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Threlfall-Holmes, Miranda

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Durham e-Theses

1: The Monastic Population of Durham Cathedral Priory and its 15 cells,

102 In 1504, the cellarer bought 2.5 barrels at £1.10s.0d, and 24 gallons at just over a penny each.

10Chapter

11 R.A.L.Smith, Collected Papers (London, 1947), p. 35.

117E.Ashtor, Levant Trade in the Later Middle Ages (Princeton, 1983), pp.469-70.

127S.F.Hockey, ed., The Account Book of Beaulieu Abbey (Camden Society, 4th Series, 16, 1975), p.273. 128Dobson, Durham Cathedral Priory, p.54.

137Calculated from the table in N.Morimoto, 'The Demand and Purchases of Wine of Durham Cathedral Priory in the First Half of the Fifteenth Century', Nagoya Gakuin University Review, 20 (1983), p.101.

144 DCM Cellarer's a/c, 1449/50, Month 11 (week commencing 15th March 1450).

145 DCM Cellarer's a/c, 1449/50, Month 9 (week commencing 10th January 1450).

148 For wheat, the mode price was the only price in 1462/3, 1465/6, 1467/8, 1470-5, 1478-82, 1484-8, 1492-1501, 1503/4, 1506/7 and 1508-11. Years in which there was a single exceptional price were 1468/9, 1504/5, 1506/7 and

149An Italian reporting on England in c.1500 specifically noted that `few people keep wine

152 N.S.B.Gras, The Evolution of the English Corn Market from the Twelfth to the Eighteenth Century (New York, 1915, reissued 1967), p.37; Dyer, Standards of Living, pp.55-7. 11312— 8— 6— 4— • •

156noble of his standing. 197 On the other hand, the extremely wide price-range for such things is shown by the purchase by the Durham cell at Monk Wearmouth in 1468/9 of 60 ells of linen 'for sheets, napkins and long handtowels', at only 3d.

167C.Verlinden, ed., Documents pour l'histoire des prixs et des salaires en Flandres et en Brabant,

16The scale of the administrative task faced by the monks

17J.Raine, ed., The Durham Household Book: or, The Accounts of the Bursar of the Monastery of Durham, from Pentecost 1530 to Pentecost 1534 (Surtees Society, 18, 1844), p.viii.

18Dobson, Durham Cathedral Priory, p.287. 20even these divided responsibilities, and complaints were voiced that the experiment simply tripled administrative overheads for no gain. In 1445 the old system was reinstated by

195 DCM Bursar's account, ('necessary expenses' section), 1507/8.

196 DCM Bursar's account, ('necessary expenses' section), 1508/9.

198 J.Raine, ed., The Inventories and Account Rolls of the Benedictine Houses or Cells of Jarrow and Monk- Wearmouth in the County of Durham (Surtees Society, 29, 1854), p.211.

2: The Number of Servants of Durham Priory receiving livery,

20: Total amount of grain bought by the bursar

221 H.L.Lutz, 'Inaccuracies in Rogers' History of Prices', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 23 (1909), pp.356-7. 234the south-east of England in four out of the six decades looked at here, but lower in the other two.

221 In the bursar's account

227 A.B.Weiner and J.Schneider, eds., Cloth and Human Experience (Washington,

235 C.L.Kingsford, ed., The Stonor Letters and Papers, 1290-1483, 2 vols. (Camden Society, 3'd Ser., XXIX and XXX, 1919), Vol.2, p.75.

25° R.A.Lomas, 'A Priory and its Tenants', in R.H.Britnell, ed., Daily Life in the Late Middle Ages, (Stroud, 1998), pp.117-9.

262charges from purchasing a total of 189 tuns of wine at

275 E.Kneisel, 'The Evolution of the English Corn Market', Journal of Economic History, XIV (1954), Pp.46-52, esp. p.51.

286Jennifer I.Kermode, 'Merchants, Overseas

286The distinctiveness of the group of import merchants active in Newcastle at this period is also indicated by the fact that the dealers in Weardale iron were an almost entirely seperate group, and

287 Newcastle was the centre of the wine trade for the Northern region by the sixteenth century, sending wine throughout Northumberland

2A 9 J.H.A.Munro, Bullion Flows and Monetary Policies in England and the Low Countries, 1350-1500 (Aldershot, 1992), pp.114, 117.

