Betty Joyce Nash

English

Research Papers in Economics

winter 2006 • Region Focus 45
B
efore hurricanes carried
names and price tags, like
New Orleans’ Katrina (esti-
mates start at about $100 billion) and
Florida’s Andrew ($44 billion) and
South Carolina’s Hugo ($12 billion), a
nameless storm slammed the islands
clustered off Georgia and South
Carolina. These islands were home to
descendents from Africa, former
slaves who were of the Gullah lan-
guage and culture. Beaufort County,
S.C., which includes many sea islands,
got the worst of it.
It would be tempting to compare
the “big blow” with Katrina, as the
nation watches money and effort
being plowed into rebuilding New
Orleans. But that would be facile 
and off the mark. Still, history is
sobering, if not always perfectly
instructive.
With little communication and no
means of evacuation from the bridge-
less islands, upward of 2,000 people
(only two of them white) died in 
the 1893 storm. But starvation follow-
ing the hurricane was an equal
opportunity problem, with blacks
and whites alike on survival rations,
and only Clara Barton’s American
National Red Cross to help feed and
clothe them.
The storm of 1893 was one of three
big hurricanes to hit coastal South
Carolina in one decade, but it was the
1893 big blow that sank Beaufort
County into an economic slumber
and great migration, from which it
didn’t begin to awake until the gov-
ernment invested in the Marine
Corps base on Parris Island in the
run-up to World War II, according to
Lawrence Rowland. He is professor
emeritus of history at the University
of South Carolina at Beaufort, and
has written a history of the county. 
Today, Beaufort County is pros-
pering, with the highest per-capita
income in the state. Although there’s
little industry to speak of, three mili-
tary installations account for about a
third of the economy. Tourism and
real estate are the other two legs. 
Where starving black people 112
years ago dug ditches to reclaim
flooded fields, half-million dollar
homes and golf courses edge coastal
marshes and rivers on dozens of
islands strung out along the coast.
Descendents of barefoot farmers
who scratched out a living 112 years
ago cross the bridge to resort town
Hilton Head, Rowland says. There,
they work in service industries 
created by  retirement and tourism, 
or perhaps they work for the govern-
ment at wages 40 percent higher than
everyone else in the county.
Before the Storm
Phosphate mining was the biggest
industry in Beaufort County when
the storm crashed the coast on Aug.
27, 1893, with its 15-foot seas. 
Phosphate, used in fertilizer, was
discovered in rivers in and around
Beaufort County around 1867,
according to Rowland. From about
1870 until 1893, 60 percent of the
phosphate produced in the United
States came from South Carolina,
and half of that was mined in
Beaufort County. People could earn
something like $2 to $5 a day, a decent
wage at the time. “The vast majority
who worked there were freedmen,
black Sea Islanders,” Rowland says. 
Most of Beaufort County was
black, according to the 1890 Census,
about 31,400 people. There were
about 2,700 white people living in the
county at the time. 
“Absolutely the history of
Beaufort County would have been
different if the hurricane hadn’t
wiped out the phosphate industry,”
he says. “How remarkably prosperous
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Clara Barton (forefront, third 
from right) and her American National
Red Cross distribute food on Lady’s
Island, one of the Sea Islands.
ECONOMICHISTORY
The Sea Island Hurricane of 1893
BY BETTY JOYCE NASH
The storm killed
more than 2,000
people and plunged
Beaufort County,
S.C., into an
economic decline
RF Winter2006 v6.ps - 2/8/2006 12:16 PM46 Region Focus • winter 2006
it was before 1893 and then drifted
into abject poverty over the next 
30 years.”
Most Sea Islanders, freed from
slavery when the Union captured
Beaufort County in 1861, kept plots
of sweet potatoes and vegetables to
feed their families, and one of cotton,
used to obtain cash. There were some
black merchants and professionals,
mostly in the town of Beaufort.
White people farmed, owned busi-
nesses, worked as doctors and lawyers
as well as in the maritime trade or on
the railroads as machinists, Rowland
says. Most whites lived inland. The
black people who lived on the islands
typically lived in frame homes, with
shutters against the wind. The
swampy, mosquito-ridden islands
were magnets for disease. 
“Roofs were made of rough-hewn
native wood shingles, chimneys of
worn bricks,” write Fran and Bill
Marscher in The Great Sea Island
Storm of 1893.  Bill Marscher’s grand-
parents lived through the storm, and
the newspaper stories he found as a
child inspired and informed the
