A new idea in affordable housing—in-home child-care businesses—exemplifies big-picture thinking in community revitalization.Community development corporations - Rhode Island ; Housing - Rhode Island ; Child care - Rhode Island

Caroline Ellis

English

Research Papers in Economics

Fall 2005 14
On one level, this is about a new idea
in affordable housing—rental units spe-
cially designed for in-home day care so
that low-income providers may get
licensed to work at home and low-
income neighbors may have safe child
care while they are at work. 
On another level, it is about how
four particular day-care units built by the
Woonsocket Neighborhood Develop-
ment Corporation in Rhode Island exem-
plify the power of holistic thinking in res-
cuing a city from decline. There is still
work to be done, but with holistic 
thinking and critical financial assis-
tance—from Local Initiatives Support
Corporation, low-income tax credits,
NeighborWorks America, Rhode Island
Housing, the U.S. Dept. of Housing and
Urban Development (HUD), the Rhode
Island Housing Commission, and oth-
ers—a remarkable transformation has
begun. It didn’t happen overnight. 
“In the early 1990s,” WNDC execu-
tive director Joe Garlick recalls, “this
Blackstone River town suffered numer-
ous hits. The departure of mill business,
the recession, and a major Rhode Island
credit union bust had a cascading effect.
Massive housing abandonment was the
result, and institutions like the FDIC
were stuck with unwanted properties.” 
Around this time, Woonsocket
Neighborhood Development Corpora-
tion, which had been working since 1988
to create affordable housing for families
all around Woonsocket, started to focus
on Constitution Hill. In this once pleas-
ant neighborhood, absentee ownership,
boarded-up buildings, crime, drugs, and
prostitution were making life for the
remaining residents a struggle. Garlick
believes that property owners “had pretty
much given up on the neighborhood.”
Fortunately, two-thirds of the board
of WNDC lived in and around the area
and still cared. They remembered better
days and longed to restore the neighbor-
hood, impossible as that seemed.
Stan Eason, now 39 and a WNDC
construction supervisor, recalls the neigh-
borly Constitution Hill of his childhood.
He also remembers that when things
turned bad, the community heard many
empty promises about improvements.
“All we ever got were trees,” Eason says. 
So when WNDC turned its atten-
tion to Constitution Hill revitalization in
1994, he understood why the remaining
neighbors were skeptical that it would
ever improve. Nevertheless, Eason and 
a few others decided to give WNDC 
a chance. 
Thinking   
Holistically
A model of WNDC’s mixed-use development, with
43 affordable river-view apartments upstairs and 
market-rate retail and office space below. Photographs
in this article by Rik Pierce.
Woonsocket Neighborhood Development Corporation
by Caroline Ellis
Federal Reserve Bank of Boston&Banking Communities 15
“Even an old car that hasn’t been
maintained can come back if you give it
some oil and start to take care of it,” he
told people. “You need to be a voice for
your neighborhood. Even if things are
beyond your control, you need to get on
the phone and call.”  
Joe Garlick believes that the decision
of the Woonsocket police to open a sub-
station for Constitution Hill was “a time-
ly piece that helped” but that having peo-
ple who cared about the neighborhood
was the most critical element in the even-
tual turnaround. 
Through grants and loans, WNDC
began to buy unwanted neighborhood
property and keep a close eye on it. Until
the group had the funds and permits 
to start renovating, it made sure that
buildings were securely boarded to dis-
courage crime. “We cut the grass, we put
strategic lights in, and once we started
construction, there were no longer any
places to hide.”
The Child-Care Units
The idea for child-care units didn’t
surface until 2002, during the third
phase of the affordable-housing develop-
ment on Constitution Hill. It grew out of
a series of community meetings held as
part of a neighborhood-revitalization
planning effort that was funded by
Rhode Island Housing and Mortgage
Finance Corporation. 
One of the meetings was with
Connecting for Children and Families,
Inc. (CCF), and with members of CCF’s
home child-care support network.
Through the network, set up to improve
and sustain the supply of affordable
child-care slots in Woonsocket, CCF
