Among the many aluminum alloys which have been studied are the binary copper-aluminum alloys. These have proven to be among the most useful of the alumi­num alloys thus far worked upon

Hintalla, William W.

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Montana Tech LibraryDigital Commons @ Montana TechBachelors Theses and Reports, 1928 - 1970 Student Scholarship5-7-1937The Electrical Conductivity of the Copper-Aluminum Alloys.William W. HintallaFollow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.mtech.edu/bach_thesesPart of the Ceramic Materials Commons, Environmental Engineering Commons, GeologyCommons, Geophysics and Seismology Commons, Metallurgy Commons, Other EngineeringCommons, and the Other Materials Science and Engineering CommonsThis Bachelors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at Digital Commons @ Montana Tech. It has been acceptedfor inclusion in Bachelors Theses and Reports, 1928 - 1970 by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Montana Tech. For moreinformation, please contact astclair@mtech.edu.Recommended CitationHintalla, William W., "The Electrical Conductivity of the Copper-Aluminum Alloys." (1937). Bachelors Theses and Reports, 1928 -1970. Paper 72.COPPER-ALUMINUlVI AL!.,OYSbyWilliam W~ HintallaA ThesisSubmi tted to the Department of ~,reta11urgyin Partial Fulfillment of theRequirements for the Degree ofBachelor of Sc j ence in Metallurgical En j Lne er'LngMONTANA SCHOOL OF MINESBUTTE" MONTaNAMay 7, 1937~HE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF THECOPPER-ALUMINUM ALLOYSbyWilliam W •.Hintalla17969A ThesisSubmitted to the Department of Metallurgyin Partial Fulfillment of theRe quLr'emerrta for the De.;gre-=eofBachelor of Science in Metallurgical EngineeringMONTANA SCHOOL OF MINESBUTTE, MONTANA-May 7, 1937MDNTANA SCAI'J9l OF MINfS UBI'iARY.CONTENTSPageC~opper-Aluminum Alloys •.•.•.•.•.••• e 1Electrical Resistivity of Metalmand Af Loy s; •.•••.••.•.••••. 6Experimentation. e· e, ~e' e· e- • e· e· e- .' e- • 9Summary •••• e· • • • • • • • • • •• 12Table I, Resistivities •• e- •• • • . . . 13Table II, Specific 6~nductances.Table III, Specific Sonductancese' e- • 14at Room Temperature. • • • • • • • 15Ac knowl edgement s. • • • • • • • • • .' • 16DIAGRAMSPage'Figure,l, Copper-Aluminum Diagram. • • • ... ~,Figure 2, Electrical Conductivity CurveA~B mutually soluble in solid state ••• 7Figure 3:" Electrical Conductivi ty CurveA-B partially soluble in solid state.. 7Figure 4, S~ecific Conductivity Curve forCopper-Aluminum Alloys. •.•.• • • • • • 11THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF THECOPPER-ALUMINUM ALLOYSCOPPER-ALUMINUM ALLOYSAmong the many aluminum alloys which have beenstudied are the binary copper-aluminum alloys. Thesehave proven to be among the most useful of the alumi-num alloys thus far worked upon. At first nmakel-aluminum alloys were approved as the standard castings.Now, however, the copper-aluminum series (especiallyNo. 12 alloy:: 92foAl, 8foCu)\ are the standard. Thesemay contain varying amounts of other metals such asiron, manganese, magnesium or nickel.The copper-aluminum alloys series may be dividedinto three parts: light casting alloys, intermediatealloy s, and aluminum brOnZ1I'B'..Of these three groupsthe useful ones are the light metal alloys (those con-taining less than l5fo Cu)' and the aluminum bronzes(those containing less than lIfoAI).The first class embraces those alloys most appli-cab.a to general casting purposes in the aluminum in-dustry.· The addition of copper has the effect of in-creasing the tensile strength and hardness, reducingthe shrinkage, and improving the machining qualitiesof the pure aluminum. The alloying also has the effect-1-of decreasing the elongation thereby detracting fromthe toughness of the metal. A limiting factor in theamount of copper to be added is the specific gravityof the alloy, which should be kept as low as possible.It has been found that an alloy containing more thanabout 15fo copper is not of practical use. However,if the copper content is kept well within this limit,the material is sufficiently tough for most uses.Alloys of this class cast well. Because of thenature of their constituents they are not so liableto be "'burned" in the foundry as are alloys containingmore vo],atile metals.The aluminum bronzes are those alloys containingless than lIfo aluminum. A large amount of aluminummakes the material hard and brittle (just as an in-creasing amount of copper makes the light metal alloysbrittle). The tensile strength of the aluminum bronzesis quite high ('80,000 to 110,000 Ibs/'sq•.in )•. Theyare also ductile, have a high resistance to corrosion,and have good wor~ing properties (hot or cold).The disadvantages of the high copper alloys arethe high cos~J difficulty of melting and pouring (melt-ing point copper 1083 deg. C.), excessive shrinkage,piping and tearing, and season cracking. nothergreat disadvantage is the difficulty of