book. “On the islands’ sandy two-rut-
ted roads, the people traveled by
foot, by horse, or by two-wheel ox
cart.”  It took a boat to leave the
islands.
The phosphate industry was on
the wane even before the hurricane
hit, as huge and efficient deposits had
been discovered in Florida in 1888,
Rowland notes. But the hurricane
nailed the industry for good in
Beaufort by destroying the barges
and boats and other infrastructure. 
The cotton industry, too, had
declined under competition from
Egypt and India. The long fibers of
Sea Island cotton, almost like silk,
had brought premium prices until
growing international supply drove
prices down. However, most of the
Sea Island farmers grew a bale a year
just to bring in a little cash. The
storm did away with that too.
Rowland believes the hurricane
accelerated migration from the county.
“You can see it happening [in census
data] and I believe the principal 
reason was the hurricane in 1893. It
was not the only hurricane. There
were five hurricanes in 10 years in the
Sea Islands.”
Another pre-storm investment
was the U.S. Naval Station at Port
Royal, tucked on the Beaufort River
off the Port Royal Sound. By 1901,
the naval jobs were gone. “What hap-
pened, in essence, was that after the
hurricane the Navy wasn’t sure they
wanted Port Royal Sound anymore,”
Rowland says, adding that politics
also played a role in that decision.
“Here were all these jobs, the naval
shipyard, and phosphate; by 1901
they were all gone,” he said. That
threw the county into a depression
from which it didn’t recover until
after World War II.
The Human Suffering
The winds of August 27, 1893, exceed-
ed 115 miles per hour and brought in a
high tide of perhaps 15 to 20 feet or
more in places. The storm killed
more than 2,000 of some 31,400
black people in Beaufort County. 
No federal or state money flowed.
South Carolina’s Gov. “Pitchfork”
Ben Tillman first advised people to
plant turnips. The work of relief was
left to the fledgling American
National Red Cross and its president,
Clara Barton. The storm destroyed
people, homes, and land. And it did
away with the remnants of South
Carolina’s rice plantations.
“The killer hurricane, another
‘strong force,’ hit the state’s coast in
the worst possible place — the flat,
remote Sea Islands,” according to the
Marschers’ book. “It hit at the worst
possible time — near the end of 
harvest season, on high tide. Its vio-
lence was most ruthless against the
nation’s most vulnerable citizens —
former slaves and their offspring, 
the Gullahs.”
There was no way to get word to
people living on the islands off South
Carolina and Georgia, even though
ships’ reports telegraphed from
Washington sent storm banners fly-
ing in Charleston, Savannah, Ga., and
Wilmington, N.C.
Here is a firsthand account from
the diary of Margaret Weary, of the
Beaufort Industrial School for Girls:
I was so busy that evening cooking sup-
per I never minded the wind and rain, nor
the great roaring of the waves, till I
looked out through the shutter and saw
the sea all around the house. Then we
were all frightened, as we saw the waves
rushing up to the door. Ma seized my little
sister, Grace, wrapped her in a blanket and
ran to a neighbor’s house on the hill.
Brother and I jumped out into the water
and ran as fast as we could, but I fell
down into the water, my brother picked
me up, and we pressed on through the
waves till we reached the house where Ma
was. The water had come up all around
that house, too, and so we had to run to
another, up on higher land, and there
stayed all night.
Next morning we went home, but
there was no house there, nor anything
left. All had been washed away into the
marsh, and the sedge and sea weed were
piled up all around higher than my head.
We saw dead cats and dogs, dead horses
and hogs all along the shore, and some
dead men and women and children. We
saw one dead woman holding on to a tim-
ber of her house by her teeth.
Many of the Gullah believed in
spirits, and if someone drowned, his
soul was in limbo. And there were
many, many in limbo.
Survivors were in a limbo of their
own, with no food, water, clothing,
dwellings, nor even soil in which to
plant crops. 
Clara Barton Returns
It was four days before even Gov.
Tillman found out about the extent
of the island damage from a telegraph
pleading for relief. The governor
responded by asking for donations.
Local relief committees formed, and
railway cars of food arrived in
Beaufort, with 2,500 loaves of bread,
25 pounds of corned beef, 100 boxes
of soda crackers, 50 barrels of grits,
and five barrels of molasses.
“Although the governor expressed
compassion and pleaded for dona-
tions from the public, he grossly
underestimated what it would 