provided ongoing training and technical
assistance to providers.
The initial focus of the 2002 meet-
ing was to solicit ideas and suggestions
on projects that would improve targeted
neighborhoods. As the meeting drew to a
close, the conversation turned to the 
difficulty of starting a home child-care
business if the provider was a renter.
Landlords were not interested in having
more children around or in making the
modifications needed for securing a
license from the R.I. Department of
Children, Youth, and Families. Play
yards, extra exits, smoke detectors, and
the like were unwanted expenses.
At this point in the meeting,
WNDC came up with some holistic and
creative thinking about addressing the
child-care need in its current affordable-
housing project. 
With help from HUD’s Low
Income Housing Tax-Credit (LIHTC)
program, WNDC was well into the plan-
ning phase of a 19-unit project that was
part of its ten-year Constitution Hill ini-
tiative. Once this third phase was com-
plete, 109 apartments in 33 buildings
would be substantially rehabilitated and
no abandoned houses would remain.
With the neighborhood safe, what better
time to incorporate apartments for in-
home child-care providers? 
Several questions needed to be
answered first:
• What additional building-code
and state-licensing requirements would
the child-care units be required to meet;
•  Were there any restrictions in the
LIHTC program that would prohibit
incorporating the provider units in the
project; and
•  Were there any prohibitions under
the Federal Fair Housing Act or the
Americans with Disabilities Act?
Local Initiatives Support
Corporation (a national organization
whose Rhode Island office has over time
invested close to $20 million in WNDC
through loans and grants) provided
$7,000 to research the issues. WNDC’s
architect, John O’Hearne of O’Hearne
Associates in North Smithfield, Rhode
Island, did the necessary code research,
and Kristin DeKuiper and Christopher
Financial Fitness Classes
All WNDC tenants are supposed to attend a financial fitness class. In
addition,if they think they may want to buy a home,they may take a $35 eight-
week home-buyer education class,which provides certification for two years.
The class helps first-time home buyers learn about such matters as saving,
budgets,and getting their credit in order so they can get a mortgage.With the
certification, they can get help with a down payment and closing costs.
Brenda Flores,home child-care provider,with Kiara T. “WNDC gives you an opportunity to progress,”
Flores says.Fall 2005 16
B. Hanback of Holland & Knight, LLC,
addressed other legal and regulatory
issues. The research showed that the idea
could work.
Getting Legal Advice
When Garlick questioned WNDC’s
attorneys in July 2002, a set-aside for in-
home child-care units, as far as he knew,
had never been attempted in an afford-
able-housing project. In a letter, he
described the plan for phase three on
Constitution Hill, which called for senior
housing, child-care, and other units. 
Units for in-home child care would
have a finished basement that included a
sink, a half bath, and cabinets. The letter
explained that although none of the fin-
ished basements were handicapped acces-
sible and none of the phase-three units
for families were handicapped accessible,
two of the senior-citizen units were.
Since Rhode Island Housing required
that, overall, 5 percent of units in a proj-
ect be handicapped accessible and two
out of the 19 in phase three qualified, 
he believed that the plan exceeded 
the regulations.
Continuing to look at the initiative
holistically, Garlick emphasized the need
for child care in Woonsocket: “The latest
RI KidsCount analysis estimates that
there is a shortage of 800 slots in the city.
Renters hoping to start a licensed home
child-care business are at a great disad-
vantage. This is unfortunate since, in
addition to alleviating a community
shortage of licensed slots, it is also a good
way for very low-income women to sup-
plement their income. Licensed providers
are also eligible to receive state health-
care coverage.” 
Hanback’s detailed response includ-
ed some reassuring language: “Both the
IRS and the Treasury Department have
taken the position that low-income hous-
ing projects may give preference to cer-
tain classes of tenants as long as those
preferences do not violate HUD nondis-
crimination policies.  . . .We can think of
no valid reason that setting aside units for
tenants who desire to operate home day-
