Mula, M G

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IMODInclusive Market-Oriented Development•Innovate •Grow •ProsperMG Mula(Scientist – Seed System)ICRISAT, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, IndiaPaper presented during the Seminar-Workshop on ‘Strategies of improving pulse productivityfor sustainable intensification and diversification of production systems’. Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar, India. February 23, 2013The Fact: In the wave of                    Green RevolutionTHE PULSES WERE NEGLECTED•• Recorded only 0.9% growth over 50 yrs• Production increment forpulses = 32% ; cereals  = 280%• Protein availability reduced90 g protein/person/day TO < 10 g protein/person/dayIMODInclusive Market-Oriented Development•Innovate •Grow •ProsperIndia: Import of PulsesIMODInclusive Market-Oriented Development•Innovate •Grow •ProsperWhy Seed System? Because … Seed is the life blood of Agriculture Low productivity @ <700 kg/ha (legumes) Good quality seeds will increase productivity by 20-30%  Farmers save seed of local varieties and use this continuously for 3-5 years  80-90% seeds are sourced from farmers’ own-saved seeds Low seed replacement ratio @ 2-3% Only 10-12% of quality seeds is available each year Access to quality seeds by smallholder farmers is a recurring problem Inadequate transfer of technologies appropriate for smallholder farmers IMODInclusive Market-Oriented Development•Innovate •Grow •ProsperWhat is a Seed System?“a process through which a cultivar is bred, produced, certified, stored, marketed and used that includes all the channels through which farmers acquire genetic materials and in interaction with the commercial seed industry”(Tesfaye et al, 2005)IMODInclusive Market-Oriented Development•Innovate •Grow •ProsperSeed Systems in Legumes are complicated due to these reasons: Economics of legume seed production not attractive enough toencourage private seed sector, mainly due to large seed volume and high transportation and storage costs. Public seed sector (responsible for legume seed production) largely failed to meet their obligation due to lack of accountability, poor quality control, low yield and profit. Subsidized government seed supplied to farmers is often not delivered in time and quality is inconsistent. Farmers are left at the mercy of local traders who hardly care for variety integrity and quality. Stringent seed certification requirements and accompanying bureaucratic hassles discourage farmers’ participation in the formal seed system.IMODInclusive Market-Oriented Development•Innovate •Grow •ProsperExisting Smallholder Farmer Seed System2.  Farmers save their own seed every year(20 kg/ha)4.  Farmers trade with other farmers for new set of seeds IMODInclusive Market-Oriented Development•Innovate •Grow •Prosper3.  After 2-4 years, out crossing depression is observed5. Seed is traded with other villages for new set of seeds1. Farmers grow pigeonpeaSeed System Model in AP, India1. Farmers save 20 kg/ha seed every year2. When germplasm declines, farmers borrow seeds from previous year high yielders3. Very rarely new seed is purchased from outside the villageSmallholder farmers (90%)Seed Institutes/CompaniesSeed TradersDepartment of Agriculture‘Large Holder’ Farmers (10%)Foundation  SeedsCertified SeedsCertified SeedsCommercial Seeds (TL)IMODInclusive Market-Oriented Development•Innovate •Grow •ProsperNote: TLII projectSeed Delivery System in Odisha, IndiaIMODInclusive Market-Oriented Development•Innovate •Grow •ProsperNGOsFARMERSFARMER Seed GrowersCertifying AgencyBSICRISATCS or TLBSProgressive  Farmer Seed GrowerB/FSF/CSState Seed Corp/NSCFSFSCS or TLF/CS/TLNote: Odisha project3 Types of Seed System  Formal seed system  Informal seed system Integrated seed supply        systemIMODInclusive Market-Oriented Development•Innovate •Grow •ProsperFormal Seed System International Agricultural Research Centers Government agencies (NARES) Government-assisted cooperatives Multinational corporations (MNC) Domestic private sector companies  MNC + domestic companies IMODInclusive Market-Oriented Development•Innovate •Grow •ProsperInformal Seed System Farmer Cooperatives/Associations Self Help Groups Individual Farmers NGOsIMODInclusive Market-Oriented Development•Innovate •Grow •ProsperStrategy in the Informal Seed System- ‘One Village One Variety’ concept for OPV- Community Based Seed Production Model‘One Village One Variety’ Model Ability to do seed production (exponential market returns) by smallholder farmers. Purity of seed is maintained in subsequent years by avoiding out-crossing.  