This paper reports on the basic information about the Brazilian input-output tables. First part presents the history of constructing I-O tables in Brazil, starting from the non-official table of 1959. The second part illustrates some basic features of the last table with the reference year of 2005. It also articulates the issues concerning the integration of the table into 2005 BRICS International Input-Output Table

Camargo, Fernanda S.

Guilhoto, Joaquim José Martins

Imori, Denise

Inomata, satoshi

Munich Personal RePEc Archive

MPRA
Munich Personal RePEc Archive
National input-output table of Brazil
Joaquim Jose´ Martins Guilhoto and Fernanda S. Camargo
and Denise Imori and satoshi Inomata
University of Sa˜o Paulo, Institute of Developing Economies
2008
Online at http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/32960/
MPRA Paper No. 32960, posted 25. August 2011 02:41 UTC
NATIONAL INPUT-OUTPUT TABLE OF BRAZIL1 
 
                                                                                                   Joaquim J. M. Guilhoto 
                                                                                                                       Fernanda Sartori de Camargo 
                                                                                                                       Denise Imori 
                                                                                                                       Satoshi Inomata 
 
Abstract: This paper reports on the basic information about the Brazilian input-output 
tables. First part presents the history of constructing I-O tables in Brazil, starting from the 
non-official table of 1959. The second part illustrates some basic features of the last table 
with the reference year of 2005. It also articulates the issues concerning the integration of 
the table into 2005 BRICS International Input-Output Table. 
 
1. Introduction 
 
In the view of constructing I-O tables, Brazil is relatively young in its experience compared to 
other countries of the similar development stage. Only after the 1970s when the Brazilian Institute of 
Geography and Statistics (IBGE) took its leading role to construct input-output accounts did the 
history of official I-O tables begin. However, the Brazilian I-O table developed very rapidly from its 
outset, and it is now considered to be one of the most advanced statistical series in terms of the data 
availability, speed of release, and conformity with the international standards. 
 
 
 
 
                                               
1
 Artigo publicado em: Guilhoto, J.J.M., F.S. Camargo, D. Imori, e S. Inomata (2008). “National Input-Output 
Table of Brazil”, in Inomata, S. e H. Kuwamori (eds.) (2008). Compilation of the International Input-Output 
Table for the BRICs – A Feasibility Study. Asian International Input-Output Series, N. 71. pp. 1-10. 
Development Studies Center. Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization. 
                                                            
 2
 
2. History 
 
The official (symmetrical) I-O tables of Brazil, together with supply and use tables, are 
available for the years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 and 1996. For the 
years from 1997 to 2005, only the information about supply and use tables at purchaser prices can be 
found in the national accounts.  
 
<The 1959 Input-Output Table: The Kick-off> 
The first Brazilian I-O table is a non-official data, and it was constructed for the year of 1959. 
The table was elaborated by the Brazilian Institute of Research in Applied Economics (IPEA), with 
the coordination of Willy van Rijckeghem (Rijckeghem, 1969) from the University of Gand in 
Belgium. Intending to deal with the problem of consistency planning of Brazilian economy, the study 
utilized the data from the 1960 census, covering 32 sectors. This is a symmetrical matrix and appears 
to be valued at producer’s prices. 
 
<The 1970s: The Initial Phase> 
In the 1970s IBGE initiated the task of constructing I-O tables for every five years. The 
construction of I-O tables with the same periodicity as that of census allowed the assembly of a 
methodological and conceptual foundation, which, in the posterior period in the 1980s, made it 
possible to integrate the data into the system of national accounts. 
The first official I-O table had a reference year of 1970, when economic and demographic 
censuses were taken in Brazil. Although this work allowed the development of I-O models, it was not 
completely integrated in the system recommended by the UN System of National Accounts, 1968. The 
1970 Brazilian I-O table was first constructed in the form of supply and use tables at basic prices with 
87 sectors. The construction of the tables in the framework of supply and use tables at basic prices 
                                                            
 3
became a standard practice for all the I-O tables released by IBGE. The hypothesis to obtain a 
symmetrical table (industry by industry) and the Leontief Inverse is based on the industry technology 
assumption. 
Besides the I-O data, IBGE also released tables for imports, trade margins, transportation 
costs and sales taxes on products. 
Concerning the concept and the organization structure, the I-O table of 1975 (year of 
economic censuses) did not undergo substantial modifications in relation to the methodology 
employed for the 1970 I-O table. Therefore, it was also calculated independently of the national 
accounts. However, a part of the industrial sectors, final demand and value added categories are more 
detailed than those in the 1975 table. It covered 123 sectors. 
 
