The recovery of the parasitoid Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera Pteromalidae) on Piophila casei L. (Diptera Piophilidae) and on the new host Megaselia scalaris (Loew) (Diptera Phoridae) in Italian dairies is reported. Notes on diagnostic features, biology, distribution and economic relevance of the parasitoid are given.Si riporta il ritrovamento del parassitoide Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera Pteromalidae) su Piophila casei L. (Diptera Piophilidae) e sul nuovo ospite Megaselia scalaris (Loew) (Diptera Phoridae) in caseifici italiani.Vengono fomiti alcuni dati sui caratteri diagnostici, sulla biologia, sulla distribuzione e sull'importanza economica del parassitoide

Reina, Placido

Vasta, Manuela Candida

Italian

The recovery of the parasitoid Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera Pteromalidae) on Piophila casei L. (Diptera Piophilidae) and on the new host Megaselia scalaris (Loew) (Diptera Phoridae) in Italian dairies is reported. Notes on diagnostic features, biology, distribution and economic relevance of the parasitoid are given.Si riporta il ritrovamento del parassitoide Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera Pteromalidae) su Piophila casei L. (Diptera Piophilidae) e sul nuovo ospite Megaselia scalaris (Loew) (Diptera Phoridae) in caseifici italiani.Vengono fomiti alcuni dati sui caratteri diagnostici, sulla biologia, sulla distribuzione e sull\u27importanza economica del parassitoide