Farmer maintains desirable varietal traits (high yields, wilt resistance, etc.). Farmers will become entrepreneurs.13IMODInclusive Market-Oriented Development•Innovate •Grow •Prosper0501001502002501 5 10 15 20 25‘000 kgs/ SeasonNumber of HectaresYield According to Variety or Production TypeHigh YieldingSeed ProductionLocal Variety14IMODInclusive Market-Oriented Development•Innovate •Grow •Prosper01002003004005006007008009001 5 10 15 20 251000 MRP/ SeasonNumber of HectaresMarket Return According to Variety and Production Type High YieldingSeed ProductionLocal Variety15IMODInclusive Market-Oriented Development•Innovate •Grow •ProsperCommunity Based Seed Production Modeli.e. GroundnutSeed source of a new cultivarObtain 2 kg good quality seed2 kg seed from selected plantsto start second Stage-I cycleI stage II stage III stage MARKETINGStage-I   seed plot  0.01 ha (1st season)Stage-II   seed plot  0.10 ha  (2nd season)Stage-III   commercial plot 1 ha (3rd season)IMODInclusive Market-Oriented Development•Innovate •Grow •Prosper Promotion of new varieties Integrate breeding, seed production & distribution Farmers involved at some stages (FPVS trials) Shown promise in improving seed supply to smallholder farmers  The strengths and weaknesses of informal seed systems and the formal seed systems are complementaryIMODInclusive Market-Oriented Development•Innovate •Grow •ProsperIntegrated Seed System: Formal + Informal Integrated seed system organizational and institutional schema Strategies in Improving Seed Systems• Develop strategies to produce, test, & market • Backup institutional support & crop insurance• Agreements between farmers & seed agencies• Help farmers in adoption of new technology• Develop specific models based on geographic and ethnic considerations• Implement self-reliance seed programs to decentralize seed business• Identify and promote farmer preferred cultivars through varietal trail and field demonstrationIMODInclusive Market-Oriented Development•Innovate •Grow •ProsperStrategies…• Encourage or partner with seed companies to involve in pulses• Encourage policy makers to support pulses seed programs• Strengthen capacity of self-help groups (associations and cooperatives) • Incentives to participating farmers (buy-back scheme)• Develop a quality seed backup program through government and private sectorsIMODInclusive Market-Oriented Development•Innovate •Grow •ProsperQuality Seed Required By 2025Chickpea seedBreeder =    0.5 MT Foundation =  6 MT Certified    = 74.8 MTPigeonpea seedBreeder =       0.5 MT Foundation =   2.2 MT Certified =  9.2 MTDiversify & Simplify the SystemsARE WE READY???IMODInclusive Market-Oriented Development•Innovate •Grow •ProsperSeed Production and Multiplication Strategy(3 year development plan)IMODInclusive Market-Oriented Development•Innovate •Grow •ProsperCrop Estimated Yield/ha (kg)Year 1 Year 2 Year 3Area planted (ha)TotalYield (kg)Area Planted (ha)Total Yield(kg)Area Planted (ha)TotalYield (kg)Pigeonpea 500/ha 5 2500 125 62,500 3125 1562500Chickpea 800/ha 3 2400 30 24,000 300 240,000Remarks Breeder Foundation CSPigeonpea Seed Production & Multiplication of Medium Duration CultivarsIMODInclusive Market-Oriented Development•Innovate •Grow •Prosper  Year Area Planted (ha)  Yield Assumption Area Planted (ha)  Yield Assumption Area planted (ha)  Yield Assumption Year 1 1 ha  Production (500 kg)     Year 2 2 ha  Production (1000 kg) 41 ha  Productivity (500 kg/ha)  Production (20,500 kg)   Year 3 3 ha  Production (1500 kg) 83 ha  Productivity (500 kg/ha)  Production (41,500 kg) 1,708 ha Year 3 production is estimated at 854,000 kg Year 4 4 ha  Production (2000 kg) 125 ha  Productivity (500 kg/ha)  Production (62,500 kg) 3,458 ha Year 4 production is estimated at 1,729,000 kg Year 5 5 ha  Production (2500 kg) 166 ha  Productivity (500 kg/ha)  Production (83,000 kg) 5,208 ha Year 5 production is estimated at 2,604,000 kg Year 6   208 ha  Productivity (500 kg/ha)  Production (104,000 kg) 6,916 ha Year 6 production is estimated at 3,458,000 kg Note:        Planting distance:  75cm x 30xm                   Seed Requirement:  12 kg/ha                   Productivity: 500 kg/ha  Chickpea Seed Production &MultiplicationPlanting distance: 30x30cm or 60x10cm    Seed requirement: Desi – 60 kg/ha; Kabuli – 100-120 kg/ha Year Area  (ha) Assumption Var Area (ha) Assumption Area (ha) Assumption Year 1 1 ha  Productivity (1500 kg/ha) Desi        Productivity (2000 kg/ha) Kabuli     Year 2   Desi 25  Productivity (1500 kg/ha)  Production (37,500 kg)      Kabuli 18  Productivity (2000 kg/ha)  Production (36,000 kg)   Year 3   Desi   625  Productivity (1500 kg/ha)  Production (937,500 kg)    Kabuli   327  Productivity (2000 kg/ha)  Production (654,000 kg)   Total  43 Production (73,500 kg) 952 Production (1,591,500 kg)  IMODInclusive Market-Oriented Development•Innovate •Grow •ProsperBasic guidelines for the concept note on seed system• Review existing resources (area, manpower, budget, collaborating institute, etc) to complement external funding. • Review requirements/needs for the proposed seed system project• Sustainability issue (impact - commercialization)25IMODInclusive Market-Oriented Development•Innovate •Grow •ProsperThank you!ICRISAT is a member of the CGIAR Consortium

Seed system channelization in pulses

http://oar.icrisat.org/8819/1/Seed%20system%20channelization%20in%20pulses.pdf

Seed system channelization in pulses

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