<The 1980s: A Challenge for the International Standards> 
Published in 1989, the 1980 I-O table made an important landmark, since it was the first table 
to be integrated into the UN System of National Accounts 1968. The nine years gap between the 
reference year and the year of publication suggests that IBGE spent a considerable time and effort to 
prepare for harmonizing the concepts and definitions with those in national accounts. The 1980 table 
specified 90 sectors. 
It is worthwhile to point out that since 1986 IBGE came to assume the responsibility of 
calculating the national accounts of Brazil, a task that had been hitherto delegated to the Getúlio 
Vargas Foundation (FGV). A consequence of this is that the agenda of preparing I-O tables was 
thereafter aligned with the working schedule of compiling national accounts. Here, the possibility of 
constructing annual I-O tables emerged, which lead to the period of propagation in the 1990s. 
The calculation model for the 1985 I-O table accorded to the same methodology for the 1980 
table, and also closely integrated into the national accounts. The industrial sectors were more 
aggregated than those in the 1980 table, covering 42 sectors. 
 
                                                            
 4
<The 1990s: The Age of Propagation> 
Since 1990, tables were produced annually. The last set of I-O tables released by IBGE refers 
to the year of 1996. The tables for these years are presented as commodity by industry with 42 
industries producing 80 commodities. These tables adopted the same treatment of by-products as the 
1985 table did, and developed from the national accounts.  
This is a complete set of I-O accounts, with separate tables for production, value-added, sales 
taxes, intermediate and final demands, import tariffs (separate from import values) and margins for 
both domestic products and imports. The values are given at basic prices for the reference years. 
 
 
<The early 2000s: A Moratorium> 
In preparation for the drastic revision of Brazilian statistical system in coming years, IBGE 
decided to suspend the publication of symmetrical I-O tables after the 1996 table. However, Guilhoto 
and Sesso Filho (2005) presented a method of estimating I-O tables by using preliminary data from the 
national accounts. 
The Brazilian national accounts are first presented as a preliminary version in the next year of 
the reference. IBGE then announces the revision of the Auditors in the second period, and at the end 
of the third year (reference year + 3) the accounts are released in their final version, from which the I-
O table is available. I-O tables, however, add some additional information to the data from the Tables 
of Resources and Uses of Goods and Services included in the national accounts (on this subject, see 
Feijó et al., 2001). So, in order to draft I-O tables it is necessary to employ a special estimation 
method by using the data from the national accounts in their preliminary and first revised versions. 
The methodology developed by Guilhoto and Sesso Filho was tested for the reference years 
of 1994 and 1996. The IBGE official I-O tables (final version) are compared with the estimated 
matrices using the proposed methodology. The results analyzed refer to: (a) type I production 
multipliers; (b) Rasmussen-Hirschman backward and forward linkages; and (c) pure backward and 
                                                            
 5
forward linkages. Based on statistical methods (correlation indexes), the results demonstrate that the 
estimated matrices are similar to the ones released by IBGE. Accordingly, this methodology can be 
used to estimate Brazilian national I-O tables for the time periods in which only preliminary data are 
available. The economic structural analysis made with the estimated matrices remains valid for the 
years analyzed. 
Another contributions offered by Guilhoto and his colleagues at the University of São Paulo 
and FIPE is the estimation of interregional tables at the state and micro-regional levels, and the 
construction of I-O tables with more sectors than the ones presented by IBGE official tables. For 
example, if it is important to analyze the sugarcane industry in Brazilian economy, the agricultural 
sector was disaggregated to enable such an analysis. Or, if we need to study the transportation sector 
in Brazil, the sector can be stratified in terms of road, rail, water, air, and passenger transportation. 
So, through the efforts of Guilhoto and his colleagues, most of his papers, theses and other 
studies can be used to estimate the I-O tables for the most recent years. 
 