300Raine, Durham Household Book, p.49. A typical entry reads 'And from Thomas Johnson, 3 hogsheads of wine, £5.15s.0d. Settled in the account between us on the 21st of May, 1532? 30111aine, Durham Household Book, p.216.

301Fig. 57: Number of cloth transactions per supplier,

306decade. Richard Cliff, a draper of Halifax about whom nothing else is known, supplied the livery cloths in 1484/5. In 1486/7 the supplier of the livery cloths was not specified

317 J.Masschaele, 'Transport Costs in Medieval England', Economic History Review, 2'd ser., 46 (1993), p.271.

321 B.P.Hindle, 'The Road Network of Medieval England and Wales', Journal of Historical Geography, 2 (1976), pp.209, 215. 322 Edwards and.Hindle, 'Transportation System', p.129.

322Appendix I Database Design and Methodology This study is

323 B.P.Hindle, 'Roads and Tracks', in L.Cantor ed., The English Medieval Landscape (Croom Helm Historical Geography Ser., 1982), p.214.

324 G.H.Martin, 'Road Travel in the Middle Ages: Some Journeys of the Warden and Fellows of Merton College, Oxford, 1315-1470', Journal of Transport History, New Ser. III (1975/6), p.172.

325consistent with

329John Wilson of

34 R.A.Lomas and A.J.Piper, eds., Durham Cathedral Priory Rentals, Val: Bursars Rentals (Surtees Society, 198, 1989), p.145.

348L.Cantor, ed., The English Medieval Landscape (Croom Helm Historical Geography Ser., 1982).

349C.Cross, Church and People, 1450-1660 (London, 1976).

350M.R.Foster, 'Durham Cathedral Priory 1229-1333: Aspects of the Ecclesiastical History and Interests of the Monastic Community' (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Cambridge, 1979).

351V.A.Harding, 'Some Documentary Sources for the Import and Distribution of Foreign Textiles in Later Medieval England', Textile History, 18, (1987).

352S.F.Hockey, ed., The Account Book of Beaulieu Abbey (Camden Society, 4th Ser., 16, 1975).

353R.E.G.Kirk, ed., Accounts of the Obedientiars of Abingdon Abbey (Camden Society, New Ser., LI, 1892).

354E.Miller, ed., The Agrarian History of England and Wales, Vol. III, 1348-1500 (Cambridge, 1991).

355T.Percy, ed., The Regulations and Establishment of the Household of Henry Algernon Percy the Fifth Earl of Northumberland at his Castles of Wressle and Leckonfield in Yorkshire, begun A.D. 1512 (London, 2'd edn. 1905).

356H.W.Saunders, An Introduction to the Obedientiary and Manor Rolls of Norwich Cathedral Priory (Norwich, 1930). A.Savine, 'English Monasteries on the Eve of the Dissolution', in Vinogradoff, ed., Oxford Studies.

357J.Thirsk, England's Agricultural Regions and Agrarian History, 1500-1750 (London, 1987).

361 F.Collins, ed., Register of the Freemen of the City of York, from the City Records, Val: 1272-1558 (Surtees Society, 96, 1897), p.174.

364 The accounts from the three years prior to 1449/50 have been lost, and so it is possible that John Marshall's relationship with the priory was in fact in place for up to 35 years. 365 Collins, Register, p.174.

368 Thomas Richardson appears in every bursars' account from 1492/3 to 1503/4; only the account for 1502/3 is missing from the series.

369 J.W.Kirby, ed., The Manor and Borough of Leeds, 1425-1662: An Edition of Documents (Moresby Society, LVII, 1989), pp. 25, 30. 307commonly used, and their absence here suggests that the same man continued to be referred to.

379 Reference works on computer applications date notoriously quickly; the journal History and Computing will contain the

381 These dimensions were specified in the assize

384 For example, in 1476/7 the chamberlain bought '6 black serge cloths...5 cloths of

53 See footnotes 50 and 52 above. 54

56 This calculation uses the amounts used per year, as found in the granators' accounts, which are different from the amount

61 That is, 1049.4 q. of barley and 46q. of oats. 62 If a figure of 47.5 gallons of ale per quarter is used, this gives 49, 846.5 gallons.

6Fig. 13: Summary of the total numbers of

76 DCM Cellarer's account, 1449/50. Only a few eggs were consumed in Advent (170 in the week commencing 13th December 1449), and none in Lent.