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Boll. Zoo!. agr. Bachic. Ser. II, 35 (1): 83-89 P. REINA, M.C. VASTA 30 April 2003 Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera Pteromalidae) on Megaselia scalaris (Loew) (Diptera Phoridae), new host recorded in Italy . Abstract-The recovery of the parasitoid Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera Pteromalidae) on Piophila casei L. (Diptera Piophilidae) and on the new host Megaselia scalaris (Loew) (Diptera Phoridae) in Italian dairies is reported. Notes on diagnostic features, biology, distribution and economic rele-vance of the parasitoid are given. Riassunto - Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera Pteroma-lidae) su Megaselia scalaris (Diptera Phoridae) (Loew), nuovo ospite segnalato in Italia. Si riporta il ritrovamento del parassitoide Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera Pteromalidae) su Piophila casei L. (Diptera Piophilidae) e sul nuovo ospite Megaselia scalaris (Loew) (Diptera Phoridae) in caseifici italiani. Vengono fomiti alcuni dati sui caratteri diagnostici, sulla biologia, sulla distribu-zione e sull'importanza economica del parassitoide. Key words: filth flies, pteromalid parasitoid, dairy, Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae, Megaselia scalaris. The cheese fly Piophila casei L. (Diptera Piophilidae) is a cosmopolitan and notorious pest in households and food processing industries (Zuska, 1973); the cheese skippers attack cured hams and cheese producing relevant economic damages (Fulton, 1953). Among piophilids, P. casei is the best known species in the world for rates of damages (Belcari & Antonelli, 1994). Moreover, P. casei is a vector of several micropathogens, such as the human and animal para-site Listeria monocytogenes (Domenichini, 1991). Megaselia scalaris (Loew) (Diptera Phoridae) is a cosmopolitan species of tropical and subtropical origin. Its larvae, usually considered saprophagous, are capable of developing on a wide variety of substrates, as animal feces, culture media, milk, fresh and decaying animal and vegetal material (Disney, 1994). The ability of adults to live on different types of substrates and their rapid development increase the risk of contamination of human food (Santini, 1998). In June-September 2002, during a cheese fly monitoring carried out in dairies of South-Easthem Sicily, P. casei and M. scalaris puparia have been collected. The only parasitoid ,, ' 84 Bollettino di Zoologia agratia e di Bachicoltura, Ser. II, 35 (1), 2003 emerged from these puparia was an hymenopterous Pteromalidae identified as males and females of Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera Pteromalidae). This report is the first record of P vindemmiae on P casei in Italy, while M. scalaris repre-sents a new host. In this paper, notes about diagnostic features, biology, distribution and economie relevance of P vindemmiae are reported. Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani, 1875) Pteromalus vindemmiae Rondani, 1875: 148; synonymised with Pachycrepoideus vindem-miae by Delucchi (1955) (as vindemiae; emendation); Pachycrepoideus dubius Ashmead, 1904: 329; syn. with vindemmiae by Delucchi (1955) (as vindemiae; emendation); Toxeumopsis nigra Girault, 1915 [239]: 196; syn. with vindemmiae by Boucek (1988); Toxeumella dissimilis Dodd & Girault, in Girault, 1915 [239]: 196; syn. with vindemmiae by Boucek (1988); Pterosemoidea drosophilae Dodd, 1917: 350-351; syn. with vindemmiae by Boucek (1988); Anisopteromalia crassinervis Boucek, 1954: 57-60; syn. with vindemiae by Boucek (1957); Pachycrepoideus elongata Delucchi, 1955: 141; syn. with vindemiae by Graham (1969). Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani, 1875) is the originai spelling, not vindemiae. P vindemmiae belongs to the farnily Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea), subfamily Pteromalinae, tribe Pteromalini (Boucek, 1988). DESCRIPTION Female (fig. la) in generai blackish, black with slight aeneus reflections, submetallic but in bright sunlight metallic dark-greenish; the abdomen smooth and shiny, the head and thorax closely reticulated. .. Head sub-circular, slightly wider than long; ocelli in a flat triangle in the centre of the vertex, distant from the margin of the eyes. Mandibles 3- (left) and 4-dentate (right) (fig. lf): in the first case, the inner mesa! tooth truncate and the shortest, the two others acute, the lateral tooth the longest; in the latter case, the three inner teeth small, obtuse and subequal, the lateral outer tooth much longer, obtusely conic. Antennae (fig. lb) usually fuscous, but not metallic. They are inserted about two thirds down the face, slightly below a line drawn between the ventral ends of the eyes. Scape longer than half the length of the flagellum; pedice! equa! in length to 3rct anellus and 1 st funicular segment together; flagellum with 5 distinct funicular segments before clava and with 3 basai segments anelliform and without longitudinal sensilla (fig. le); 3rct anellus longer than the other two; 1 st segment is the longest of the funicular segments; 151 and 2nct funicular segments slightly longer than wide, while 4th and 5th subquadrate and subequal; club 3-segmented. Pronotum distinct, about 1/4 of mesonotum length; notauli incomplete, not clearly traceable to posterior margin of mesoscutum, at most indicated only by slight difference in meshes of reticulation. Forewing hyaline (fig. Id); submarginal vein narrow and over 3 times longer than marginai P. Reina, M. C. Vasta: Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae on Megaselia scalaris 85 e Fig. I - P vindemmiae: a) fornaie ovipositing into Piophila casei L. puparia; b) female antenna; e) male antenna; d) female forewing; e) female antenna, particular; f) female mandibles. 