Surveys of fall army worm Spodoptera frugiperda (J. S. Smith) on maize and sorghum in Niger

revealed the occurrence of egg parasitoids (Trichogrammatoidea sp., Trichogramma sp., and Telenomus

sp.), egg-larval parasitoids (Chelonus sp.), and larval parasitoids (Cotesia sp., and Charops sp.)

Amadou, L

Ba, M N

Baoua, I

Karimoune, L

Muniappan, R

ICRISAT Open Access Repository

NATIVE PARASITOIDS RECRUITED BY THE INVADED FALL ARMY WORM IN NIGERLAOUALI AMADOU, IBRAHIM BAOUA**, MALICK, N. BA***LAOUALI KARIMOUNE*** AND RANGASWAMY MUNIAPPAN+*Institut National de la Recherche Agronomiques du Niger, CERRA de Maradi, BP 240. Maradi, Niger.**Université Dan Dicko Dankoulodo de Maradi, BP 465 Maradi, Niger***International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Niamey, Niger+IPM Innovation Lab, Virginia Tech, 526 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061, U.S.A+Email: rmuni@vt.edu (corresponding author)ABSTRACTSurveys of fall army worm Spodoptera frugiperda (J. S. Smith) on maize and sorghum in Nigerrevealed the occurrence of egg parasitoids (Trichogrammatoidea sp., Trichogramma sp., and Telenomussp.), egg-larval parasitoids  (Chelonus sp.), and larval parasitoids (Cotesia sp., and Charops sp.).Key words: Spodoptera frugiperda, Niger, maize, sorghum, parasitoids, Trichogrammatidae, Platygastridae,Braconidae      Indian Journal of Entomology, 80(4): 1253-1254 (2018)      DoI No.: 10.5958/0974-8172.2018.00338.3Pearl millet, sorghum, rice and maize are the mostimportant cereal crops grown in Niger, mostly by smallholder farmers (FAOSTAT, 2018). The recent invasionof fall army worm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a polyphagous pest nativeto the Americas, has been causing serious damage tomaize and sorghum, and some damage to pearl milletgrown in the dry season under irrigated conditions forseed production.  This pest was first reported inNovember 2016 in Nigeria (Goergen et al., 2016) andsubsequently the reminder of Sub-Saharan Africa(Prasanna et al., 2018) and most recently wasintroduced to India as well (Ganiger et al., 2018). Dayet al. (2017) reported that fall army worm causes ayield loss of 8.3 to 20.6 m tonnes in maize alone andits impact on other crops is yet to be determined. Thevalue of these losses has been estimated to be betweenUS$ 2.5  and  6.2 million.The management of fall army worm in its nativerange in the Americas varies from the use of chemicalpesticides, GMOs (maize and cotton), resistant varieties(maize), and augmentative biological control (in Centraland South America). The immediate reaction in Africato the fall army worm invasion ranged from use oflocally available materials such as ash, sand, andbotanical extracts by the farmers, to governmentsprocuring pesticides and distributing to the farmers atsubsidized rates (Kumela et al., 2018). In Central andSouth America, Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera:Trichogrammatidae) and Telenomus remus(Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) are used in augmentativebiological control. Molina- Ochoa et al. (2003) listedparasitoids recorded on fall army worm in the NewWorld. Sisay et al. (2018) reported one egg-larvalparasitoid from Tanzania and several larval parasitoidsfrom Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania. Shylesha et al.(2018) reported on the natural enemies recruited by therecently introduced fall army worm in India.MATERIALS  AND METHODSSurveys of fall army worm natural enemies wereconducted in maize and sorghum fields in differentlocations in Niger in 2017 and 2018. The sites fromwhere the surveys conducted are Djiratawa, MaradiRegion (13° 242N, 7° 82E), Konni, Tahoua region (13°472N, 5° 152E), Matameye, Zinder region (13° 242N,8° 362E) and Sadore, Tilaberi region (13° 15’N, 2°18’E). Eggs and larvae of fall army worm werecollected in the fields and incubated in the laboratoryfor emergence of parasitoids. Emerged parasitoids wererecorded and preserved in 75% ethyl alcohol. Theauthors identified the parasitoids at family and genuslevel using the keys available.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe hymenopteran parasitoids encountered included:egg parasitoids, Trichogrammatoidea sp.(Trichogrammatidae), Trichogramma sp.(Trichogrammatidae) and Telenomus sp.(Platygastridae) (Table 1); egg-larval parasitoid,Chelonus sp.  (Braconidae);  and larval parasitoids,Cotesia sp. (Braconidae), Charops sp. (Ichneumonidae).IPrs1254     Indian Journal of Entomology, 80(4), 2018Another unidentified ichneumonid and unidentifiedtachinid fly were also observed (Table 2).Fall army worm is a newly introduced pest to Africaand Niger. Field surveyes for the local parasitoidsrecruited by fall army worm in four regions in Nigerrevealed three egg parasitoids, Trichogrammatoidea sp.,Trichogramma sp. and Telenomus sp. Of these laterwas found to be comparatively more effective. This isin conformity with earlier studies suggesting that scaleson the egg masses of Spodoptera spp. in generalinterfere with parasitization by trichogrammatids(Fukuda et al., 2007). The incidence of egg-larvalparasitoid Chelonus sp., and four larval parasitoidsCharops sp., Cotesia sp., an unidentified ichneumonidwasp and a tachinid fly were very low. In addition toparasitism, predation was observed on eggs and larvae.Given the level of natural parasitism due to Telenomussp., efforts are currently being made for mass