77 Fowler, Account Rolls, Vol.!, pp.93, 97, 105, 108. 76supported by the cellarer's purchase of a cheese fleke — a hurdle for drying cheeses on —

8: The amount of each type of grain bought by the bursar, 62 1460-1520.

88 DCM Cellarer's accounts, 1471/2, 1500/1.

89 Fowler, Account Rolls, Vol.I, p.88 contains references to

9° C.Noble,

97 J.Fitzherbert, The Boke of Husbondrye (1523), ed. W.W.Skeat (English Dialect Society, 1882), p.87. 80available on the crops actually grown in monastic gardens,

99health wine was perceived to be. Andrew Boorde's Dyetwy, a manual on the healthful qualities and dangers of all sorts of food, with diet suggestions for various

9Fig. 68: The prices at which different amounts of wheat were bought 342 by the bursar, 1460-1520.

A.B.Cobban, The King's Hall within the University of Cambridge in the Later Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1969).

A.B.Weiner and J.Schneider, eds., Cloth and Human Experience (Washington, 1989).

A.Boorde, The fyrst boke of the introduction of the knowledge made by Andrew Borde, of physycke doctor (1542), ed. F.J.Fumivall (Early English Text Society, Extra Ser., 10, 1870).

A.Crawford, The Household Books of John Howard, Duke Of Norfolk, 1462-1471, 1481-1483 (Stroud, 1992).

A.F. Sutton, 'Order and Fashion in Clothes: The King, His Household and the City of London at the End of the Fifteenth Century', Textile History, 22 (1991).

A.F.Butcher, 'Rent, Population and Economic Change in Late-Medieval Newcastle', Northern History (.14, 1978).

A.Gilmour-Bryson, ed., Computer Applications to Medieval Studies, (Studies in Medieval Culture, XVII, 1984).

A.H.Thompson, ed., Liber Vitae Ecclesiae Dunelmensis. A Collotype Facsimile of the Original Manuscript, with Introductory Essays and Notes. Vol.1, Facsimile and General Introduction (Surtees Society, 136, 1923).

A.Hanham, ed., The Cely Letters 1472-1488 (Early English Text Society, 273, 1975).

A.L.Simon, The History of the Wine Trade in England, 2 vols. (London, 1906-7).

A.R.Bridbury, Medieval English Clothmaking: An Economic Survey (London, 1982).

A.R.Myers, Crown, Household and Parliament in Fifteenth Century England (London, 1985).

Agents were also used in transactions nearer to home, such as in Newcastle. As has been seen, the obedientiaries were labouring under

B.H.Slicher von Bath, Yield Ratios, 810-1810 (Wageningen, 1963).

B.Harvey, Living and Dying in England 1100-1540: The Monastic Experience (Oxford, 1993). B.Harvey, 'The Aristocratic Consumer in England in the Long Thirteenth Century', in M.Prestwich et.al., eds., Thirteenth Century England 6.

B.P.Hindle, 'Seasonal Variations in Travel in Medieval England', Journal of Transport History, New Ser., IV (1978). B.P.Hindle, 'Roads and Tracks', in L.Cantor, ed., The English Medieval Landscape.

B.P.Hindle, 'The Road Network of Medieval England and Wales', Journal of Historical Geography, 2 (1976).

Breakdown

C.B.Hieatt and S.Butler, eds., Curye on Inglysch: English Culinary Manuscripts of the Fourteenth Century (including the Forme of Cury) (Early English Text Society, supplementary ser., 8, 1985).

C.Clay, ed., Early Yorkshire Families, Yorkshire Archaeological Society Record Ser., CXXXV (1973).

C.Dyer, Everyday Life in Medieval England (London, 1996), J.F.Edwards and B.P.Hindle, 'The Transportation System of Medieval England and Wales', Journal of Historical Geography, 17 (1991).

C.Dyer, Standards of Living in the Later Middle Ages: Social change in England c.1200-1520 (Cambridge, 1989).

C.H.H.Wake, 'The Changing Pattern of Europe's Pepper and Spice Imports, c.1400-1700', Journal of European Economic History, 8 (1979).

C.Harvey and J.Press, Databases in Historical Research (London, 1996).

Monks and markets : Durham Cathedral-Priory, 1460-1520.

Threlfall-Holmes, M.

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Monks and markets  Durham Cathedral-Priory, 1460-1520

Monks and markets : Durham Cathedral-Priory, 1460-1520.

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