<From 2007 onwards: The New Age of Brazilian Statistics> 
In March 2007, there was a dramatic change in the statistical system of Brazil. The IBGE 
published the results of the new series for the system of national accounts, which changed the year of 
reference from 1985 to 2000. With the publication of this new series, the IBGE not only improved the 
national accounts, but also incorporated into its routine a systematic and periodic review of the series 
of the accounts, thus aligning itself with recommendations provided by the United Nations, as 
expressed in the manual for the System of National Accounts 1993.1) The method of constructing the 
tables was thus entirely revised so as to conform to the 1993 System. The industrial classification is 
also integrated into ISIC revision 3. In this line, IBGE announced that by July 2008 the symmetrical I-
O tables will be newly constructed from the national accounts for the reference years of 2000 and 
2005. 
 
                                                            
 6
1) Concerning the methodology adopted by IBGE for the development of the new system, on the definition of work 
tools and the presentation of results, the 1993 System rested more intensely on the experience of the French System of 
National Accounts (Système Elargi de Compatibilitè Nationale – Base 1980 – Méthodes), in consequence of a 
cooperation accord established with the Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques (INSEE).  
 
 
3.  Basic information about the latest table 
 
<Main features> 
Year of reference: 2005 
Organisation in charge: Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de 
Geografia e Estatística) 
Date of release: July 2008 
Tables to be released: Use table, Supply table, Symmetrical I-O table (activity by activity) 
Sector classification: ISIC rev.3 update (2002 version) 
          (1) 100 commodities x 55 industries 
          (2) 12 commodities x 12 industries 
Price scheme: Basic price, Actual price, Domestic basis 
Import: CIF  Export: FOB 
Final demand items:  
- Private Consumption Expenditure 
  - Government Consumption Expenditure 
  - Gross Fixed Capital Formation 
  - Changes in Stock 
Value added items: 
  - Wages and Salaries 
  - Gross Operating Surplus 
  - Indirect Taxes 
Special treatment 
  - Standalone Repair sector 
  - Re-export sector 
Auxiliary tables (available in most detailed classification 100 x 55 sector) 
  - Import matrix 
  - Trade margin matrix 
  - Domestic transport cost matrix (incl. port logistics and warehouse services) 
  - In-house transport matrix 
  - Sales taxes matrix 
                                                            
 7
  - Employment matrix (55 industries x employment by types) 
 
<Integration into the BRICs International Input-Output Table> 
One of the most complicated, nerve-racking tasks of compiling international input-output 
table is the adjustment of national tables towards the common format. Considering the Brazilian 
national table, however, the survey on the presentation format proved that the table was quite 
conformable to the common scheme, hence requiring only minor adjustments for its integration 
into the BRICs international I-O table. 
Adjustment 1: Basic price to producer’s price 
Because the BRICs table will be evaluated at producer’s prices, it is necessary to convert 
the Brazilian table from basic prices by adding sales taxes to the transaction values. This is not a 
difficult task as the sales taxes matrix is readily available from IBGE at the most detailed level of 
classification. 
Adjustment 2: Standalone Repair sector 
The BRICs table will not accommodate a standalone Repair sector. The entries in the row 
and column of the sector are thus distributed among machine manufacturing industries. Ideally, 
the distribution should be done in reference to the ratios taken from the Fixed Capital Formation 
Matrix. Yet since Brazil does not have this data, the ratios derived from fixed capital formation 
vector in final demand items will be used. 
(3) Re-export 
The BRICs table will not allow the presentation of re-export, hence the corresponding 
entries in the Brazilian table should be deleted. 
 
<Industrial sector classification> 
Table 1 shows the change in number of industrial sectors grouped by five large industrial 
categories. The total number of sectors has decreased over time since 1975. Especially, the 
decrease of the sectors categorised under “Light Manufacturing” is remarkable. Looking at the 
                                                            
 8
shares (Table 2 and Figure 1), it is observed that the share of sectors under “Service” category has 
almost doubled, reflecting the increasing importance of the industries. Also, it is noted that 
dummy sectors, which were presented in the earlier tables, disappeared from the 1985 table. 
 
 
5. Concluding Remarks 
 
From the viewpoint of the BRICs international I-O project, it was far fortunate that IBGE recently 
revised the statistical system such that the national table of 2005, which the BRICs table will 
utilise, shall be constructed upon the new concept and methodology, conforming more to the 
common scheme. As stated in the beginning, the Brazilian I-O tables today have much to be 
proud of in terms of consistency and conformity to the international standards, and are hence 
expected to be closely integrated into the 2005 BRICs International Input-Output Table. 
 