culturingthe parasitoid in the laboratory on a factitious hostfollowed by effectiveness tests.Scientists have been using an augmentativebiological control approach for controlling the headminer, Heliocheilus albipunctella de Joannis(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a devastating pest of pearlmillet in the Sahel (Ba et al., 2014). The program usesendogenous parasitoid, which target larvae (braconid)and eggs (trichogrammatid) of the head miner. Theparasitoids are mass cultured in the laboratory on eggsand larvae of factitious storage pest, the rice mothCorcyra cephalonica Stainton (Lepidoptera:  Pyralidae).Once parasitoids are mass produced, these are releasedin the field for augmentative biocontrol. The sameapproach is suggested for mass multiplication ofendogenous recruited fall army worm parasitoids foruses in augmentative release in Niger.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis study was made possible through partialsupport provided Integrated Pest ManagementInnovation Lab grant No. AID-OAA-L-15-00001 bythe US Agency for International Development. Authorsare grateful to farmers in Niger who allowed us toscout in their fields.REFERENCESBa, M.N., Baoua, I.B., Kaboré, A., Amadou, L., Oumarou, N., Dabire-Binso, C. and Sanon, A. 2014. Augmentative on-farm deliverymethods for the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor Say(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to control the millet head minerHeliocheilus albipunctella (de Joannis) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)in Burkina Faso and Niger. BioControl, 59: 689-696.Day, R., Abrahams, P., Btemab, M., Beale, T., Clottey, V., Cock, M.and Witt, A. 2017. Fall army worm: Impacts and implicationsfor Africa. Outlook on Pest Management, 28: 196-201.FAOSTAT. 2018. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/ [Accessed October2018].Fukuda, T., Wakakura, S., Arakaki, N. and Yamagishi, K. 2007.Parasitism, development and adult longivity of the eggparasitoid Telenomus nawai (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) onTable 1. Fall army worm eggs parasitoids encountered in Niger (2017, 2018)on maize and sorghum and their parasitismYear Location Crop Number of Trichogramma- Tricho- . Telenomuseggs toidea sp. gramma sp. sp.2017 Djiratawa Maize 8044 0.06 0 33.792018 Djiratawa Maize 4468 0 0 24.63Matamaye Maize 1183 0.30 0 09.88Konni Maize 5008 0.90 0 04.99Sadore Sorghum 6750 0 0.01 14.0Table 2. Fall army worm larval parasitoids encountered in Niger (August-September, 2018)on maize and sorghum  and their parasitismLocation Crop Number Chelonus Charops sp. Ichneumonidae Tachinidae Cotesia sp.of larvae sp.Djiratawa Maize 400 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.75 0.0Matamaye Maize 386 0.52 0 0 1.81 0.0Konni Maize 397 0.50 0 0.50 3.27 0.0Sadore Sorghum 189 0 0 0 0 <1%IPrsNative parasitoids recruited by the invaded fall army worm in Niger 1255   Laouali Amadou et al.the eggs of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).Bulletin of Entomological Research, 97: 185-190.Ganiger, P.C., Yeshwanath, H.M., Muralimohan, K., Vinay, N.,Kumar, A.R.V. and Chandrashekara, K. 2018. Occurrence ofthe new invasive pest, fall army worm, Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in the maize fields ofKarnataka, India. Current Science, 115: 621-623.Goergen, G., Kumar, P.L., Sankung, S.B., Togola, A. and Tamo, M.2016. First report of outbreak of the fall army wormSpodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae),a new alien invasive pest in west and central Africa. PLoSONE, 11(10), e0165632. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/10.1371/journal.pone.0165632.Kumela, T., Simiyu J., Sisay, B., Likhayo, P., Mendesil, E., Gohole,L. and Tefera, T. 2018. Farmers’ knowledge, perceptions,and management practices of the new invasive pest, fallarmy worm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in Ethiopia and Kenya.International Journal of  Pest Management, https://doi.org/10.1080/09670874.2017.1423129.Molina-Ochoa, J., Carpenter, J.E., Heinrichs, E.A. and Foster,J.E. 2003. Parasitoids and parasites of Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Americas and Caribbean basin:An inventory. Florida Entomologist, 86: 254-289.Prasanna, B.M., Huesing, J.E., Eddy, R. and Peschke, V. M.  2018.Fall Army worm in Africa: A guide for integrated pestmanagement, First Edition. Mexico, CDMX: CIMMYT.Shylesha, A.N., Jalali, S.K., Gupta, A., Varshney, R., Venkatesan,T., Shetty, P., Ojha, R., Ganiger, P.C., Navik, O., Subaharan,K., Bakthavatsalam, N. and Ballal, C.R. 2018. Studies onnew invasive pest Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its natural enemies. Journal ofBiological Control, 32: 2108, DOI: 10.18311/jbc/2018/21707.Sisay, B., Simiyu, J., Malusi, P., Likhayo, P., Mendesil, E., Elibariki,M., Ayalew, G. and Tefera, T. 2018. First report of the fallarmy worm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae),natural enemies from Africa. Journal of Applied Entomology,DOI: 10.1111/jen.12534. (Manuscript Received: October, 2018; Revised: November, 2018;Accepted: November, 2018; Online Published:. December, 2018)In Press

Native parasitoids recruited by the invaded fall army worm in Niger

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Native parasitoids recruited by the invaded fall army worm in Niger

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