Genotypic differences exist in the sensitivity of cultivars of chickpea to iron deficiency. Sensitive cultivars exhibited typical iron deficiency symptoms when grown on calcareous soils with high pH. FeSO4 sprays (0.5%) corrected deficiency symptoms and increased yields by up to 50% in cultivars inefficient in iron utilization, but gave no increase in cultivars that were efficien

Saxena, N P

Sheldrake, A R

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Field  C rops R esearch , 3 (1 9 8 0 )  2 1 1 -2 1 4 .  211©  Elsevier S cien tific  Publishing C om p a n y , A m sterdam  — Printed in T h e  NetherlandsIRON CHLOROSIS IN CHICKPEA (CICER ARIETINUM L.) GROWN ON HIGH pH CALCAREOUS VERTISOLN.P. S A X E N A a n d  A .R . S H E L D R A K EIn ternational Crops R esearch  Institu te fo r  the Sem i-Arid T ropics (IC R IS A T ), Patancheru  P.O ., A ndhra Pradesh 502  3 2 4  (India)(A cce p te d  24 A pril 1 9 8 0 )A B S T R A C TSaxena, N.P. and Sheldrake, A .R ., 19 8 0 . Iron  ch lorosis in ch ick pea  ( C icer arietinum  L .) grow n  o n  high pH  calcareous vertisol. Field  C rops R es., 3 : 2 1 1 —214.G en o ty p ic  d ifferences  exist in the sensitivity o f  culfcivars o f  ch ick p ea  to  iron  d e fic ien cy . Sensitive cultivars exh ib ited  typica l iron  d e fic ien cy  sym p tom s w hen grow n  o n  calcareous soils w ith  high pH. FeSO „ sprays (0 .5 % ) corrected  d e fic ie n cy  sym p tom s and increased yields b y  up to  50% in cultivars in efficien t in iron  utilization , but gave n o  increase in cultivars that were efficient.IN T R O D U C T IO NIn chickpeas, cultivar differences in sensitivity to iron deficiency have been reported from sand culture studies (Agarwala et al., 1971), and iron chlorosis on high pH calcareous soils has been reported in Syria and Lebanon (Saxena, 1979). In some instances, varietal differences within species have been found to  be as great as differences between species (Brown, 1979). We have observed differential reactions in chickpeas grown at ICRISAT Center on calcareous vertisols with a pH o f  8.0 to 9.0. There have been no published reports o f  attempts to quantify losses in yield associated with iron deficiency symptoms in this crop or to quantify responses to iron application when deficiency symptoms are not present.' Both soil and foliar applications o f  inorganic sources o f  iron have been shown to correct iron chlorosis and increase yields in sorghum and rice (Mathers, *1970; Mortvet and Giovdana, 1971; Westfall et al., 1971), but soil application requires large amounts o f  inorganic iron. We have therefore examined foliar sprays, which require much smaller amounts o f  the chemical, and observed the responses o f  chickpea cultivars with a range o f different efficiencies in iron utilization.212M A T E R IA L S  A N D  M ETH O D SThree chickpea cultivars, ICC-10218 (Fe efficient), ICC-1685 (moderately Fe efficient), and ICC-10157 (Fe inefficient), identified in a germplasm main­tenance planting, were planted in a split plot design with cultivars as main plots, and treatments o f  foliar iron spray as subplots in three replications. The plot size was four rows, each 2 m long; the two central rows were harvested for estimation o f dry matter and grain yield.The trial was planted 0 1 116 October 1976, on vertisol having a pH o f  8.2 in the postrainy (rabi) season o f 1976—1977 at ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, Hyderabad. Seeds were dry-planted, 10 cm apart, in rows spaced 30 cm apart. A  light postsowing sprinlder irrigation was given to ensure that germination and establishment were uniform.A 0.5% w/v solution o f  ferrous sulphate at the rate o f  0.41/plot (24 m2) was used with 1 ml/1 o f  teepol as a wetting agent 26 days after sowing. The spray treatments were (1) control (nonsprayed), (2) two sprays (72 and 87 days after sowing), (3) five sprays (26, 41, 56, 71, 86 days after sowing).The cultivars ICC-10218 and ICC-1685 flowered 65 days after sowing, whereas the inefficient ICC-10157 flowered 79 days after sowing. All cultivars were harvested 144 days after sowing.R E SU L TSSymptomsChlorosis o f  the younger leaves is a general iron deficiency symptom in most plant species (Wallace and Lunt, 1960), and this was observed in cultivars ICC-10157 and ICC-1685. However, iron efficient cultivar ICC-10218 did not exhibit any deficiency symptom. Additionally, in cases o f  severe deficiency the pinnae (leaflets 011 a com pound leaf) became whitish, thin, and withered or fell. The size o f  the pinnae was also reduced. The deficiency appeared in early stages o f  growth when plants had three to four leaves. Without iron sprays, the deficiency symptoms completely disappeared 60—70 days after sowing, while in sprayed treatments, symptoms disappeared 5—6 days after