Adverse reaction of Chinese herbal medicines.

Abstract

Hin-Chung Chu.Thesis submitted in: July 2002.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 281-306).Abstracts in English and Chinese.Cover (English & Chinese version) --- p.I中文封面 --- p.IIAbstract (English version) --- p.III-IV中藥不良反應論文摘要 --- p.VAcknowledgements --- p.VIAbbreviations --- p.VII-VIIIPublication in press --- p.IXContent --- p.X-XVLists of Table --- p.XVIChapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1-3Chapter Chapter 2 --- Chinese herbal medicines used in Hong Kong. --- p.4-15Chapter 2.1 --- Overview --- p.4-5Chapter 2.2 --- The Policy In Hong Kong -- Past And Present --- p.5-1Chapter 2.3 --- The Preparatory Committee on Chinese Medicine (PCCM) --- p.7-8Chapter 2.4 --- The Chinese Medicine Council of Hong Kong --- p.8-10Chapter 2.5 --- Development of Standards --- p.10Chapter 2.6 --- Development of Centres of Good Clinical Practice --- p.10-11Chapter 2.7 --- Establishment of a Good System of Education and Training --- p.11Chapter 2.8 --- Investigation of Suspected Herbal Toxicity Cases --- p.12-13Chapter 2.8.1 --- Herbal Safety Surveillance --- p.13-14Chapter 2.9 --- Conclusion --- p.14-15Chapter Chapter 3 --- Herbal medicines used in other countries --- p.16-45Chapter 3.1 --- Overview --- p.16Chapter 3.2 --- China --- p.16-19Chapter 3.3 --- Macau --- p.22-23Chapter 3.4 --- Taiwan --- p.23-26Chapter 3.5 --- Japan --- p.27-30Chapter 3.6 --- Singapore --- p.30-31Chapter 3.7 --- Australia --- p.31-34Chapter 3.8 --- Others Asian countries --- p.35Chapter 3.9 --- USA --- p.35-39Chapter 3.10 --- United Kingdom --- p.39-41Chapter 3.11 --- Europe --- p.41-43Chapter 3.12 --- Germany --- p.43-45Chapter Chapter 4 --- Adverse reaction -- General Aspect --- p.46-63Chapter 4.1 --- Overview --- p.46Chapter 4.2 --- Traditional Chinese medicine --- p.47-49Chapter 4.2.1 --- Compound Prescriptions to Reduce Toxicity --- p.50Chapter 4.2.2 --- Processing Of Chinese Herbs --- p.50-51Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- The Aims of Herbal Drug Processing --- p.51-52Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- The Methods of Herbal Drug Processing --- p.52Chapter 4.2.2.3 --- External processing (simple treatment by trimming) --- p.52-53Chapter 4.2.2.4 --- Water processing --- p.53-54Chapter 4.2.2.5 --- Fire processing --- p.54Chapter 4.2.2.6 --- Water-fire processing --- p.54-55Chapter 4.2.2.7 --- Other methods --- p.55Chapter 4.3 --- Practical Problem in Traditional Chinese Medicine --- p.55-57Chapter 4.4 --- Evaluation of herbal adverse reactions --- p.57Chapter 4.4.1 --- Type A reactions --- p.57Chapter 4.4.2 --- Type B reactions --- p.58Chapter 4.4.3 --- Type C reactions --- p.58Chapter 4.4.4 --- Type D reactions --- p.58Chapter 4.5 --- Chinese Proprietary medicine --- p.58-59Chapter 4.6 --- Potential Risks for Herbal Adverse Reaction --- p.59Chapter 4.6.1 --- Misidentification --- p.59-60Chapter 4.6.2 --- Lack of standardisation --- p.60Chapter 4.6.3 --- Contamination --- p.60Chapter 4.6.4 --- Incorrect preparation / dosage --- p.60Chapter 4.6.5 --- Excessive dosage --- p.60-61Chapter 4.6.6 --- Individual errors --- p.61Chapter 4.6.7 --- Individual response --- p.61Chapter 4.6.8 --- Unqualified Herbal Practitioner with Wrong Prescription --- p.61-62Chapter 4.6.9 --- Interaction with Western medicine --- p.62Chapter 4.6.10 --- Prolonged Usage --- p.62Chapter 4.6.11. --- Coexisting disease --- p.62-63Chapter 4.7 --- Conclusion --- p.63Chapter Chapter 5 --- "Substitution, Adulteration or Misusing with Toxic Herbs" --- p.64-84Chapter 5.1 --- Overview --- p.64-65Chapter 5.2 --- Adulteration by Guijiu --- p.65-68Chapter 5.3 --- Anticholinergic reactions Caused by --- p.69-74Chapter 5.4 --- Overdosage --- p.74Chapter 5.4.1 --- Overdose of Aconitine --- p.74-78Chapter 5.4.2 --- Overdose of Liquorice ('Gancao') --- p.78-80Chapter 5.4.3 --- Overdose of --- p.80Chapter 5.5 --- Misusing - Personal abuse --- p.80Chapter 5.5.1 --- --- p.80-81Chapter 5.6 --- Discussion --- p.81-84Chapter 5.7 --- Conclusion --- p.84Chapter Chapter 6 --- Chinese Patent Medicine - General Aspect --- p.85-112Chapter 6.1 --- Chinese Patent Medicine --- p.85Chapter 6.1.1 --- Introduction --- p.85-87Chapter 6.1.2 --- Herbal Injection and Infusion --- p.87-88Chapter 6.1.2.1 --- Variety & Processing --- p.88Chapter 6.1.2.2 --- Stabilization --- p.88-89Chapter 6.1.2.3 --- The Molecular Size --- p.89-90Chapter 6.1.3 --- Adverse Reactions Caused by Chinese Proprietary Medicines --- p.90Chapter 6.1.3.1 --- Aconitine poisoning --- p.90Chapter 6.1.3.2 --- Nan Lien Chui Fong Toukuwan' --- p.90-91Chapter 6.1.3.3 --- Jin Bu Huan' --- p.91Chapter 6.1.3.4 --- Baoyingdan' --- p.91Chapter 6.1.4 --- Heavy metals in CPM --- p.91Chapter 6.1.5 --- The Necessarity to Develop Randomise Herbal Clinical Trial. --- p.91-92Chapter 6.1.6 --- Recommendation --- p.92-93Chapter 6.1.7 --- Conclusion --- p.93-94Chapter 6.2 --- Adulteration by synthetic therapeutic substances --- p.95-104Chapter 6.2.1 --- The Experiences in China --- p.91-99Chapter 6.2.2 --- The Experiences in Hong Kong --- p.99-101Chapter 6.2.3 --- The Experience in Taiwan --- p.101-102Chapter 6.2.4 --- Discussion --- p.102-104Chapter 6.3 --- Oil of Wintergreen (Methyl salicylate) --- p.104-112Chapter 6.3.1 --- Overview --- p.104-111Chapter 6.3.2 --- Prevention --- p.111-112Chapter Chapter 7 --- Adverse effects of Ginseng. --- p.113-123Chapter 7.1 --- Overview --- p.113Chapter 7.2 --- Botany --- p.113-114Chapter 7.3 --- Pharmacological Effects --- p.114-115Chapter 7.4 --- Adverse reaction of Ginseng --- p.115Chapter 7.4.1 --- Overdosage --- p.115-116Chapter 7.4.2 --- Substitution with cheaper and more toxic herbs --- p.116-121Chapter 7.5 --- Drug - herb Interaction --- p.121-122Chapter 7.6 --- Conclusion --- p.123Chapter Chapter 8 --- Herbal Medicines With Cardiovascular Adverse Reactions --- p.124-123Chapter 8.1 --- Overview --- p.124Chapter 8.2 --- Hypertension --- p.124Chapter 8.3 --- Atherosclerosis --- p.124-125Chapter 8.4 --- Arrhythmias --- p.125-126Chapter 8.5 --- Cardic Failure --- p.126Chapter 8.6 --- Angia Pectoris --- p.126Chapter 8.7 --- Thromboembolic Disorders --- p.126-127Chapter 8.8 --- Discussion --- p.127-128Chapter 8.8.1 --- Herbal Medicine Used in Cardiovascular System --- p.131Chapter 8.8.1.1 --- Ginseng --- p.131-133Chapter 8.8.1.2 --- Ma huang (Ephedra sinica) --- p.133-136Chapter 8.8.1.3 --- Yellow oleander (Thevetia neriifolia) --- p.136-137Chapter 8.8.1.4 --- Stephania tetrandra --- p.137-138Chapter 8.8.1.5 --- Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) --- p.138Chapter 8.8.1.8 --- Ginkgo biloba --- p.138-140Chapter 8.8.1.9 --- Dong Quai (Angelicae Sinensis) --- p.140-141Chapter 8.8.1.10 --- Licorice (Glycyrrhiza Glabra) --- p.141-143Chapter 8.8.1.11 --- Berberine --- p.143Chapter 8.8.2 --- Potential Problem Caused by Chinese Proprietary Medicine --- p.143-144Chapter 8.9 --- Other Herbal Adverse Effects And Drug Interaction --- p.144-145Chapter 8.10 --- Conclusion --- p.145Chapter Chapter 9 --- Review of the Adverse Reactions to herbal treatments of Obesity --- p.146-150Chapter 9.1 --- Overview --- p.146Chapter 9.2 --- Combined With Unknown medication --- p.146-147Chapter 9.3 --- Dietary Supplements and Herbal Preparations --- p.147-149Chapter 9.4 --- Conclusion --- p.149-150Chapter Chapter 10 --- Adverse Effects of CHM used for Diabetes --- p.151-159Chapter 10.1 --- Introduction --- p.151Chapter 10.2 --- Traditional Chinese medicine used in Diabetes --- p.151Chapter 10.3 --- Adverse Reaction of Alternative Diabetic Treatment --- p.152-158Chapter 10.4 --- Conclusion --- p.159Chapter Chapter 11 --- Review of Herbal Hepatotoxicity --- p.160-194Chapter 11.1 --- Introduction --- p.160-161Chapter 11.2 --- Drug-induced hepatic injury --- p.161-163Chapter 11.3 --- Types of Liver Injury --- p.163Chapter 11.3.1 --- Pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) --- p.163Chapter 11.4 --- Hepatotoxicity Herbs --- p.163Chapter 11.4.1 --- Tripterygium wilfordii --- p.163-164Chapter 11.4.2 --- Rhizoma Discoreae Bulbiferae --- p.164-165Chapter 11.5 --- Consumption of Insect herbs --- p.165Chapter 11.6 --- Hepatotoxicity Cause by Chinese Proprietary Medicine --- p.165-166Chapter 11.6.1 --- Jin Bu Huan --- p.166-168Chapter 11.6.2 --- Chi R Yun (Breynia officinalis) --- p.168Chapter 11.6.3 --- Sho-saiko-to --- p.168-169Chapter 11.6.4 --- Shou-Wu-Pian --- p.169-171Chapter 11.7 --- Importance of Drug-Herb and Herb-Herb Interactions --- p.171-172Chapter 11.8 --- Diagnosis of Herbal Hepatotoxicity --- p.172-173Chapter 11.9 --- Recomandation --- p.173-174Chapter 11.10 --- Conclusion --- p.175Table --- p.176-180Chapter Chapter 12 --- Review of Herbal Nephropathy --- p.181-194Chapter 12.1 --- Introduction --- p.181Chapter 12.2 --- Aristolochia acids (AA) --- p.181-183Chapter 12.2.1 --- Intoxication of Aristolochia in Worldwide --- p.183-184Chapter 12.2.2 --- Morphological findings --- p.184-185Chapter 12.2.3 --- Carcinogenic --- p.185-187Chapter 12.3 --- MuTong (Aristolochia manshuriensis) --- p.187-188Chapter 12.4 --- Ma-dou-ling (Fructus Aristolochiae) --- p.188Chapter 12.5 --- Tripterygium wilfordii --- p.188-189Chapter 12.6 --- Gastrodia Elata --- p.189Chapter 12.7 --- Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) --- p.190-191Chapter 12.8 --- Hippocampus (Sea Horse) --- p.191Chapter 12.9 --- Milabris Phanalerata --- p.191-192Chapter 12.10 --- Chinese Proprietary Medicine --- p.192-193Chapter 12.11 --- Conclusion --- p.193-194Chapter Chapter 13 --- Adverse Reaction of Herbal Medicine in Dermatology. --- p.195-217Chapter 13.1 --- Overview --- p.195-196Chapter 13.2 --- Chinese Herbal Medicine Used in Psoriasis --- p.196Chapter 13.2.1 --- Tripterygium wilfordii --- p.197Chapter 13.2.2 --- Radix Angelicae pubescentis and Radix Angelicae dahuricae --- p.197-198Chapter 13.2.3 --- Radix macrotomiae seu Lithospermi Injection --- p.198Chapter 13.3 --- Chinese Herbal Decoction For Atopic Dermatitis --- p.198-200Chapter 13.3.1 --- Tea Extracts --- p.200-201Chapter 13.4 --- Potential Adverse Effect with Herbal Medicine --- p.201Chapter 13.4.1 --- Allergic skin reactions --- p.201-202Chapter 13.4.2 --- Stevens-Johnson syndrome --- p.202Chapter 13.4.3 --- Photosensitization --- p.202-204Chapter 13.4.4 --- Pellagra --- p.204Chapter 13.4.5 --- Hepatotoxic Effects --- p.204-205Chapter 13.4.6 --- Others Adverse Reaction --- p.205Chapter 13.4.7 --- Potential Adverse Reaction Caused by Interactions --- p.205Chapter 13.5 --- Potential Adverse Reaction Caused by Contamination of Herbal Product --- p.206Chapter 13.5.1 --- Herbal creams adulterated with corticosteroids --- p.206-207Chapter 13.5.2 --- Arsenic dermatoses --- p.207Chapter 13.5.3 --- Mercury poisoning --- p.207-208Table --- p.208-211Chapter 13.6 --- Dermatological Adverse Reaction Caused by Herbs --- p.211Chapter 13.7 --- Contact Dermatitis Caused by CPM --- p.211-212Chapter 13.7.1 --- Liushenwan' --- p.211-212Chapter 13.7.2 --- Heiguiyou' --- p.212Chapter 13.7.3 --- 101 Hair Regrowth Liniment' --- p.212-213Chapter 13.7.4 --- Zhenggushui' --- p.213Chapter 13.7.5 --- Tiedayaoiing' --- p.213-214Table --- p.214-215Chapter 13.8 --- Non-dermatological adverse effects of systemic herbal treatments used for dermatological conditions --- p.215-216Chapter 13.9 --- Conclusion --- p.216-217Chapter Chapter 14 --- "Chinese Herbal Medicine in Pregnancy, Infants & Children," --- p.218-229Chapter 14.1 --- Overview --- p.218-219Chapter 14.2 --- Asian Cultures for Pregnancy --- p.219-223Chapter 14.3 --- Teratogenic Herbs --- p.224-225Chapter 14.4 --- Chinese proprietary medicines --- p.225Chapter 14.4.1 --- "“Tse Koo Choy""" --- p.225-226Chapter 14.4.2 --- "“Lu Shen Wan""" --- p.226Chapter 14.4.3 --- "“Po Ying Pills""" --- p.226-227Chapter 14.4.4 --- """Jin Bu Huan Toxicity"" in Children" --- p.227Chapter 14.6 --- Topical Preparations --- p.227-228Chapter 14.7 --- Dietary supplement --- p.228-229Chapter 14.8 --- Conclusion --- p.229Chapter Chapter 15 --- Heavy metals poisoning in traditional Chinese medicines. --- p.230-251Chapter 15.1 --- Introduction --- p.230-232Chapter 15.2 --- LEAD --- p.232Chapter 15.2.1 --- Overview --- p.232Chapter 15.2.2 --- Poisoning Cases of Boa Ning Dan --- p.233-235Chapter 15.2.3 --- Lead Poisoning in Worldwide --- p.235-238Chapter 15.3 --- MERCURY --- p.238Chapter 15.3.1 --- Overview --- p.238-239Chapter 15.3.2 --- Cinnabar --- p.239-240Chapter 15.3.3 --- Presentation --- p.240-241Chapter 15.3.4 --- Poisoning Cases --- p.241-242Chapter 15.4 --- ARSENIC --- p.242Chapter 15.4.1 --- Overview --- p.242-243Chapter 15.4.2 --- Arsenic toxicity --- p.243-244Chapter 15.4.3 --- The toxicologic mechanisms of inorganic arsenic --- p.244-246Chapter 15.4.4 --- Poisoning Cases --- p.246Chapter 15.4.5 --- Discussion --- p.247-248Chapter 15.5 --- Conclusion --- p.248Table --- p.249-251Chapter Chapter 16 --- Herb - Drug Interactions --- p.252-269Chapter 16.1 --- Overview --- p.252-254Chapter 16.2 --- Effects of Herb-drug interactions --- p.255Chapter 16.2.1 --- Gastrointestinal system --- p.255-256Chapter 16.2.2 --- Cardiovascular system --- p.256Chapter 16.2.3 --- Central nervous system --- p.257Chapter 16.2.4 --- Endocrine system --- p.257Chapter 16.3 --- Reason regard to herb-drug interactions --- p.257Chapter 16.3.1 --- Lack of Knowledge About Herbs --- p.257Chapter 16.3.2 --- Mislabelling or Adulteration --- p.258Chapter 16.3.3 --- Lack of Patient Communication About Use of Botanicals --- p.258Chapter 16.3.4 --- Lack of Practitioner Knowledge About Potential Interactions --- p.258Chapter 16.4 --- Metabolism of Herb-Drug Interaction --- p.258-259Chapter 16.5 --- Pharmacologic Interactions --- p.259-260Chapter 16.5.1 --- Interaction with Antibiotics --- p.260Chapter 16.5.2 --- Interaction with Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs --- p.260-261Chapter 16.5.3 --- Interaction with Sedatives --- p.261-262Chapter 16.5.4 --- Interaction with Anticoagulants --- p.262-263Chapter 16.5.5 --- Interaction with Anti-hypertensives and Diuretics --- p.263Chapter 16.5.6 --- Interaction with Spironolactone --- p.264Chapter 16.5.7 --- Interaction with Corticosteroids and Cyclosporine --- p.264-265Chapter 16.5.8 --- Interaction with Estrogen Replacement Therapy --- p.265Chapter 16.5.9 --- Interactions Between Natural Product and Drug --- p.265-266Chapter 16.6 --- Herb-to-Herb Interactions --- p.266-267Chapter 16.7 --- Conclusion --- p.268-269Chapter Chapter 17 --- Recommendation --- p.270-264Chapter 17.1 --- Overview --- p.270Chapter 17.2 --- The need to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine --- p.270-271Chapter 17.3 --- For the Pharmaceutical Industries --- p.211-212Chapter 17.4 --- For the physicians & patient --- p.272-274Conclusion --- p.274Chapter Chapter 18 --- Conclusion --- p.275-280Chapter Chapter 19 --- Reference --- p.281-30