Cyprus International Conference on Educational Research (CY-ICER-2012) North Cyprus, US08-10 February, 2012LINQ is the abbreviation of "Language Integrated Query". LINQ technology mainly allows reaching data easily from application side and making queries over data as if they are made in database systems. In this study, we aimed to share our experience of usage of LINQ technology in an education platform named as GPM. This paper mainly focuses on specification of main advantages of using LINQ in an education application. It also brings differences between LINQ and Ado. Net to the fore and discusses why any future technology will be successful if it includes the main advantages of LINQ technology

Gülden Özdemir, Birsen

Şehirli, Eftal

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences

AbstractLINQ is the abbreviation of “Language Integrated Query”. LINQ technology mainly allows reaching data easily from application side and making queries over data as if they are made in database systems. In this study, we aimed to share our experience of usage of LINQ technology in an education platform named as GPM. This paper mainly focuses on specification of main advantages of using LINQ in an education application. It also brings differences between LINQ and Ado.Net to the fore and discusses why any future technology will be successful if it includes the main advantages of LINQ technology

Sehirli, Eftâl

Ozdemir, Birsen G.

Elsevier - Publisher Connector 

 Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences  47 ( 2012 )  2084 – 2088 
1877-0428 © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Uzunboylu  
doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.953 
CY-ICER 2012 
Predominant characteristics of linq technology usage in education 
platforms  
Eftâl Sehirli a *, Birsen G. Ozdemir a  
aDepartment of Computer Engineering, Doğuş University, Acıbadem - Kadıköy, İstanbul and 34722, Turkey 
 
Abstract 
LINQ is the abbreviation of “Language Integrated Query”. LINQ technology mainly allows reaching data easily from application 
side and making queries over data as if they are made in database systems. In this study, we aimed to share our experience of 
usage of LINQ technology in an education platform named as GPM. This paper mainly focuses on specification of main 
advantages of using LINQ in an education application. It also brings differences between LINQ and Ado.Net to the fore and 
discusses why any future technology will be successful if it includes the main advantages of LINQ technology.  
© 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. 
Keywords: LINQ,object oriented programming (OOP),lambda expressions, Ado.Net; 
 
1. Introduction 
New technologies are launched and existing ones are improved day by day. Some new technologies replace old 
ones. LINQ has this opportunity when it makes a name in education platform. Since LINQ is not generally preferred 
in schools, students do not use LINQ and improve themselves regarding it. However, LINQ has some predominant 
characteristics such that it can be used more frequently. In addition, LINQ has some differences from Ado.Net. 
Hence, this study mainly mentions main advantages of LINQ, differences between Ado.Net and LINQ. Finally, it 
concluded as LINQ will be successful to realize expectations of users regarding applications. 
2. General Properties of LINQ 
“Language Integrated Query” is abbreviated as LINQ. This technology came out when .Net Framework 3.5 
emerged. One of the components of LINQ is LINQ to SQL that allows easily reaching data in SQL Server databases 
from applications. For other database systems, there are studies to work with LINQ. In application side, 
programmers can make dynamic queries over data as if they are made in database systems. 
 
 
* Eftâl Şehirli Tel.: +90-505-503-3550  
   E-mail address: 2k731026@dogus.edu.tr 
   E-mail address: eftalsehirli@gmail.com 
 
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
© 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Uzunboylu
Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
2085 Eftâl Sehirli and Birsen G. Ozdemir. /  Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences  47 ( 2012 )  2084 – 2088 
  
3. Main Advantages of LINQ to SQL 
    One of the main advantages of LINQ technology is using object oriented approach. Some advantages of object 
oriented programming (OOP) that are also beneficial to LINQ are reusability, simplicity, modifiability and 
maintainability. Reusability provides that objects are able to be used again in other programs and platforms. 
Simplicity decreases the complexity of understanding software objects and so increases the readability of codes. 
Modifiability maintains that data type or attributes can be altered. Therefore, classes can be reused by joining 
changes or new features. Maintainability provides that objects can be protected by encapsulating, and safety level 
increases dramatically. In LINQ technology, programmers can rejoice in these advantages of OOP. That is to say 
that, every table existing in a database is automatically transformed to a class in application side by LINQ. Each 
column of database table is defined as an attribute of the created class (Figure 1). If data in database tables are 
desired to reach, an instance of related table class must be created and programmers can reach data by using that 
instance/object (Figure 2). 
 