spraying. Plants sprayed with FeS04 matured and senesced 10—15 days ear­lier than the non-sprayed plants.That chlorosis symptoms on iron inefficient cultivars were due to deficiency o f  iron alone was confirmed by spraying solution o f  analytical grade o f  dif­ferent salts o f  iron including FeS04, FeCl2, Fe-EDTA, and Fe-tartrate. In all cases the deficiency symptoms disappeared after the foliar application o f  the iron salt.Yield o f  the inefficient ICC-10157 and moderately efficient ICC-1685 increased with two iron sprays by 48 and 39%, respectively, whereas no in­crease in yield o f  the efficient cultivar was observed with iron spray. Within each cultivar, yields were similar in both spray treatments (Table I).213T A B L E  IE ffe ct o f  0.5%  ferrous sulphate spray o n  the yield  o f  ch ick p ea  cultivars w ith a range o f  e ffic ien cies  in iron  utilizationCultivar Y ie ld  (k g /ha )C ontrol(unsprayed)T w o  Five sprays spraysCultivarmeansIC C -10157(in e ffic ien t950 1407  1280 1212IC C -1685(m od erate lye ffic ien t)557 777  830 721IC C -10218(e ffic ie n t)1173 1177 1177 1176Treatm ent means 893 LSD  (0 .0 5 )1120  1095LSD  (0 .0 5 )Treatm ents: 173 Treatm ents in a cultivar:299Cultivars: 154 Cultivars in a treatm ent:273In another experiment foliar spray o f  FeS04 on three iron efficient cultivars did not result in any significant increase in yield.DISCU SSIO NIn the two chickpea cultivars where iron deficiencies occurred, these deficiencies disappeared at later stages o f  growth even if  not sprayed with FeS04, but the yields were considerably reduced in non-sprayed plants. Re­covery after spraying was very uniform in chickpeas as compared to other crops (Saxena et al., 1971). It is likely that the presence o f  acid exudate (Sahasrabuddhe, 1914), on the foliage keeps the iron in an available and mobile form. Dependence o f mobility and availability o f  -iron in plant tissues and around roots has been reported (Tanaka and Navasero, 1966; Saxena et al., 1971). Non-sprayed plants also matured and senesced later, but the increase in growth duration did not compensate for the losses in yield due to iron deficiency. The lack o f  response to foliar application o f FeS04 in efficient cultivars indicates that there is no latent deficiency o f iron.Iron inefficiency, even if it results in only transitory deficiency symptoms, is an undesirable character. It is encouraging that inefficient chickpea plants can be easily recognized, so effective selection for iron efficiency can be practised. Results o f  this study suggest a situation parallel to that in soybeans (Weiss, 1942).214A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T SWe thank Mr L. Krishnamurthy for technical assistance.R E F E R E N C E SAgarwala, S.C., Sharma, C.P., Bisht, S.S., M ehrotra, S.C. and Asia A fza l., 19 7 1 . In abstract o f  papers presented at the S econ d  International S ym posium  on  Plant P athology ,27 Jan.—3 Feb. 1 9 7 1 , N ew  Delhi, India, pp. 156.Brow n, J.C., 1979 . G enetic im provem ent and nutrient uptake in plants. B ioS cience, 29 : 2 8 9 —292.Mathers, A .C ., 1970. E ffe ct o f  ferrous sulphate and sulfuric acid o n  grain sorghum  yields. Agron . J., 6 2 : 5 5 5 -5 5 6 .M ortvet, J.J. and G iovdana, P.M ., 1971. R esponse o f  grain sorghum  to iron  sources applied a lone or w ith fertilizers. A gron . J., 6 3 : 7 5 8 —761.Sahasrabuddhe, D .L ., 19 1 4 . T he acid secretions o f  gram plant ( C icer arietinum  L .). Im p. A gric. Res. Inst. Bull. N o. 4 5 , pp. 12.Saxena, M .C., 1979. Proceedings o f  International W orkshop on  C hickpea Im provem ent, H yderabad, India. 28  F eb .—2 M arch 1 9 7 9  (in  Press).Saxena, N.P., Jaganm ohan R ao, M. and Sakai, H., 1971 . Soil am endm ents to prevent and correct iron  ch lorosis in upland rice nurseries. Proc. Int. Sym p. Soil Fert. Evaln. N ew  Delhi, 1: 7 9 7 -8 0 4 .Tanaka, A . and Navasero, S .A ., 1966 . Chlorosis o f  the rice plant induced b y  high pH  o f  the culture solution . Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 12 : 213—219.Wallace, A . and Lunt, P .R ., 1960 . Iron  ch lorosis in horticu ltural plants, a review. Proc.Am . Soc. H ort. Sci., 7 5 : 8 1 9 -8 6 1 .Weiss, M .G ., 1943 . Inheritance and p h ysio logy  o f  iron  utilization  in soybeans. G enetics,2 8 : 253—268.W estfall, D .G ., A nderson , W .B. and H odges, R .J., 1971. Iron  and zinc responses o f  ch loro- tic rice grow n on  calcareous soils. A gron . J., 63 : 7 0 2 —705.

Iron chlorosis in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) grown on high pH calcareous vertisol

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Iron chlorosis in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) grown on high pH calcareous vertisol

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