RF Winter2006 v6.ps - 2/8/2006 12:16 PMwinter 2006 • Region Focus 47
take to relieve the suffering . . .,” the
Marschers write. The governor 
suggested that the islanders could 
eat fish. But, of course, they had 
no boats. 
Finally, the governor, with over-
whelming evidence of the calamity,
called on the American National Red
Cross three weeks after the storm.
Clara Barton, founder and president,
took charge.
Barton had spent nine months
during the Civil War on Hilton Head,
then occupied by Union forces. She
arrived in mid-September to sick,
sleep-deprived, hungry, naked people
who had only water from brackish
wells to drink, no food, and no 
shelter.
Barton had to feed 30,000 people
with a mere $30,000 in donated
funds, until spring crops could be har-
vested. Her appeals to the state
Legislature and U.S. Congress were
denied. 
Barton, who was 72 at the time, set
up warehouses in Beaufort, her desk a
dry goods box with a homemade
drawer. Each family of seven was
given a peck (eight quarts) of hominy
grits and one pound of pork weekly.
People who worked digging ditches
and building homes or otherwise
helping out could earn double
rations. Donations of seeds, food,
money, and clothing poured in from
the North. She established sewing
circles.
Still, starvation hung over the
county like a black cloud, even into
June 1894 — 10 months after the hur-
ricane. Racial tensions broke out
when whites in Bluffton claimed they
weren’t getting food because they
were white, not black. 
Eventually, the residents made
headway. They constructed homes,
dug ditches to drain the land, and
planted spring crops. Barton folded
her relief operation in May of 1894:
“If it is desirable to understand when
to commence a work of relief . . . it is no
less desirable and indispensable that one
knows when to end such relief, in order to
avoid, first, the weakening of effort and
powers for self-sustenance; second, the
encouragement of a tendency to beggary
and pauperism, by dependence upon others
which should be assumed by persons
themselves.”
AThrowback: St. Helena Island
St. Helena Island today is one of the
few without the golf resorts, the big
homes, and immaculate landscaping
of the retirement villages that have
sprung up on the coast in the last 40
years. Driving along, you might see a
couple of small shops or an art gallery
by the side of the road or pass a truck
loaded with watermelons headed for
market. 
St. Helena, for one thing, is largely
still black-owned. It’s the home of
Penn Center, a former school for
black children dating from the 
Civil War era, which now serves 
as a repository for research and 
gatherings about the Gullah culture.
The land has been hard for outsiders
to develop because it’s chock-full 
of tiny plots, with unclear title to
ownership. After the Civil War,
Rowland explains, many freed 
slaves bought land there in federal
government sales.
“St. Helena may have been the
largest concentration of independ-
ent black landholders in the state,”
he notes. “It’s created an awful lot of
‘heirs’ land’ where there are so many
heirs, one can’t determine the
owner, and that’s retarded real
estate.”
And so without the strip malls 
and lush subdivisions, the traffic
roads are calm, even on a brilliant
October day when marsh grasses glow
in the distance. 
With another “big blow” . . . well,
the story would be different today.
While early warning systems could
help mitigate the cruel loss of life of
1893, the economic price tag would
be calamitous, given the population
and escalating development. Were
the storm of 1893 to hit today, the
damage is forecast at $50 billion,
given current population and 
buildings.
Rowland, a Beaufort native, has
moved to higher ground on Dataw
Island, 25 feet above sea level. Just 
in case. RF
Barton, Clara. The Red Cross. Washington, D.C.: American
Historical Press, 1904.
Chazal, Philip E. The Century in Phosphates and Fertilizers: ASketch of
the South Carolina Phosphate Industry. Prepared for the Centennial
Edition of The Charleston News and Courier,April 20, 1904.
Harris, Joel Chandler. “The Sea Island Hurricanes.” Scribner’s
Magazine, vol. 15, no. 1, January 1894.
Marscher, Fran, and William Marscher. The Great Sea Island Storm
of 1893. Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 2004.
R EADINGS
The chief field agent for the American
Red Cross, Dr. Hubbell, looks over 
ditches dug by hurricane survivors. 
The flooded lands needed to be drained 
so crops would grow.
RF Winter2006 v6.ps - 2/8/2006 12:16 PM

Economic history : the Sea Island hurricane of 1893

http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/region_focus/2006/winter/pdf/economic_history.pdf

Economic history : the Sea Island hurricane of 1893

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