disposing of-2-the scrap metal.Intermediate alloys of the copper-aluminum series(from 1510 to 9010 Cu~ give crystalline, brittle, grayish-white alloys which are of no use in the arts. However,the intermediate alloys are ordiBarily used as a vehiclein foundry practice to introduce the minor metal intothe alloy. The red color of the copper does not beginto show until the copper content reaches about 8010.The equilibrium diagram of the copper-aluminum series1)(Figure 1) has been studied by many authorities. Thediagram as presented here must be regarded in parts astentative. This explanation will cover only that portionof the field containing less than 15~ aluminum and thatcontaining less than 10fo copper •.At room temperature copper holds 1010 aluminum insolid solution. With an increase in temperature thesolubility decreases being 7~ at the eutectic point(1083 deg. C.). A distinguishing feature here is thenarrow freezing range for the ~ phase--the solidus andliquidus are practically one line. The range for pure~ alloys corresponds to the first branch of the liquidus1) Bradley-Jones: Inst. of Metals Journal 625Stockdale:. J. lnst. Metals 28, 273Curry: J. Phys. Chem. 11, 425Gwyer :: Z. an 0rg. Chem. 57, 117-3-curve. This ends at thea(","f3 eutectic point, the eutec-tic range being only about 210.From the mini~um the liquidus curve rises to.a max-imum which correspond's to the compound CU3A1. This com-po~nd forms solid solutions with the neighbouring phasesand undergoes a eutectoid inversion at about 520 deg. C.Alloys containing much of the compound lose their ducti-lity. This is an illustration of the fact that, in gen-eral, only alloys near the ends of a binary series are use-ful materials for practical purposes where s rength andtoughness are required.On the aluminum end the diagram is comparativelysimple. The limit of solid solubility of copper inaluminum is about 510at the eutectic temperature and1.5% at 300 deg. C. The compound CUAIZ is found at 46%aluminum. Alloys containing any of the eutectic ofCyAl2 with aluminum are weak and brittle.-5---ELECTRICAL RESI STIVITY OF METALS AND ALLOYSThe investigation of the electrical resistivityof alloys is now considered a most i~portant phase inthe research concerning alloy systems. In regard toelectrical conductivity it has been found that pure me-l)tals are the best conductors, and the presence of anyforeign element decreases the conductivity. This reduc-tion is particularly true in cases where a solid solutionis formed. Even when the added metal is a better conduc-tor, this decrease generally occurs.Reduced conductivity in solid solutions is explainedas follows. Atoms of the two metals concerned, having acertain resemblance, enter side by side into the samecrystal lattice. Hence, a mixed crystal is formed. Inthis now distorted structure the electrons find difficultyin moving from atom to atom. Thus the resistance of thealloy becomes greater. The curve for a binary system inwhich there is complete solid solubility.is generally aU-shaped curve such as is shown in Figure 2, page 7.rn alloys where no solid solutions are formed, the twometals are in a state of simple mechanical mixture.There is no intermingling of molecules, and thus eachmetal retains its original electrical conductivity.1) Rosenhain:: "Introduction to Physical Metallurgy"-6-Fig. 2t-0s:-oU.A /05---Electrical Conductivity CurveA-B mutually soluble insolid stateBFig •. 3t"coUG(l)WA BE~ectrical Conductivity CurveA-B partially soluble insolid state-7-The conductivity of the alloy is then the arithmeticmean of that of its two constituents. The curve of con-cuctivities should be a straight line joining the con-ductivities of the two metals. However, in any case theremust be a slight degree of mutual solid solubility be-l)tween any two metals. ' Therefore in the majority of bi-nary alloys of the eutectiferous type the curve of conduc-tivity drops sharply at either end for a short distance.A typical curve is shown in Figure 3, page 7.In the case of more complex alloys, containing eith-er compounds or series of solid solutions which arebased upon definite compounds, the conductivity curveassumes more complex shapes. If there is any suddenchange in structure and constiturion, there is a corres-ponding change in the conductivity curve. However, itis not to be concluded that because the conductivitycurve~hows no deflection no line of the diagram canhave been crossed. As a rule the existence of a d~finitebreak in a binary system is india:ated by a break in theconductivity curve.- I)Rosenhain:: "Introduction to Physical Metallurgy"-8-EXPERIMENTATIONA master alloy was prepared containing 5010aluminum and 5010 copper, from which were made all thetest specimens containing various percentages of copperand aluminum. The metals were charged into graphitecrucibles, covered with borax or carbon to prevent oxi-dation, and melted in an electric resistance furnace.The test specimens were made by melting first the puremetal and then bringing it to the desired compostionby the addition of the proper amount of master alloy.The melts were cast into graphite molds,which produced ingots about ~II; X' JLIli x;2_tt. These20. 