Numerical Investigation of the Squeezing Flow of Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid (Cu-Al2O3-TiO2/H2O Between Two Parallel Plates in a Darcy Porous Medium with Viscous Dissipation and Heat Source

Abstract

This work aims to investigate numerically the influence of viscous dissipation and heat source on the magnetohydrodynamics squeezing flow of water-based ternary hybrid nanofluids between two parallel plates in a Darcy porous medium. The nanoparticles Cu, Al2O3, and TiO2 are dispersed in a base fluid H2O, resulting in the creation of a ternary hybrid nanofluid Cu-Al2O3-TiO2-H2O. This study examines the deformation of the lower plate as the upper one advances towards it. The numerical results are computed using the 3-stage Lobatto IIIa method, which is specially implemented by Bvp4c in MATLAB. The effects of various parameters are visually illustrated through graphs and quantitatively shown in tables. The absolute skin friction of the ternary hybrid nanofluid is seen to be approximately 5% higher than that of the regular nanofluid at the lower plate and at most 7% higher than that of the nanofluid at the upper plate. The heat transmission rate of the ternary hybrid nanofluid is higher at the upper plate compared to the lower plate