Women represent approximately 75% of human trafficking victims. This study reviews what is and is not known about human trafficking and what might be accomplished in future research

Park, Jihye

Rabe-Hemp, Cara

ISU ReD: Research and eData

Illinois State UniversityISU ReD: Research and eDataGraduate Research - Criminal Justice Criminal JusticeSpring 3-14-2014Impacts of Gender Inequality and Poverty onTrafficking in WomenJihye ParkIllinois State UniversityCara Rabe-HempIllinois State UniversityFollow this and additional works at: http://ir.library.illinoisstate.edu/grcjPart of the Human Rights Law Commons, and the Women's Studies CommonsThis Conference Proceeding is brought to you for free and open access by the Criminal Justice at ISU ReD: Research and eData. It has been acceptedfor inclusion in Graduate Research - Criminal Justice by an authorized administrator of ISU ReD: Research and eData. For more information, pleasecontact ISUReD@ilstu.edu.Recommended CitationPark, Jihye and Rabe-Hemp, Cara, "Impacts of Gender Inequality and Poverty on Trafficking in Women" (2014). Graduate Research -Criminal Justice. Paper 4.http://ir.library.illinoisstate.edu/grcj/4(—THIS SIDEBAR DOES NOT PRINT—) DES IG N  G U IDE   This PowerPoint 2007 template produces a 36”x48” presentation poster. You can use it to create your research poster and save valuable time placing titles, subtitles, text, and graphics.   We provide a series of online tutorials that will guide you through the poster design process and answer your poster production questions. To view our template tutorials, go online to PosterPresentations.com and click on HELP DESK.  When you are ready to print your poster, go online to PosterPresentations.com  Need assistance? Call us at 1.510.649.3001   QU ICK  START   Zoom in and out  As you work on your poster zoom in and out to the level that is more comfortable to you.   Go to VIEW > ZOOM.  Title, Authors, and Affiliations Start designing your poster by adding the title, the names of the authors, and the affiliated institutions. You can type or paste text into the provided boxes. 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Go to PosterPresentations.com and click on the FB icon.  © 2013 PosterPresentations.com     2117 Fourth Street , Unit C              Berkeley CA 94710     posterpresenter@gmail.com • Definition of HT by United Nation Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC):                                     - Recruitment of people by force or deception in order to exploit them                   • HT as gendered crime:                           “The crime of particularly targeting women for sexual exploitation.”                                                - Female victims (75%)                                  - Purpose of trafficking:                       Sexual exploitation (79%), forced labor (18%), and organ removals (.3%)   • Current Trends:                             -“Globalization & Cross border Trafficking”: 800,000 women are trafficked across national borders                                        - Europe and Central Asia (62%), Americas (51%), South/East Asia and Pacific (44%), and Africa/Middle East (36%)                                                     - Low conviction rates for traffickers  • Human Rights Concerns                   - Violations of human rights : Victims are physically tortured, raped, abused and murdered                                                         - Reinvestment of profits by HT to other criminal ventures                         OVERVIEW OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING (HT) What we know about HT • Lack of empirical studies • Focused HT issue in certain geographic areas • Measurement Issues with Rao & Presenti’s study:                               - Gender Inequality: Only include relative indicators  failed to use absolute indicators                          -Economic Development: Only        considered income poverty   • Cross national empirical study     • Examines forms of gender inequality: absolute & relative indicators                           • Examines effects of multi-dimensional poverty on HT Gaps and What we don’t know • Data– Trafficking in Persons: Global Patterns (UNODC 2006)                        - The number of times a country was cited as: ‘origin’, ‘transit’, and ‘destination’ country                              - A 5-scale of severity:                 (Very low – Very high )                                                       - Reporting 127 countries in the world Methods Contact to Authors For further questions, please contact to: JJ Park: jpark3@ilstu.edu  Dr. Rabe-Hemp: cerabe@ilstu.edu • Lack of empirical approaches:                - Describing characteristics of HT (Salt & Stein, 1997) or government’s combating efforts (Tamura, 2010). • Themes:                                         - Most women are from poor families or countries that have low levels of education                        (Di Tommaso et al., 2009)  Department of Criminal Justice Sciences, Illinois State University JiHye (JJ) Park & Cara Rabe-Hemp (Ph.D.) Impacts of Gender Inequality and Poverty on Trafficking in Women - Traffickers offer false-promises such as arrangement of jobs and marriages for wealthier places/countries                         (Kim et al., 2009; Reddy, 2013) - Income inequality leads to HT       (Rao & Presenti, 2012) - U shaped relationship between economic development and HT        (Rao & Presenti, 2012)  Research Hypotheses Absolute women’s status Relative Gender Inequality Trafficking in women Multi-dimensional Poverty - + + Measurements • Dependent variable: Countries ranked by incidence of trafficking ‘origin.’                                            - The current study: 113 countries out of 127 countries (Excluding countries where HT mostly involves men in forced labor). Preliminary Results  Table 1. Descriptive Variables Table 2. Regression analysis predicting trafficking •  Independent variables:                                  - Absolute women’s status (% of females) : Education, income, and economic activity (World Bank, 2009-2013)                                                  - Relative Gender Inequality (Ratio of females to males): Education, income, and economic activity (WB 2009-2013)                                              - Poverty: Multi-Dimensional Poverty Index by UNDP (2010)  • Analytic Strategy: The OLS (Ordinal Lease Squares) Regression   What we know Cont’d Measurements Cont’d Current Study  

Impacts of Gender Inequality and Poverty on Trafficking in Women

http://ir.library.illinoisstate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=grcj

Impacts of Gender Inequality and Poverty on Trafficking in Women

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