4were then rolled or hammered out to as small a cross-section as possible.The high aluminum alloys proved quite diffi-cult to cast and to hammer out. They are not amenable.,to cold work, and if heated to high temperatures willdisintegrate upon hammering. Therefore a careful temp-erature control must be maintained during hammering.The high copper alloys were more amenableto hammering. The addition of aluminum has a hardeningeffect on the copper, and in case of a 1510aluminum alloyit was impossible to draw a wire.-9-MONTANA SCHOOL OF ~:a~~:3UBRARY.BUTTEThe ingots, after having been hammered out to as mmalla cross-section as possible, were then drawn by hand througha Le Joubert die into wires having a diameter of 0.0336inches. In order to facilitate drawing the wires wereheated and quenched after several passes through the die.The wires were then annealed under the same conditionsin a tube furnace. A reducing atmosphere was maintainedby passing natural gas through the tube. The wires werekept at a temperature of 500 deg. C. for one hour. Theywere all slowly cooled intthe furnace in the reducing at-mosphere •.Resistances were measured with a semi-precisionWheatstone bridge to 0.00001 ohm. All wires were measuredat the same temperature (1 deg. C.) in a beaker of iceand water.In Figure 4, page 11, are plotted the calculatedspecific conductances against the volume percentage ofthe metals. The obtained curve is rather short but followsthe curve obtained from plotting data from volume 6 ofthe International Critical Tables. That the curves do notcoincide is explained by the fact that resistances weremeasured at different temperatures. The curve obtainedfrmm~ data f~om the International Critical Tables shows low-er specific conductances at a higher temperaturei Thisis in accordance with the fact that metallic conductors,17~69-10-as a general rule, have a higher resistance at high temper-atures.l) The units of the crystal lattice are in thermalagitation thus making it more difficult for the electronsto pass t.hrough s. There is a distinct break in the curveat about 4810 of aluminum by volume or about 7810 copperby weight, where according to the diagram, there is acompound. No distinct breaks are shown for the other com-pounds present.SUMMARYThe conductivity of the aluminum wire was found tobe about 6010 of the copper value. The addition of copperlowers the conductivity. With 4.35fo copper the conduc-tivity was about 8610 of the aluminum value, and with8 •.60fo copper it dropped to 8010.·The addition of aluminum likewise lowered the con-ductivity of the copper. With 7~791o aluminum the con-ductivi ty value drops to only 1610.·1) Getman:: "Outline of Theoretical Chemistry'"-12-TABLE :IT.RFJ:SISTIVITIESLength of wire 36 inchesDiameter of wire 0.0336 inchesTemperature 1 deg. C.WIRE RESI STIVITY --OHMSCu 61.02490Al 0.041441.Cu -- Al(97.52) (2 •.48)'0]..0252:6Cu - Al(92 e-21) ( 7 •79 )0 •.15670Al - Cu(99 e-83 )' (0. 17 )Al- C!l('95 •.65) C~..35»)0 •.041510.048851 - Cu(91 •.40 ) (8 • 60 )'0.05187Percentages of metals are given in parentheses.-13-TABLE I:E:.SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCESIf R is resistance of wire in ohms1 is length of wire in centimetersa is area in square centimetersP is specific resistance1\ = .L =pp= ~!\= _!_ '"' Lp aRspecific conductanceExample of calculations;Cu wt re i." := 36 x 2•.54(0.0336)2 x x 2 ..54Z x 0.024901\ = 6•.4L x 105WIRE SP. COND. WT. ANALYSIS VOL. ANAL.Cu 6•.41 x 105 10010 ioosAl 3•.86 100 100Cu-Al 6•.32 Cu 97.52 Cu 92..2Al 2•.48 Al 87.8Cu-Al 1.025 Cu 92.211. .tru78.1Al 7.79 Al 21..9Cu-Al 3•.84' Cu 0.17 Cu 0.01Al 99•.83 Al 99.99Cu-A1 3.27 Cu 4•.35 Cu 1.5A1 95•.65 Al 98.5Cu-A1 3•.08 Cu 8.60 Cu 2.8Al 91•.40 Al 97.2-14-TABLE lIT.SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCES AT ROOM TEMPERATUREl)SP. CONDo ~Ctl(wt.) 2kCu(vo1.)4.02 x 105 O.O~ O.Wo3•.09 3•.8 1.22•.79 8.7 2.·82•.54 18.5 6.52•.32 28•.2 11.71.967 39.2 16•.31.1740 48.4 22.81.652 51.3 24.31.517 54.0 26•.51.410 60.5 32.01.300 66•.9 37.91.210 70•.3 41.80.980 74.4 46.90.862 77.] 50.70.885 78.0 51.90.355 78.6 52•.70•.346 79..8 54.70.·482 82•.6 59•.20.633 86.1 65.140•.730 89.0 71.10.847 90.5 74.30.922 93.1 80.5m..006 95.3 86.01.710 98•.8 96.26.500 100.0 100.01) International Critical Tables, Volume 6, page 167-15-ACKN~VLEDGEMENTSTo Dr~ Curtis L. Wilson and Dr. Ettore A.Peretti of the Department of Metallurgy of theMontana School of Mines, under whose. able gui-dance this work was done, my obligations areherewith gratefully acknowledged.--16-·

The Electrical Conductivity of the Copper-Aluminum Alloys.

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The Electrical Conductivity of the Copper-Aluminum Alloys.

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