Analysis of genetic divergence of sixty four genotypes (39 new germplasm accessions and 25 advanced breeding lines) of groundnut revealed wide range of D2 values ranging between 4.52 and 27.75 suggesting the presence of considerable amount of genetic diversity in the genotypes studied, which were grouped in to seven clusters where, cluster VII (28) was the largest followed by cluster I (24) and cluster VI (4). Maximum inter cluster distance was recorded between IV and VI representing wide divergence among these clusters. On the basis of intercluster distance and cluster means the genotypes viz., ICGV-05033, ICGV-05052, PAFRGVT58, GG-20×ICGV-91114, ICGX-020063-F-B-SSD-P20-B, ICGX-020055-F-SSD-P37-B were 21121 widely diverse therefore may be considered for future breeding programme

Kumar, I S

Marappa, N

Venkataravana, P

ICRISAT Open Access Repository

      www.IndianJournals.com            Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale     Downloaded From IP - 220.225.236.59 on dated 3-Apr-2013AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTREwww.arccjournals.com / indianjournals.comLegume Res., 33 (2) : 124 - 127, 2010GENETIC DIVERGENCE OF NEW GERMPLASM AND ADVANCEDBREEDING LINES OF GROUNDNUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA L.)STUDIED UNDER LATE KHARIF SITUATIONI. Sudhir Kumar1, P. Venkataravana and N. MarappaAICRP on Groundnut, Agricultural Research Station,Chintamani - 563 125, India.ABSTRACTAnalysis of genetic divergence of sixty four genotypes (39 new germplasm accessions and25 advanced breeding lines) of groundnut revealed wide range of D2 values ranging between4.52 and 27.75 suggesting the presence of considerable amount of genetic diversity in thegenotypes studied, which were grouped in to seven clusters where, cluster VII (28) was thelargest followed by cluster I (24) and cluster VI (4). Maximum inter cluster distance was recordedbetween IV and VI representing wide divergence among these clusters. On the basis of inter-cluster distance and cluster means the genotypes viz., ICGV-05033, ICGV-05052, PAFRGVT-58, GG-20×ICGV-91114, ICGX-020063-F2-B1-SSD-P20-B1, ICGX-020055-F2-SSD-P37-B1 werewidely diverse therefore may be considered for future breeding programmes.Key words: Genetic divergence, Cluster.INTRODUCTIONGroundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is thepremier oilseed crop of India. In SouthernKarnataka, groundnut occupies nearly 4.0 lachectares, where the late onset of monsoon rains isthe limiting factor responsible for low productivity(697 kg/ha). The presently cultivated varieties in thisregion (TMV-2, JL-24) are low yielding and notsuitable for late kharif (July-Aug) sowings. Hence,there is a need for introduction of newer geneticmaterial in the future breeding programmes to evolvehigh yielding varieties suitable for late kharifsituations in Southern Karnataka.A broad spectrum of variability insegregating generations can be generated by crossinggenetically diverse parents. Hybridization involvinggenetically diverse parents is known to provide anopportunity for bringing together gene constellationsof yield in desirable transgressive segregants inadvanced generations. For this, precise informationabout the extent of genetic divergence is very crucial.Genetic diversity between population or genotypesindicates the difference in gene frequencies and anymeasure of genetic divergence must reflect thesedifferences. Phenotypic diversity is usuallyconsidered as an indication of underlying geneticdifferences. To assess the diversity in the populationof diverse origin, usually two important methods viz.,Mahalanobis D2 and Canonical analysis wereemployed. Mahalanobis generalized distancetechnique considers the variation produced by anycharacter and the consequent effect that it bears onthe other characters. Hence, in the present study,64 genotypes of groundnut were evaluated forcomparing nature and extent of genetic diversity.The importance of this multivariate analysis hasbeen greatly emphasized for assessment of geneticdiversity in biological population (Fisher, 1936 andSmith, 1936).MATERIAL AND METHODSThe material for the present investigationcomprised of 64 genotypes (39 new germplasmaccessions and 25 advanced breeding lines) ofgroundnut grown in 8×8 simple lattice design withtwo replications as per Cochran and Cox (1957)during kharif 2006 (August) in the field unit of AllIndia Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) onGroundnut, Agricultural Research Station,1Present Address: Sorghum Breeding, ICRISAT, Patancheru 502 324, India.      