care businesses would violate HUD’s
nondiscrimination policies or the federal
Fair Housing Act.”
And ultimately, because the
Americans with Disabilities Act is less
stringent about renovated buildings than
about new construction, the main modi-
fications were additional exits, smoke
detectors, and bathrooms. Their cost
amounted to $15,000 to $20,000 per
unit. The Rhode Island Housing
Resources Commission, through its
Building Better Communities program,
and the Neighborhood Reinvestment
Corporation (now called NeighborWorks
America) provided the funding to com-
plete the child-care units as a part of the
19-unit project. 
Today four home child-care business
are flourishing on Constitution Hill.
Stan Eason,WNDC construction supervisor, says, “People’s spirit has been rekindled.”  
Woonsocket Neighborhood Development Corporation’s director of community building and 
organizing, Margaux Morisseau, left, with Liz Burch, family home provider consultant for Connecting 
for Children and Families.&Banking Communities 17
Margaux Morisseau is the director of community building and
organizing for the Woonsocket Neighborhood Development
Corporation.There is nothing she would rather talk about than
the improvements in Woonsocket since WNDC and other neigh-
borhood groups began collaborating 17 years ago. The grand-
daughter of French Canadian mill workers who tell stories of dyes
turning the Blackstone River different colors every day, she is as
excited as they are about the cleaner water and the plans for the
abandoned mills.
Her tour of Woonsocket,which may include taking reporters
to a Constitution Hill child-care unit or two, is comprehensive.
One of the neighborhood highlights is the Child Care Center
belonging to Connecting for Children and Families.Morisseau and
Liz Burch, family home provider consultant for CCF, like to remi-
nisce about the building’s former life as the worst bar in
Woonsocket.
“The people in the neighborhood,” says Morisseau, “knew
that nothing would improve until the bar was gone. Joe Garlick
negotiated for the building with the bartender—passing a paper
plate back and forth over the counter until they had a deal.” 
On her way to the
Community Art Center,
Morisseau points out the
white picket fences of the
100-year-old and older mill-
worker houses that WNDC
renovated on Constitution 
Hill. Nearby is a house
where the owner-residents
“caught the sprucing-up
bug” after seeing the neigh-
borhood improve.A yellow
house has the distinction of
renovation help from Bob
Vila, host of the television
show “This Old House.”
The broad parking space
behind the homes, says
Morisseau as she drives by
the community garden and
playground, tends to gener-
ate neighborly cookouts.
At the Community Art
Center, performance artist
Michaelle Saintil, a member
of the Providence Black
Repertory Theater, is the
latest artist-in-residence.
She gets free rent for a three-bedroom unit with a yard and deck.
In exchange, she provides 12 hours a week of after-school classes
to Woonsocket students from first grade through twelfth,keeping
them busy with poetry, the spoken word, acting, photography, and
writing.The center has a full kitchen, with food provided by the
local food bank.
Morisseau says that WNDC, having successfully tested the
teacher-in-residence model for six years, intends to renovate a
boarded-up mill to create a learning center with apartments for
six new teachers.Like the artist-in-residence,the teachers will pay
utilities but no rent.They will have a one-year contract,renewable
each year for three years.
Morisseau gives Garlick much credit for the creative
approach that has involved WNDC in both big innovations like the
child-care units and small ones like using origami to teach young
children fractions (“first you fold the paper in half;then you fold it
in quarters”).But in the end,she adds,the secret of success is “the
people themselves”. . . the people and nonprofits of Woonsocket
collaborating to solve problems and build economic sustainability
in an old Rhode Island mill town.
Mill Town on the Upswing
The exterior decoration of the Community Art Center was created by neighborhood children and an artist-in-residence.

Thinking holistically: Woonsocket Neighborhood Development Corporation

http://www.bostonfed.org/commdev/c&b/2005/fall/woonsocket.pdf

Thinking holistically: Woonsocket Neighborhood Development Corporation

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