Figure 1. LINQ creates Student class from database table dbo.Student 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 2. LINQ makes changes on database tables by the help of created objects 
 
 
   DataContext type is automatically added to database names whose example is shown in Figure 3 and ensures to 
translate LINQ queries operators to SQL queries. DataContext uses IDbConnection of Ado.Net to interact with 
databases and is automatically initialized by LINQ while dbml class settings like determining username and 
password of SQL Server are done (Box, D. & Hejlsberg, A., 2008).   
   Another advantage of LINQ is to possess lambda expressions. Lambda expressions use an operator shown as 
Lambda expressions or statements can take any data type and as a result of expression, they can return any data type. 
In this way, any variable definition is not needed and covered in memory. Moreover, since lambda expressions 
2086   Eftâl Sehirli and Birsen G. Ozdemir /  Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences  47 ( 2012 )  2084 – 2088 
contain shorter code statements than standard LINQ and SQL queries, they are compiled in a fast manner. An 
example of code statement taken part in below . 
 
// LINQ code lines (standard) 
GraduationProjectManagementDataContext db = new GraduationProjectManagementDataContext(); 
            var rs = from c in db.Students 
                     where c.Id == 1 
                     select c; 
 
// LINQ code lines with Lambda Expression 
GraduationProjectManagementDataContext db = new GraduationProjectManagementDataContext(); 
Student student1 = db.Students.Single(p  => p.Id == 1); 
 
LINQ enabled languages such as .Net languages, Java, PHP and JavaScript provides type-safety property for 
LINQ technology. Programmers write queries by seeing what they can write in a faster manner (Figure 3). 
Furthermore, development tools can provide full intellisense and rich refactoring property when writing LINQ code. 
Full intellisense means code completion. That is, written code is completed by pressing space, tab or enter buttons. 
In addition to this, ctrl + space are pressed in order to both see list of intellisense and complete half-written code. 
Refactoring allows rewriting by editing code lines, improving them and using shorter form. 
 
 
Figure 3. Type-safety property 
4. GPM Application 
GPM Project Management . GPM is designed as a web application in 
educational domain. It is developed to effectively manage the projects submitted to different departments of our 
university. A view of GPM for Settings popup menu is shown in Figure 4. In GPM, we have used LINQ technology 
2087 Eftâl Sehirli and Birsen G. Ozdemir. /  Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences  47 ( 2012 )  2084 – 2088 
  
to interact with the database system SQL Server from the application side. In recent years, students of Computer 
Engineering Department have been developed different GPM applications for our university. When we compared 
database connection parts with previous GPM applications that were done last years, we observed that we finished 
these parts almost 2 weeks earlier thanks to LINQ. We detected from reports of elder GPM applications that people 
were spent more than 3 weeks for carrying out same tasks. Moreover, our database code lines are less than others, 
which is the most important reason why we have finished GPM earlier. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 4. GPM Settings popup menu 
5. Differences Between LINQ to SQL and Ado.Net 
Before LINQ, Ado.Net has generally been used to interact with database systems. SQL injection that means 
reaching a database by generally aiming at damaging in it from an application is a big problem for Ado.Net. 
Programmers must know how to prevent applications from SQL injection if they use Ado.Net for database 
connection. On the other hand, when LINQ is used, there will be no problem about SQL injection because LINQ 
uses classes and data is not assigned directly (Dave, A. & Hate, S., 2010).  
Programmers need to know and use SqlConnection, SqlCommand, DataTable, DataAdapter etc. terms for essential 
connections between an application and a database in order to use Ado.Net. Each connection is always needed to be 
closed after opening. As there are lots of code lines while using Ado.Net, code readability is getting more difficult 
and difficult. On the other hand, LINQ ensures shorter code length and easier code writing. Connection code lines 
are not necessary to be closed when they are opened since it is controlled by LINQ classes. According to 
performance, there is no big difference between them. An example of code length difference is shown as below: 
 