                                                            
 9
Table 1: Change in the number of industrial sectors (1970-2005)
1970 1975 1980 1985, 90-96 2000, 05
Agriculture 4 10 1 1 2
Mining 2 4 4 2 3
Light Mn 34 44 32 15 12
Heavy Mn 34 48 29 13 22
Service 13 17 24 11 16
TOTAL 87 123 90 42 55
Table 2: Change in the share of industrial sectors (1970-2005)
1970 1975 1980 1985, 90-96 2000, 05
Agriculture 4.6% 8.1% 1.1% 2.4% 3.6%
Mining 2.3% 3.3% 4.4% 4.8% 5.5%
Light Mn 39.1% 35.8% 35.6% 35.7% 21.8%
Heavy Mn 39.1% 39.0% 32.2% 31.0% 40.0%
Service 14.9% 13.8% 26.7% 26.2% 29.1%
TOTAL 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Figure 1: Shares of Industrial Sectors
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
40.0%
45.0%
1970 1975 1980 1985, 90-
96
2000, 05
Agriculture
Mining
Light Mn
Heavy Mn
Service
 
                                                            
 10
References 
 
Feijó, C. et al. Contabilidade social: o novo Sistema de Contas Nacionais do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: 
Campus, 2000. 234 p. 
Guilhoto, J. J. M.; Sesso Filho, U. A. “Estimação da matriz de insumo-produto a partir de dados 
preliminares das contas nacionais”. Economia Aplicada, São Paulo, v. 9, n. 2, p. 277-299. 
abr./jun. 2005. 
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). 1999. “Matriz de Insumo-Produto do Brasil – 
1996,” Sao Paulo, Brazil: IBGE. 
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Sistemas de Contas Nacionais: tabelas de 
recursos e usos: metodologia. Rio de Janeiro, dez. 2004. 122 p. (Texto para Discussão, 24). 
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Sistemas de Contas Nacionais – Brasil, 
Referência 2000. Notas Metodologias para nova série do Sistema de Contas Nacionais, 
referência 2000. (versão para informação e comentários). Rio de Janeiro, 2007. 
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Contas Nacionais, n.19. Sistemas de Contas 
Nacionais: Brasil, 2000-2005. Rio de Janeiro, 2007. 77 p. 
INSTITUTO PESQUISA ECONÔMICA APLICADA (IPEA). Ipeadada. Disponível em: 
<http//:www.ipeadata.gov.br>. Acesso em: 18 jan. 2008. 
Rijckeghem, W. van (1969). "A Intersectoral Consistency Model for Economic Planning in Brazil." In 
Ellis, H. S. (1969) (ed.). The Economy of Brazil. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University 
of  California Press.  pp.  376-402. 