86 Bollettino di Zoologia agraria e di Bachicoltura, Ser. II, 35 (1), 2003 vein; marginal vein same thickness along entire length; stigma! vein shorter than the postmar-ginal vein, straight, clavate and with a small uncus; postmarginal vein long and slender, uniform in width, distinctly longer than marginal vein. Coxae nigroaeneous, legs variable, uniformly brownish to yellow. Propodeum with spiracle much nearer to the anterior margin than to the posterior one. Petiole bordered on either side by flange: the flange formed by extension of 1 st gastral segment slightly shorter than petiole. Gaster about equal in length to the thorax; rarely compressed and conic-ovate, 1 st and 2nct segments approximately equal in length, large, unite forming about half the length of the gaster; in air-dried specimens, 1 st and 2nct together covering most of the gaster; 4th and 5lh segments subequal, much smaller. The tip of the ovipositor slightly exserted; ventral valves incospicuous. Male more aeneous metallic, more slender. Antennae (fig. le) as in female, but more slender and hairy; flagellum cylindrical. Gaster more distinctly petiolate and depressed. Keys to the Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Gibson et al., 1997) have been used to identify Pachy-crepoideus Ashmead. A detailed description of the genus and of the species (as P. dubius) was made by Girault and Sanders (1910). HOSTS P. vindemmiae is a generalist idiobiont parasitoid and facultative hyperparasitoid of Diptera and Hymenoptera (Noyes, 2001) (tab. 1). Table 1 - Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani) hosts. Diptera Anastrepha sp., A. fratercula (Wiedemann), A. ludens (Loew), A. obliqua (Macquart), A. suspensa (Loew), Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), B. dorsalis (Hendel), B. passijlorae (Froggatt), B. oleae (Gmelin), Calliphora sp., Ceratitis sp., C. capitata (Wiedemann), Chrysomya chloropyga (Wiede-mann), Dacus ciliatus Loew, Delia antiqua (Meigen), Delia radicum (L.), Drosophila sp., D. melanogaster (Meigen), Exorista sorbillans (Wiedemann), Fannia sp., F. canicularis (L.), F. scalaris (F.), Haematobia sp., H. irritans (L.), H. irritans exigua Meijere, Hermetia illucens (L.), Hydrotaea leucostoma (Wiedemann), Hylemya sp., Lucilia sp., L. illustris (Meigen), L. sericata (Meigen), Metagonistylum minense Townsend, Musca sp., M. domestica L., Muscina stabulans (Fallen), Orseolia oryzae (Wood-Mason), Paratheresia brasiliensis (Townsend), P. claripalpis (Wulp), Phormia regina (Meigen), Piophila sp., Piophila casei L., Pterandrus rosa (Karsch), Rhagoletis sp., R. cingulata (Loew), R. indijferens Curran, R. fausta (Osten Sacken), Sarcophaga sp., Silha virescens Macquart, Stomoxys sp., S. calcitrans (L.), Terelliafusci-cornis (Loew), Tricharaea occidua (Fab.), Trichopoda pennipes (Fab.) Hymenoptera Asobara tabida (Nees), Coptera silvestrii (Kieffer), Diachasmimorpha fullawayi Silvestri, D. tryoni (Cameron), Encyrtus sp., Leptopilina heterotoma (Thomson), Muscidifurax raptor Girault & Sanders, Psyttalia humilis (Silve-stri), Tetrasticus gijfardianus Silvestri P. Reina, M. C. Vasta: Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae on Megaselia scalaris 87 BIOLOGY In laboratory conditions, the incubation period of the eggs varies from 12 to 20 hours. The length of the larval period is 9 days on the average. The duration of the pupal stage varies from 6 to 9 days; besides, the pupal stage of the male is shorter than the female one (Crandell, 1939). Sex ratio is female-biased (Nadel & Luck, 1992). Male and female are sexually mature since their emergence; fertilized female refuses any other copulation (Crandell, 1939; Nadel & Luck, 1992). Females hostfeed from the same hosts into which they oviposit and this enables them to mature additional eggs (Phillips, 1993). Females detect and kill with their ovipositor the eggs laid on the same host by congenera females in order to control competition for resources (Goubalt, 2000). DISTRIBUTION P. vindemmiae has a cosmopolitan distribution. It was reported in Afrotropical, Australa-sian, Nearctic, Neotropical, Oriental and Palearctic regions (Noyes, 2001). ECONOMIC RELEVANCE Several studies, carried out to evaluate the efficacy of P.vindemmiae as pupal parasitoid of some filth flies in poultry farms, livestock manure and pig farms (Morgan & Patterson, 1975; Rutz & Scoles, 1989; Rueda et al., 1997), have shown that the pteromalid, in particular in swine barns, is one of the most important parasitoid of muscoid flies (Morgan & Patterson, 1975; Rueda et al., 1997). In U.S.A. P. vindemmiae has been used to increase biological control of flies, particularly Musca domestica L. and Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera Muscidae) and Fannia spp. (Diptera Fannidae) associated with livestock manure (Pickens et al., 1975; Pickens, 1981). In Argentina the parasitoid has been successfully introduced and released in field, together with Diachasmi-morpha longicaudata (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera Braconidae) and Aceratoneuromyia indica (Silvestri) (Hymenoptera Eulophidae), as biological control agent of Ceratitis capitata (Wiede-mann) (Diptera Tephritidae) in frnit orchards (Turica et al., 1971). In 1973-77 P. vindemmiae has been released in Tucuman province (Argentina) and again, in 1986, it has been used for biological control of the tephritid together with A. indica (Ovruski et al., 2002). Therefore, the employment of P.vindemmiae, also thanks to the use of strains reared in vitro with artificial diets (Thompson, 1983), could really decrease filth flies populations to no damage .levels in relation to the biocontrol methodology of these important pests in food indu-stry. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Authors wish to thank Prof Stefan Vidal of the Entomological Section, Institute for Plant Pathology and Plant Protection, Georg-August-University of GOttingen (Germany) for the kind confirmation of the identification of P. vindemmiae and Dr Mauro Gori of the Zoological museum "La Specola" of Florence University (Italy) for identifying M. scalaris. 88 Bollettino di Zoologia agraria e di Bachicoltura, Ser. II, 35 (1), 2003 REFERENCES ASHMEAD W.H., 1904 - Classification of the chalcid flies of the superfarnily Chalcidoidea, with descriptions of new species in the Carnegie Museum, collected in South America by Herbert H. Smith. - Mem. of the Carnegie Museum, 1(4): 225-551. BELCARI A., ANTONELLI R., 1994 - Lirniti terrnici e optimum di sviluppo degli stadi preimma-ginali di Piophila casei (L.). - Atti V Simposio "La difesa antiparassitaria delle industrie alimentari e la protezione degli alirnenti", Chiriotti, Pinerolo: 111-121. 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DOMENICHINI G., 1991- Ricerche entomatiche e microbiologiche. Agrobiotecnologie nei processi di valorizzazione dei prodotti e sottoprodotti agricoli. - C.N.R. R.A.I.S.A., Volterra, 689 pp. FULTON B.B., 1953 - The cheese skipper, a pest of cured meat in North Carolina. - N. C. Agric. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull., 103: 1-35. GIBSON G.A.P., HUBER J.T., WOOLLEY J.B., 1997 - Annotated Keys to the Genera of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). - National Research Council Research Press, Ottawa, 794 pp. GIRAULT A.A., 1915 - Australian Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea - VIII. The family Miscogasteridae with descriptions of new genera and species. - Mem. Qd. Mus., 4: 185-202. GIRAULT A.A., SANDERS G.E., 1910 - The chalcidoid parasites of the common house or typhoid fly (Musca domestica Linn.) and its allies. II. Reconstruction of the genus Pachycrepoi-deus Ashmead of the family Pteromalidae, descriptions of P. dubius Ashmead, sp.nov., its type species. - Psyche, 17: 108-117. GoUBALT M., 2000 - Capacite discriminatoire chez Pachycrepoideus dubius Ashmead (Hyme-noptera: Pteromalidae), parasitoide de Delia radicum L. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae): indices et equipement sensoriels impliques. - D.E.A. de Biologie des populations, Genetique et Eco-Ethologie. Universite de Rennes: 1: 26. GRAHAM M.W.R. DEV., 1969 -The Pteromalidae of North-Western Europe (Hymenoptera: Chal-cidoidea). - Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. Ent., Suppl., 16: 908 pp. MORGAN P.B., PATTERSON R.S., 1975 - Field parasitization of house fly natural populations of Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani), Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders, and Spalangia nigroanea Curtis. - Fla Ent., 58: 3. NADEL H., LUCK R.F., 1992 - Dispersal and mating structure of a parasitoid with a female-biased sex ratio: implications for theory. - Evol. Ecol., 6: 270-278. P. Reina, M. C. Vasta: Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae on Megaselia scalaris 89 NOYES J.S., 2001 - Taxapad 2001. Chalcidoidea. Electronic Publication (CD-ROM). - Dicky S. Yu, Bentall Centre, Vancouver, Canada. OVRUSKI S.M., CANCINO J.L., FIDALGO P., LIEDO P., 2002- Perspectivas para la aplicaci6n del control biol6gico de moscas de la fruta en Argentina. - Manejo Integrado de Plagas, 54: 1-12. PHILLIPS D.S., 1993 - Host-feeding and egg maturation by Pachycrepoideus vindemiae. - Ento-mologia exp. appl., 69: 75-82. PICKENS L.G., MILLER R.W., CENTALA M.M., 1975 - Biology, population dynamics, and host finding efficiency of Pachycrepoideus vindemiae in a box stall and a poultry house. -Environ. Entomol., 4: 975-979. PICKENS L.G., 1981 - Use of Pachycrepoideus vindemiae to control fly breeding in poultry coops and cattle stalls. - Status of biological control of filth flies: proceedings of workshop, February 4-5, 1981, University of Florida, Gainesville: 59-60. RONDANI C., 1875 - Nota sul moscerino dell'uva. - Bul. Comizio agr. parmen., 8(10): 145-148. 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ZusKA J., 1973 - Longevity of gamma-irradiated adults of Piophila casei (Diptera, Piophilidae). - Acta ent. bohemoslov., 70: 189-195. DR. PLACIDO REINA, DR. MANUELA CANDIDA VASTA- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Fito-sanitarie, Universita degli Studi di Catania, Via S. Sofia, 98, 95124 Catania, Italy. E-mail: preina@unict.it; mcvasta@unict.it Accepted 31 January 2003 

Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera Pteromalidae) on Megaselia scalaris (Loew) (Diptera Phoridae), new host recorded in Italy

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Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera Pteromalidae) on Megaselia scalaris (Loew) (Diptera Phoridae), new host recorded in Italy

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