Ado.Net code: 
using(SqlConnection connection = new SqlConnection()) 
{ 
    connection.Open(); 
    using (SqlCommand command = new SqlCommand("Student", connection)) 
    { 
        command.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure; 
        command.Parameters.AddWithValue("@Number", "200731026"); 
2088   Eftâl Sehirli and Birsen G. Ozdemir /  Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences  47 ( 2012 )  2084 – 2088 
        command.Parameters.AddWithValue("@Name", ); 
        command.Parameters.AddWithValue("@Surname", ); 
        command.Parameters.AddWithValue("@Semester", "7"); 
        command.Parameters.AddWithValue("@GPA", "3,64"); 
        command.Parameters.AddWithValue("@Deleted", "False"); 
 
        SqlDataReader reader = command.ExecuteReader();      
    } 
connection.Close(); 
} 
LINQ Code: 
using (GraduationProjectManagementDataContext db = new GraduationProjectManagementDataContext ()) 
{ 
    var outPut = db.Students("200731026", , "7",  "3,64", "False");          
} 
These two codes are doing same thing. But, LINQ is more readable than Ado.Net to understand the code and it has 
less code lines. Hence, refactoring is easier by using LINQ technology than Ado.Net.  
6. Conclusion 
LINQ is a useful technology that provides some advantages to interact with database systems from application 
sides. Instructors whose goal is to teach OOP approach can use LINQ technology. Moreover, they can teach 
database systems over same technology LINQ. Thus, students can learn related fundamental concepts by laboring 
less energy. For example, IEEE members teach LINQ programming bringing to the fore an object first approach for 
students. Next, they keep on teaching key components of LINQ framework. Finally, they teach how to use LINQ for 
database programming (Kan, W. & Yujun, Z., 2009). This paper discussed that LINQ has more advantages than 
Ado.Net such as readability, short code length, easy code-writing and easy-refactoring. Hence, LINQ offers very 
suitable technology for educational applications. OOP and database systems are separately taught in universities and 
LINQ may be a suitable technology for teachers to teach both of them. On the other hand, while technology 
develops, people hope that their web applications or desktop applications had better work in a fast way. If existing 
applications are refactoring or any future software programs are written with technologies that provides speed, 
enhancement, convenience and shorter code statements, programmers can realize this hope. When applications 
realize expectations of users, they can be successful. LINQ has a capability that helps programmers to reach these 
kinds of expectations. 
Acknowledgement 
We desire to thank CY-ICER to give us a chance to introduce LINQ technology and present it.  
References 
Box, D. & Hejlsberg, A. (2008). LINQ: .NET Language-Integrated Query. Microsoft Corporation, pp. 22. 
 
Microsoft Data Access Technologies, pp. 16. 
 
Kan, W. & Yujun, Z. (2009). Using LINQ as an instructional bridge between object-oriented and database programming. Computer Science & 
Education th International Conference,  pp. 1464-1468. 