National input-output table of Brazil

Munich RePEc Personal Archive

MPRAMunich Personal RePEc ArchiveNational input-output table of BrazilJoaquim Jose´ Martins Guilhoto and Fernanda S. Camargoand Denise Imori and satoshi InomataUniversity of Sa˜o Paulo, Institute of Developing Economies2008Online at http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/32960/MPRA Paper No. 32960, posted 25. August 2011 02:41 UTCNATIONAL INPUT-OUTPUT TABLE OF BRAZIL1                                                                                                     Joaquim J. M. Guilhoto                                                                                                                        Fernanda Sartori de Camargo                                                                                                                        Denise Imori                                                                                                                        Satoshi Inomata  Abstract: This paper reports on the basic information about the Brazilian input-output tables. First part presents the history of constructing I-O tables in Brazil, starting from the non-official table of 1959. The second part illustrates some basic features of the last table with the reference year of 2005. It also articulates the issues concerning the integration of the table into 2005 BRICS International Input-Output Table.  1. Introduction  In the view of constructing I-O tables, Brazil is relatively young in its experience compared to other countries of the similar development stage. Only after the 1970s when the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) took its leading role to construct input-output accounts did the history of official I-O tables begin. However, the Brazilian I-O table developed very rapidly from its outset, and it is now considered to be one of the most advanced statistical series in terms of the data availability, speed of release, and conformity with the international standards.                                                    1 Artigo publicado em: Guilhoto, J.J.M., F.S. Camargo, D. Imori, e S. Inomata (2008). “National Input-Output Table of Brazil”, in Inomata, S. e H. Kuwamori (eds.) (2008). Compilation of the International Input-Output Table for the BRICs – A Feasibility Study. Asian International Input-Output Series, N. 71. pp. 1-10. Development Studies Center. Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization.                                                              2 2. History  The official (symmetrical) I-O tables of Brazil, together with supply and use tables, are available for the years 1970, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 and 1996. For the years from 1997 to 2005, only the information about supply and use tables at purchaser prices can be found in the national accounts.   <The 1959 Input-Output Table: The Kick-off> The first Brazilian I-O table is a non-official data, and it was constructed for the year of 1959. The table was elaborated by the Brazilian Institute of Research in Applied Economics (IPEA), with the coordination of Willy van Rijckeghem (Rijckeghem, 1969) from the University of Gand in Belgium. Intending to deal with the problem of consistency planning of Brazilian economy, the study utilized the data from the 1960 census, covering 32 sectors. This is a symmetrical matrix and appears to be valued at producer’s prices.  <The 1970s: The Initial Phase> In the 1970s IBGE initiated the task of constructing I-O tables for every five years. The construction of I-O tables with the same periodicity as that of census allowed the assembly of a methodological and conceptual foundation, which, in the posterior period in the 1980s, made it possible to integrate the data into the system of national accounts. The first official I-O table had a reference year of 1970, when economic and demographic censuses were taken in Brazil. Although this work allowed the development of I-O models, it was not completely integrated in the system recommended by the UN System of National Accounts, 1968. The 1970 Brazilian I-O table was first constructed in the form of supply and use tables at basic prices with 87 sectors. The construction of the tables in the framework of supply and use tables at basic prices                                                              3became a standard practice for all the I-O tables released by IBGE. The hypothesis to obtain a symmetrical table (industry by industry) and the Leontief Inverse is based on the industry technology assumption. Besides the I-O data, IBGE also released tables for imports, trade margins, transportation costs and sales taxes on products. Concerning the concept and the organization structure, the I-O table of 1975 (year of economic censuses) did not undergo substantial modifications in relation to the methodology employed for the 1970 I-O table. Therefore, it was also calculated independently of the national accounts. However, a part of the industrial sectors, final demand and value added categories are more detailed than those in the 1975 table. It covered 123 sectors.  <The 1980s: A Challenge for the International Standards> Published in 1989, the 1980 I-O table made an important landmark, since it was the first table to be integrated into the UN System of National Accounts 1968. The nine years gap between the reference year and the year of publication suggests that IBGE spent a considerable time and effort to prepare for harmonizing the concepts and definitions with those in national accounts. The 1980 table specified 90 sectors. It is worthwhile to point out that since 1986 IBGE came to assume the responsibility of calculating the national accounts of Brazil, a task that had been hitherto delegated to the Getúlio Vargas Foundation (FGV). A consequence of this is that the agenda of preparing I-O tables was thereafter aligned with the working schedule of compiling national accounts. Here, the possibility of constructing annual I-O tables emerged, which lead to the period of propagation in the 1990s. The calculation model for the 1985 I-O table accorded to the same methodology for the 1980 table, and also closely integrated into the national accounts. The industrial sectors were more aggregated than those in the 1980 table, covering 42 sectors.                                                               