlement and metamorphosis, than the events that culminate in attachment. Setting performance of C. belcheri eyed larvae can also be enhanced via a 1-hour exposure to L-DOPA at 10- 4 to 10- 7 M with highest setting percentage at 10- 5 and 10- 6 M. Prolonged exposure to L-DOPA at 10- 3 M resulted in a lowering of the percentage set in C. belcheri. In general, the response of C. belcheri eyed larvae to L-DOPA paralleled those reported for C. lugubris and S. commercia/is (Jarayabhand, pers. comm.), C. gi-gas (Cooper 1983, Coon et al. 1985) and C. iredalei (Leu 1990). However, L-DOPA was not effective in inducing metamorphosis in Chlamys hastata (Hodgson and Bourne 1988). The same au-thors reported that when higher concentrations of the drug were tested ( 10- 4 and 10- 5 M) they were found to be toxic to the larvae. Prolonged exposure to L-DOPA caused complete with-drawal of all tissues into the larval shell. Thus, even when L-DOPA induced metamorphosis, prolonged continuous exposure to the drug reduced the rate of morphogenetic differentiation. The mechanism of induction as well as a model of natural settlement and metamorphosis has been proposed by Coon et al. (1985) based on the observations of the response of C. gigas to EPI, NE and L-DOPA. Since L-DOPA induces behaviours exhib-ited by the larvae in response to natural environmental stimuli and results in a complete response including both settlement and meta-morphosis, L-DOPA or some L-DOPA-mimetic molecules could be sufficient environmental stimuli to initiate settlement. How-ever, there is presently no evidence that L-DOPA, EPI or NE occurs in the 10- 4 to 10- 5 M range in nature. The results presented here also show that GABA is effective in inducing C. belcheri larvae to set and metamorphose. Larvae ex-posed to 10- 4 to 10- 6 M GABA showed higher setting percent-ages (70--71%) compared to the controls (24.5%); whereas there was no significant difference at 10- 3 and 10- 7 M compared to controls. The setting performance of C. belcheri eyed larvae ex-posed to 10- 3 M GABA for 24 hours was enhanced. This may be explained according to the hypothesis proposed by Morse et al. (1980), where metamorphic responses of the abalone larvae, Ha-liotis sp. to GABA was slow due to the lack of suitable receptors. Unlike EPI, NE and L-DOPA, GABA did not exhibit toxic effects on C. belcheri larvae during prolonged exposure (24 hours). How-ever, GABA was reported to be ineffective in causing bivalve larvae such as C. gigas (Coon et al. 1985), C. hastata (Hodgson and Bourne, 1988), Perna viridis (Baylon 1988) and C. iredalei (Leu 1990) to set or metamorphose. Though post-test survival was not studied here, Coon et al. (1985) and Shpigel et al. (1989) have demonstrated that EPI in-duced spat of C. gigas and 0. edulis, respectively, had appeared completely normal after 3 weeks to 8 months growth. The reasons for the differences between C. belcheri and C. gigas and C. virginica as well as other tropical species such as C. iredalei, C. lugubris and S. commercia/is in both the magnitude and consistency of their response to the neuroactive compounds (EPI, NE, L-DOPA and GABA) are not clear. Further research is needed to determine whether the differences in the induction of metamorphosis of bivalve larvae by neuroactive compounds is governed by species-specific factors. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was carried out with funding support from IDRC (International Development Research Centre) Canada (Oysterseed Malaysia File No. 3-P-88-0049) and the Government of Malaysia (IRPA #123/310/2406). We are grateful to the project staff for their assistance and Zamberi Saad/Winnie Wong for typing this manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Baylon, C. C. 1988. Larval rearing and settlement of the green mussel, Perna viridis. Dissertation of Ph.D. University of Miami (Abstract). Coon, S. L., D. B. Bonar & R. M. Weiner. 1985. Induction of settlement and metamorphosis of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg) by L-DOPA and catecholamines. J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol. 94:211-221. Coon, S. L., D. B. Bonar & R. M. Weiner. 1986. Chemical production of cultchless oyster spat using epinephrine and norepinephrine. Aquacul-ture 58:255-262. Cooper, K. L. 1983. Potential for application of the chemical DOPA to commercial bivalve setting systems. J. Shellfish Res. 3(1):110--111. Cooper, K. L. & W. N. Shaw. 1984. The effects of environmental factors on the ability of chemical cues to trigger settlement and metamorphosis of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg). J. Shellfish Res. 4(1):85-86 (Abstract). Hadfield, M.G. 1984. Settlement requirements of molluscan larvae: new data on chemical and genetic roles. Aquaculture 39:283-298. Hodgson, C. A. & N. Bourne. 1988. Effect of temperature on larval development of the spiny scallop, Chlamys hastata (Sowerby), with a note on metamorphosis. J. Shellfish Res. 7(3):349-357. Morse, D. E., H. Duncan, N. Hooker, A. Baloun & G. Young. 1980. GABA induces behavioral and developmental metamorphosis in plank-tonic molluscan larvae. Fed. Proc. 39(14):3237-3241. Shpigel, M., S. L. Coon & P. Kleinot. 1989. Growth and survival of cultchless spat of Ostrea edulis Linneaus, 1750, produced by using epinephrine and shell chips. J. Shellfish Res. 8(2):355-357. Walch, M., L. Dagonan, S. L. Coon, R. M. Weiner, D. B. Bonar & R. R. Colwell. 1988. Mechanisms of microbial induction of oyster larval settlement behaviour and metamorphosis. First International Symposium on Marine Molecular Biology. Oct. 1988. Baltimore, Maryland (Abstract). Wong, T. M., S. H. Tan & T. K. Cheong. 1989. Induced spawning, larval development and early spat growth of the tropical oyster Cras-sostrea belcheri in the laboratory. Proc. 24th Annual Seminar of the Malaysia Society of Marine Sciences. pp. 255-260. 

Induction of settlement and metamorphosis in the tropical oyster, crassostea belcher/ (sowerby), by neuroactive compounds.

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Induction of settlement and metamorphosis in the tropical oyster, crassostea belcher/ (sowerby), by neuroactive compounds.

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