Predominant Characteristics of Linq Technology Usage in Education Platforms 

Dogus University Institutional Repository

 Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences  47 ( 2012 )  2084 – 2088 1877-0428 © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Uzunboylu  doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.953 CY-ICER 2012 Predominant characteristics of linq technology usage in education platforms  Eftâl Sehirli a *, Birsen G. Ozdemir a  aDepartment of Computer Engineering, Doğuş University, Acıbadem - Kadıköy, İstanbul and 34722, Turkey  Abstract LINQ is the abbreviation of “Language Integrated Query”. LINQ technology mainly allows reaching data easily from application side and making queries over data as if they are made in database systems. In this study, we aimed to share our experience of usage of LINQ technology in an education platform named as GPM. This paper mainly focuses on specification of main advantages of using LINQ in an education application. It also brings differences between LINQ and Ado.Net to the fore and discusses why any future technology will be successful if it includes the main advantages of LINQ technology.  © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Keywords: LINQ,object oriented programming (OOP),lambda expressions, Ado.Net;  1. Introduction New technologies are launched and existing ones are improved day by day. Some new technologies replace old ones. LINQ has this opportunity when it makes a name in education platform. Since LINQ is not generally preferred in schools, students do not use LINQ and improve themselves regarding it. However, LINQ has some predominant characteristics such that it can be used more frequently. In addition, LINQ has some differences from Ado.Net. Hence, this study mainly mentions main advantages of LINQ, differences between Ado.Net and LINQ. Finally, it concluded as LINQ will be successful to realize expectations of users regarding applications. 2. General Properties of LINQ “Language Integrated Query” is abbreviated as LINQ. This technology came out when .Net Framework 3.5 emerged. One of the components of LINQ is LINQ to SQL that allows easily reaching data in SQL Server databases from applications. For other database systems, there are studies to work with LINQ. In application side, programmers can make dynamic queries over data as if they are made in database systems.   * Eftâl Şehirli Tel.: +90-505-503-3550     E-mail address: 2k731026@dogus.edu.tr    E-mail address: eftalsehirli@gmail.com  Available online at www.sciencedirect.com© 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of Prof. Dr. Hüseyin UzunboyluOpen access under CC BY-NC-ND license.Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.2085 Eftâl Sehirli and Birsen G. Ozdemir. /  Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences  47 ( 2012 )  2084 – 2088   3. Main Advantages of LINQ to SQL     One of the main advantages of LINQ technology is using object oriented approach. Some advantages of object oriented programming (OOP) that are also beneficial to LINQ are reusability, simplicity, modifiability and maintainability. Reusability provides that objects are able to be used again in other programs and platforms. Simplicity decreases the complexity of understanding software objects and so increases the readability of codes. Modifiability maintains that data type or attributes can be altered. Therefore, classes can be reused by joining changes or new features. Maintainability provides that objects can be protected by encapsulating, and safety level increases dramatically. In LINQ technology, programmers can rejoice in these advantages of OOP. That is to say that, every table existing in a database is automatically transformed to a class in application side by LINQ. Each column of database table is defined as an attribute of the created class (Figure 1). If data in database tables are desired to reach, an instance of related table class must be created and programmers can reach data by using that instance/object (Figure 2).  Figure 1. LINQ creates Student class from database table dbo.Student               Figure 2. LINQ makes changes on database tables by the help of created objects      DataContext type is automatically added to database names whose example is shown in Figure 3 and ensures to translate LINQ queries operators to SQL queries. DataContext uses IDbConnection of Ado.Net to interact with databases and is automatically initialized by LINQ while dbml class settings like determining username and password of SQL Server are done (Box, D. & Hejlsberg, A., 2008).      Another advantage of LINQ is to possess lambda expressions. Lambda expressions use an operator shown as Lambda expressions or statements can take any data type and as a result of expression, they can return any data type. In this way, any variable definition is not needed and covered in memory. Moreover, since lambda expressions 2086   Eftâl Sehirli and Birsen G. Ozdemir /  Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences  47 ( 2012 )  2084 – 2088 contain shorter code statements than standard LINQ and SQL queries, they are compiled in a fast manner. An example of code statement taken part in below .  // LINQ code lines (standard) GraduationProjectManagementDataContext db = new GraduationProjectManagementDataContext();             var rs = from c in db.Students                      where c.Id == 1                      select c;  // LINQ code lines with Lambda Expression GraduationProjectManagementDataContext db = new GraduationProjectManagementDataContext(); Student student1 = db.Students.Single(p  => p.Id == 1);  LINQ enabled languages such as .Net languages, Java, PHP and JavaScript provides type-safety property for LINQ technology. Programmers write queries by seeing what they can write in a faster manner (Figure 3). Furthermore, development tools can provide full intellisense and rich refactoring property when writing LINQ code. Full intellisense means code completion. That is, written code is completed by pressing space, tab or enter buttons. In addition to this, ctrl + space are pressed in order to both see list of intellisense and complete half-written code. Refactoring allows rewriting by editing code lines, improving them and using shorter form.   