www.IndianJournals.com            Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale     Downloaded From IP - 220.225.236.59 on dated 3-Apr-2013125Vol. 33, No. 2, 2010Chintamani, representing Southern Karnataka.Each replication consisted of eight sub-blockswith eight genotypes in each sub block. Entriesand sub b locks  were  randomized.  Eachgenotype was grown in one row of two meterlength. A spacing of 45 cm between row and15 cm between plants with a population oftwenty  p lan t s  per  row was  main ta ined.Observations were recorded on ten randomlyselected plants in each genotype within thereplication for fourteen characters, viz., plantheight ,  branches per p lant ,  days to 50%flowering, days to maturity, matured pods perplant, pod yield per plant, kernel yield per plant,shelling percentage, 100-kernel weight, soundmature kernel per cent, harvest index, oilcontent, oil yield per plant and specific leafarea. Multivariate analysis was done as perMaha lanobis  D 2 s ta t i s t i c  (1936)  and asdescribed by Rao (1952) and genotypes weregrouped in to di f ferent c lusters fol lowingTocher’s method described by Rao (1952).RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe ana lys i s  o f  var iance  showedsignificant differences among the genotypes fora l l  the  charac ters  s tud ied.  The per  centcontribution of fourteen quantitative characterstowards genetic divergence was presented inthe Table 1.  I t  has shown that  no s inglecharacter alone had greater contribution totota l  d ivergence.  Nevertheless ,  re lat ive lymaximum contribution was by specific leafarea (27.67%) followed by kernel yield perplant (21.72%) and Oil content (15.32%).Contribution to the total divergence was leastby pod yield per plant (1.09%). In accordancewith the results Vijay sekhar et al. (2005)reported little contribution of pod yield per planttowards genetic divergence.Based on magnitude of D2 values, 64genotypes were grouped into seven clusters(Table 2). Cluster VII was the largest withmaximum number of genotypes (28) followedby cluster I  (24). Cluster II ,  I I I ,  IV and Vcomprised two genotypes each and cluster VIconstituted four genotypes. The estimates ofintra and inter cluster distances represented byD2 values have been given in Table 3. D2 valuesbetween all possible pairs of 64 genotypesranged between 4.52 and 27.75, which showedthe presence o f  cons iderab le  amount  o fdiversity in the material under study. Themaximum intra cluster distance was recordedfor cluster VI (19.14) followed by cluster VII(17 .91)  and c lus te r  I  (15 .49)  revea l ingsubs tant ia l  d ivers i ty  wi th in  the  c lus te r.However the lowest intra cluster distance wasobserved in cluster II indicating that the strainsof this cluster resemble one another geneticallyand appeared to have evolved from commongene pool. Maximum inter cluster values wereobserved between IV and VI (27.75) whichindicated the maximum divergence between thegenotypes included in these clusters suggestingformation of desirable recombinants by way ofintermating between the genotypes from theseclusters.The mean values of each cluster for allthe fourteen characters are given in Table 4. Itcould be seen that clusters differ with respectto mean expression of various characters andthis reflects that the clusters formed are verydistinct. The genotypes included under clusterVII showed high mean values for the characterspod yield per plant, shelling percentage, kernelyield per plant, oil content and oil yield perplant while clusters IV showed lower values forTable 1: Contribution of various characters towards totaldivergenceS. No. Character Contribution (%)1 Plant height (cm) 7.832 Branches/plant 1.243 Days to 50% Flowering 4.664 Days to maturity 3.675 Matured pods/plant (g) 2.286 Pod yield/plant (g) 1.097 Kernel yield/plant (g) 21.728 Shelling percentage 2.039 100 kernel weight (g) 1.7310 Sound mature kernel (%) 1.9811 Harvest index (%) 4.4112 Oil content (%) 15.3213 Oil yield/plant (g) 4.3114 Specific leaf area (cm2/g) 27.67Total 100       www.IndianJournals.com            Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale     Downloaded From IP - 220.225.236.59 on dated 3-Apr-2013126 LEGUME RESEARCHall the above characters. The genotypes fromthese c lusters may be used as parents torecombine these characters. Here, it is worthyto mention that in calculating cluster means,the superiority of a particular genotype inrespect of a given character get diluted by othergenotypes that are related and grouped in thesame cluster which are inferior or intermediaryfor that character in question. Hence, apartfrom selecting lines from clusters which havehigh inter cluster distance for hybridization, onecan also think of selecting parents based onTable 4 : Mean values of seven clusters of groundnut for 14 quantitative charactersClusterPlant Branches Days to Days Matured Pod Kernel Shelling 100- Sound Harvest Oil Oil SpecificNo. height /plant 50% to pods yield yield (%) kernel mature index content yield leafflowering maturity /plant / plant /plant weight kernel (%) (%) /plant areaI 26.49 7.38 37.67 112.90 16.90 15.10 10.45 69.39 26.99 68.13 33.89 44.34 4.66 113.45II 25.63 5.85 38.50 116.75 13.75 13.25 10.65 80.37 35.43 75.50 39.09 45.75 4.87 115.45III 26.10 8.75 39.75 106.50 16.50 14.63 11.10 75.91 25.73 66.25 31.30 45.70 5.08 116.40IV 21.50 4.20 36.25 108.25 14.25 12.63 7.85 62.31 37.00 75.50 27.88 42.58 3.35 160.20V 22.45 7.50 39.75 119.75 12.75 13.00 10.33 79.41 28.03 68.50 34.73 46.60 4.81 119.65VI 29.38 8.58 36.88 109.75 17.25 17.23 13.61 78.90 28.73 70.75 33.08 47.23 6.47 96.99VII 27.62 7.28 37.34 110.82 16.36 14.90 10.66 72.11 28.81 71.38 30.46 44.73 4.76 126.47Table 3: Average Intra and Inter cluster distances among seven clusters formed by 64 genotypes of groundnutCluster I II III IV V VI VIII 15.49 16.65 13.81 18.01 15.15 20.86 17.02II 4.52 10.97 23.19 7.97 16.42 17.00III 5.56 20.45 10.42 16.09 14.46IV 5.60 22.53 27.75 19.82V 5.84 17.51 17.10VI 19.14 21.11VII 17.91Table 2: Distribution of 64 Groundnut genotypes into different clustersCluster     Number                                                   Accession Number/nameNo. of genotypesI 24 ICGV 88145, ICGV 89104, ICGV 1337, ICGV 89322, ICGV 00350, ICGV 01354, ICGV 87846, ICGV02322, ICGV 99210, ICGV 05089, ICGV 05090, ICGV 05094, ICGV 05099, ICGV 05100, ICGV05103, ICGV 04071, ICGV 02409, ICGV 04096, ICGV 02099, ICGV 02063, ICGV 05049, ICGV03042, ICGX-020063-F2-B1-SSD-P18-B1, ICGX-020063-F2B1-SSD-P13-B1II 2 ICGX-040038-F2-SSD, TKG19A X K3III 2 ICGX-020063-F2-B1-SSD-P20-B1,ICGX-020055-F2-SSD-SSD-P37 B1IV 2 JL-24, VRI-2V 2 TAG-24 X ICGS-76, PBS 11039 X NRCG 4839VI 4 ICGV 05033, ICGV 05052, PAFRGVT-58,  GG-20 X ICGV 91114             VII 28 ICGV 03037, ICGV 03016, ICGV 03010, ICGV 03157, PAFRGVT 60, ICGX-020063-F2-B1-SSD-P12-B1, ICGX-020063-F2-B1-SSD-P11-B1, ICGX-020063-F2-B1-SSD-P18-B1, ICGX-020063-F2-B1-SSD-P16-B1,ICGX-030043-F2-SSD-SSD-P2, ICGV 86301 X TAG 24, ICGX-020063-F2-B1-SSD-P18-B2, ICGX-020063-F2-B1-SSD-P15-B1, ICGX-020058-F2-SSD-SSD-P7-B1, CO-3 X JAL-31,PBS111039 X TAG-24, ICGV 86031 X TAG-24 XCSMG 84-1, ICGX-020063-F2-B1-SSD-P19-B1,JAL-18 X ALR-2, GG-2 XICGV 91114, JAL-31 X CO-3, ICGV-92267, ICGV-86031, TMV-2, Narayani,ICGV-91114, CTMG-1, GPBD-4. the extent  o f  d ivergence in  respect  to  acharacter of interest.The instances of grouping of genotypesof different origin or geographic origin in thesame c lus ter  observed.  This  sugges ts  norelat ion between genet ic  and geographicdiversity. Such lack of relationship betweengenet ic  and geographic divers i ty may beattributed to genetic drifts and selection indifferent environments that may cause greatergenetic diversity than geographical distance(Arunachalam et al., 1981). Therefore, the      www.IndianJournals.com            Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale     Downloaded From IP - 220.225.236.59 on dated 3-Apr-2013127Vol. 33, No. 2, 2010choice of suitable diverse parents selected on thebasis of genetic divergence analysis would be morerewarding than the choice made on the basis ofgeographic diversity. This finding is in agreementwith Gan et al. (1985), Katule et al. (1992), Nayakand Patra (1997) and Venkataravana et al. (2000).REFERENCESArunachalam, V. et al. (1981). Euphytica, 33: 33-39.Cochran, W.G. and Cox, G.M., (1957). Experimental Designs. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, pp 611.Fisher, R. A. (1936). Ann. Eugenics 7: 179-188.Gan, X. M. et al. (1985). Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 6: 27-31.Katule, B. K. et al. (1992). J. Maharashtra Agric. Univ., 17: 302-303.Mahalanobis, P.C. (1936). Proc. of National  Academy of Sci., India, 2:49-55.Nayak, P. K. and Patra, G. J. (1997). Environment and Ecology, 15(2): 249-254.Rao, C.R. (1952). Advanced Statistical Methods in Biometrics Research. Hafner Pu, Co., Carion, pp 371-378.Smith, H. F. (1936). Ann. Eugenics 7: 240-250.Venkataravana, P. et al. (2000). Mysore J. Agric. Sci., 34: 125-129.Vijaysekhar, C. et al. (2005). J. Oilseeds Res., 22: 350-352.

Genetic divergence of new germplasm and advanced breeding lines of groundnut (Arachis Hypogaea L.) studied under late kharif situation

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Genetic divergence of new germplasm and advanced breeding lines of groundnut (Arachis Hypogaea L.) studied under late kharif situation

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