4<The 1990s: The Age of Propagation> Since 1990, tables were produced annually. The last set of I-O tables released by IBGE refers to the year of 1996. The tables for these years are presented as commodity by industry with 42 industries producing 80 commodities. These tables adopted the same treatment of by-products as the 1985 table did, and developed from the national accounts.  This is a complete set of I-O accounts, with separate tables for production, value-added, sales taxes, intermediate and final demands, import tariffs (separate from import values) and margins for both domestic products and imports. The values are given at basic prices for the reference years.   <The early 2000s: A Moratorium> In preparation for the drastic revision of Brazilian statistical system in coming years, IBGE decided to suspend the publication of symmetrical I-O tables after the 1996 table. However, Guilhoto and Sesso Filho (2005) presented a method of estimating I-O tables by using preliminary data from the national accounts. The Brazilian national accounts are first presented as a preliminary version in the next year of the reference. IBGE then announces the revision of the Auditors in the second period, and at the end of the third year (reference year + 3) the accounts are released in their final version, from which the I-O table is available. I-O tables, however, add some additional information to the data from the Tables of Resources and Uses of Goods and Services included in the national accounts (on this subject, see Feijó et al., 2001). So, in order to draft I-O tables it is necessary to employ a special estimation method by using the data from the national accounts in their preliminary and first revised versions. The methodology developed by Guilhoto and Sesso Filho was tested for the reference years of 1994 and 1996. The IBGE official I-O tables (final version) are compared with the estimated matrices using the proposed methodology. The results analyzed refer to: (a) type I production multipliers; (b) Rasmussen-Hirschman backward and forward linkages; and (c) pure backward and                                                              5forward linkages. Based on statistical methods (correlation indexes), the results demonstrate that the estimated matrices are similar to the ones released by IBGE. Accordingly, this methodology can be used to estimate Brazilian national I-O tables for the time periods in which only preliminary data are available. The economic structural analysis made with the estimated matrices remains valid for the years analyzed. Another contributions offered by Guilhoto and his colleagues at the University of São Paulo and FIPE is the estimation of interregional tables at the state and micro-regional levels, and the construction of I-O tables with more sectors than the ones presented by IBGE official tables. For example, if it is important to analyze the sugarcane industry in Brazilian economy, the agricultural sector was disaggregated to enable such an analysis. Or, if we need to study the transportation sector in Brazil, the sector can be stratified in terms of road, rail, water, air, and passenger transportation. So, through the efforts of Guilhoto and his colleagues, most of his papers, theses and other studies can be used to estimate the I-O tables for the most recent years.  <From 2007 onwards: The New Age of Brazilian Statistics> In March 2007, there was a dramatic change in the statistical system of Brazil. The IBGE published the results of the new series for the system of national accounts, which changed the year of reference from 1985 to 2000. With the publication of this new series, the IBGE not only improved the national accounts, but also incorporated into its routine a systematic and periodic review of the series of the accounts, thus aligning itself with recommendations provided by the United Nations, as expressed in the manual for the System of National Accounts 1993.1) The method of constructing the tables was thus entirely revised so as to conform to the 1993 System. The industrial classification is also integrated into ISIC revision 3. In this line, IBGE announced that by July 2008 the symmetrical I-O tables will be newly constructed from the national accounts for the reference years of 2000 and 2005.                                                               61) Concerning the methodology adopted by IBGE for the development of the new system, on the definition of work tools and the presentation of results, the 1993 System rested more intensely on the experience of the French System of National Accounts (Système Elargi de Compatibilitè Nationale – Base 1980 – Méthodes), in consequence of a cooperation accord established with the Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques (INSEE).    3.  