Figure 3. Type-safety property 4. GPM Application GPM Project Management . GPM is designed as a web application in educational domain. It is developed to effectively manage the projects submitted to different departments of our university. A view of GPM for Settings popup menu is shown in Figure 4. In GPM, we have used LINQ technology 2087 Eftâl Sehirli and Birsen G. Ozdemir. /  Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences  47 ( 2012 )  2084 – 2088   to interact with the database system SQL Server from the application side. In recent years, students of Computer Engineering Department have been developed different GPM applications for our university. When we compared database connection parts with previous GPM applications that were done last years, we observed that we finished these parts almost 2 weeks earlier thanks to LINQ. We detected from reports of elder GPM applications that people were spent more than 3 weeks for carrying out same tasks. Moreover, our database code lines are less than others, which is the most important reason why we have finished GPM earlier.                    Figure 4. GPM Settings popup menu 5. Differences Between LINQ to SQL and Ado.Net Before LINQ, Ado.Net has generally been used to interact with database systems. SQL injection that means reaching a database by generally aiming at damaging in it from an application is a big problem for Ado.Net. Programmers must know how to prevent applications from SQL injection if they use Ado.Net for database connection. On the other hand, when LINQ is used, there will be no problem about SQL injection because LINQ uses classes and data is not assigned directly (Dave, A. & Hate, S., 2010).  Programmers need to know and use SqlConnection, SqlCommand, DataTable, DataAdapter etc. terms for essential connections between an application and a database in order to use Ado.Net. Each connection is always needed to be closed after opening. As there are lots of code lines while using Ado.Net, code readability is getting more difficult and difficult. On the other hand, LINQ ensures shorter code length and easier code writing. Connection code lines are not necessary to be closed when they are opened since it is controlled by LINQ classes. According to performance, there is no big difference between them. An example of code length difference is shown as below:  Ado.Net code: using(SqlConnection connection = new SqlConnection()) {     connection.Open();     using (SqlCommand command = new SqlCommand("Student", connection))     {         command.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;         command.Parameters.AddWithValue("@Number", "200731026"); 2088   Eftâl Sehirli and Birsen G. Ozdemir /  Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences  47 ( 2012 )  2084 – 2088         command.Parameters.AddWithValue("@Name", );         command.Parameters.AddWithValue("@Surname", );         command.Parameters.AddWithValue("@Semester", "7");         command.Parameters.AddWithValue("@GPA", "3,64");         command.Parameters.AddWithValue("@Deleted", "False");          SqlDataReader reader = command.ExecuteReader();          } connection.Close(); } LINQ Code: using (GraduationProjectManagementDataContext db = new GraduationProjectManagementDataContext ()) {     var outPut = db.Students("200731026", , "7",  "3,64", "False");          } These two codes are doing same thing. But, LINQ is more readable than Ado.Net to understand the code and it has less code lines. Hence, refactoring is easier by using LINQ technology than Ado.Net.  6. Conclusion LINQ is a useful technology that provides some advantages to interact with database systems from application sides. Instructors whose goal is to teach OOP approach can use LINQ technology. Moreover, they can teach database systems over same technology LINQ. Thus, students can learn related fundamental concepts by laboring less energy. For example, IEEE members teach LINQ programming bringing to the fore an object first approach for students. Next, they keep on teaching key components of LINQ framework. Finally, they teach how to use LINQ for database programming (Kan, W. & Yujun, Z., 2009). This paper discussed that LINQ has more advantages than Ado.Net such as readability, short code length, easy code-writing and easy-refactoring. Hence, LINQ offers very suitable technology for educational applications. OOP and database systems are separately taught in universities and LINQ may be a suitable technology for teachers to teach both of them. On the other hand, while technology develops, people hope that their web applications or desktop applications had better work in a fast way. If existing applications are refactoring or any future software programs are written with technologies that provides speed, enhancement, convenience and shorter code statements, programmers can realize this hope. When applications realize expectations of users, they can be successful. LINQ has a capability that helps programmers to reach these kinds of expectations. Acknowledgement We desire to thank CY-ICER to give us a chance to introduce LINQ technology and present it.  References Box, D. & Hejlsberg, A. (2008). LINQ: .NET Language-Integrated Query. Microsoft Corporation, pp. 22.  Microsoft Data Access Technologies, pp. 16.  Kan, W. & Yujun, Z. (2009). Using LINQ as an instructional bridge between object-oriented and database programming. Computer Science & Education th International Conference,  pp. 1464-1468. 

Predominant characteristics of linq technology usage in education platforms

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Predominant characteristics of linq technology usage in education platforms

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