Basic information about the latest table  <Main features> Year of reference: 2005 Organisation in charge: Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística) Date of release: July 2008 Tables to be released: Use table, Supply table, Symmetrical I-O table (activity by activity) Sector classification: ISIC rev.3 update (2002 version)           (1) 100 commodities x 55 industries           (2) 12 commodities x 12 industries Price scheme: Basic price, Actual price, Domestic basis Import: CIF  Export: FOB Final demand items:  - Private Consumption Expenditure   - Government Consumption Expenditure   - Gross Fixed Capital Formation   - Changes in Stock Value added items:   - Wages and Salaries   - Gross Operating Surplus   - Indirect Taxes Special treatment   - Standalone Repair sector   - Re-export sector Auxiliary tables (available in most detailed classification 100 x 55 sector)   - Import matrix   - Trade margin matrix   - Domestic transport cost matrix (incl. port logistics and warehouse services)   - In-house transport matrix   - Sales taxes matrix                                                              7  - Employment matrix (55 industries x employment by types)  <Integration into the BRICs International Input-Output Table> One of the most complicated, nerve-racking tasks of compiling international input-output table is the adjustment of national tables towards the common format. Considering the Brazilian national table, however, the survey on the presentation format proved that the table was quite conformable to the common scheme, hence requiring only minor adjustments for its integration into the BRICs international I-O table. Adjustment 1: Basic price to producer’s price Because the BRICs table will be evaluated at producer’s prices, it is necessary to convert the Brazilian table from basic prices by adding sales taxes to the transaction values. This is not a difficult task as the sales taxes matrix is readily available from IBGE at the most detailed level of classification. Adjustment 2: Standalone Repair sector The BRICs table will not accommodate a standalone Repair sector. The entries in the row and column of the sector are thus distributed among machine manufacturing industries. Ideally, the distribution should be done in reference to the ratios taken from the Fixed Capital Formation Matrix. Yet since Brazil does not have this data, the ratios derived from fixed capital formation vector in final demand items will be used. (3) Re-export The BRICs table will not allow the presentation of re-export, hence the corresponding entries in the Brazilian table should be deleted.  <Industrial sector classification> Table 1 shows the change in number of industrial sectors grouped by five large industrial categories. The total number of sectors has decreased over time since 1975. Especially, the decrease of the sectors categorised under “Light Manufacturing” is remarkable. Looking at the                                                              8shares (Table 2 and Figure 1), it is observed that the share of sectors under “Service” category has almost doubled, reflecting the increasing importance of the industries. Also, it is noted that dummy sectors, which were presented in the earlier tables, disappeared from the 1985 table.   5. Concluding Remarks  From the viewpoint of the BRICs international I-O project, it was far fortunate that IBGE recently revised the statistical system such that the national table of 2005, which the BRICs table will utilise, shall be constructed upon the new concept and methodology, conforming more to the common scheme. As stated in the beginning, the Brazilian I-O tables today have much to be proud of in terms of consistency and conformity to the international standards, and are hence expected to be closely integrated into the 2005 BRICs International Input-Output Table.                                                               9Table 1: Change in the number of industrial sectors (1970-2005)1970 1975 1980 1985, 90-96 2000, 05Agriculture 4 10 1 1 2Mining 2 4 4 2 3Light Mn 34 44 32 15 12Heavy Mn 34 48 29 13 22Service 13 17 24 11 16TOTAL 87 123 90 42 55Table 2: Change in the share of industrial sectors (1970-2005)1970 1975 1980 1985, 90-96 2000, 05Agriculture 4.6% 8.1% 1.1% 2.4% 3.6%Mining 2.3% 3.3% 4.4% 4.8% 5.5%Light Mn 39.1% 35.8% 35.6% 35.7% 21.8%Heavy Mn 39.1% 39.0% 32.2% 31.0% 40.0%Service 14.9% 13.8% 26.7% 26.2% 29.1%TOTAL 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%Figure 1: Shares of Industrial Sectors0.0%5.0%10.0%15.0%20.0%25.0%30.0%35.0%40.0%45.0%1970 1975 1980 1985, 90-962000, 05AgricultureMiningLight MnHeavy MnService                                                              10References  Feijó, C. et al. Contabilidade social: o novo Sistema de Contas Nacionais do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Campus, 2000. 234 p. Guilhoto, J. J. M.; Sesso Filho, U. A. “Estimação da matriz de insumo-produto a partir de dados preliminares das contas nacionais”. Economia Aplicada, São Paulo, v. 9, n. 2, p. 277-299. abr./jun. 2005. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). 1999. “Matriz de Insumo-Produto do Brasil – 1996,” Sao Paulo, Brazil: IBGE. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Sistemas de Contas Nacionais: tabelas de recursos e usos: metodologia. Rio de Janeiro, dez. 2004. 122 p. (Texto para Discussão, 24). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Sistemas de Contas Nacionais – Brasil, Referência 2000. Notas Metodologias para nova série do Sistema de Contas Nacionais, referência 2000. (versão para informação e comentários). Rio de Janeiro, 2007. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Contas Nacionais, n.19. Sistemas de Contas Nacionais: Brasil, 2000-2005. Rio de Janeiro, 2007. 77 p. INSTITUTO PESQUISA ECONÔMICA APLICADA (IPEA). Ipeadada. Disponível em: <http//:www.ipeadata.gov.br>. Acesso em: 18 jan. 2008. Rijckeghem, W. van (1969). "A Intersectoral Consistency Model for Economic Planning in Brazil." In Ellis, H. S. (1969) (ed.). The Economy of Brazil. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of  California Press.  pp.  376-402. 

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National input-output table of Brazil

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