With the establishment of International Agricultural Research Centers (IARC) the international exchange of seed has greatly increased. For example, during 1989 ICRISAT exported 13164 samples of chickpea seed and 6095 samples of groundnut seed to 41 and 37 countries, respectively. There is always a risk that pathogens can be transmitted by seed.

Seed-borne fungi, bacteria and viruses result in yield losses, reduction in seed germination, increased risk of deterioration in storage, and harmful effects on humans and animals because of toxic metabolites of certain mold fungi

Haware, M P

Reddy, D V R

Smith, D H

ICRISAT Open Access Repository

Quarantine for seed F A 0  PLANT PRODUCTION AND PROTECTION PAPER Quarantine for seed Ed~lod by S.B. Mathur Danish Gov~.rnmenl I~isl;lulo f Scou Palhology lor DCvclopin[~ Cou~ilrics Hollcrup. Coponh:lr~t!n, Dwmnrk ;IN H.K. Menandhnr Ccnlral Olvir;mn al Plani Yzlholagy Ndpirl Ac~r~culli~ral Rcscarch C,?uncil Kl\u~irallar, LilIIPUI. Nepal Proceedings ol thc Works!lop or1 Quarantinc lor Seed in Ihc Near East, held at lhs  Intcmalionrrl Csrllcr for Agricultural Research In ihc [Icy Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Sy-'. I I , I ~  Arsb Republic, 2 to 9 Nover;lScr 199 1 Ycnr Book (lc)88), c1iickpc:i was p lnn~u lo~ i  i l l 1  iIm;ioI ro.cll mill~on Iicct:~rcs 111 IOXb and production wrix nci~fly 7 million ronncs. l'liouglr ilic ovcr;ill yicld potcniiitl ol prcscnt dry culdvars is ovcr 3000 kg lrn". tlrc ilvcrilgc pwiuctivlty ih only itI)ol~t 700 kg bn". About 45 fungal d i s k i s  Ir:lvc hccn mponcd nrr chickpa Iniln tlift'crcnt Iritt.lh 01 Ihc world (Ncnc ct nl., 1989). Of oa)lrotnic imp~nii i~cc ilrc I;t~s;~rittn~ will (I-'rr.s,rriror~ ayslmrrrrn f.sp. ciccri), dry roo1 rot (Nl~i:ocrur~icr I~rtnr~icofr), Asctzlty~i~ I)ligIit (rlsc4~11y1u mlriei) and Botrytis gray molt1 ( I I o ~ r ~ ~ ~ i s  citroncj. 01' liic Iiulllclotlb Jirmscs rccorclcd. vcry few an: rccd-bornc. klnwiln: ct (11. (11)78j clcscrilmd tile wed-bomc narurc o f  I.: nxyslrvrunrrr f.sp. ciccri, and sccd-hortm discnscs causcd by Ihis spits and by A. rabid. 11. cirrcrcrr, Cnllerorricf~rrol rlr:a~rr~irrrrt ntitl /\/~cr.lltrritr ~Ildryrn~a. Mctlwds for thcir dctcctio~r ill sccd wcrc rlcscrilxtl in :I I~F~IIIIC:I~ Irl~llc~in (Hnwerc or rrl.. 1986). l'liir bi~llctilr is pririii~rily intc~rclctl Ihr scccl ~~rothlctitr~i. WC~I  ccnificadon. and plea1 q l l i i r i l~ i l i~ i~  C~SOI~IICI. Fusarium wilt Tltc discasc hm hccn rcpnnul I'ro11r scvcral co~~rilrics. Li~rlp it~l'cctiorl a!rl~~criniss kills phncs, resulting ill tolnl yicltl loss. III Indin. ir is csti~~i;~tctl to ~,;tusc ;I 10';. nnnunl yicld loss. 'tlrc rungus is it V ; ~ S C U ~ ~  pitthopn r i l i t l  l b  suil- itntl seed-k~ruc. S d - b ~ r n c  infcctiotl is l~si l i~l ly prcscnt ill weds hi~rvtslcd fro111 ~>l; l i l ts  svhizl~ \rarl~ nftcr pod fonnaion. SWJS rronr wilted ~ l :~n ls  arc g~~icri i l ly stl l ir l l .  \vririklcc1. ;IIII~ discolourcd. 'Tllus discascd scctl riln IW tlctcc~ctl visui~lly, hut ii .scc~~iiri;:lp IIOIIII,I~ sccd mny nlsn harbour tlic patliogc~~. 'I'hcrcforc, ir i s  Illqwn;lnt tcr tcrt tlit: srctl hrr. the prcscncc of dic fungus. I4ilwarc cr (11. (1 978) slrowcd il1:11 tlic f'ii~igt~h \V;IS lIr1:sclll in Ihc hilum rcyinlr of dic sccd ill thc ion11 ol' chlaniytlosjx~~-likc struclurcs. 'I'l~csc s~ructurcs wcrc thick-wallcd, sphcricill, sloscly p:~ckcrl, and cor~rrcctcd by hyl)l~ill (:,:11!,. Cliickpca cu11iv;lrs din'cr in ~ h c  x ~ c l i ~  ol' yicld loss i i l~d scccl inkclion (1lnw:trc: ~ I I I ~  Ncnc, 1980). Thc nrirrit coninion n~cthorls ol' pntlrogcn tlislx~.si~l nrr: i~pl~:~rctitly I y sccd and mil. For dctcction. 400 sccds itre surl'acc+itcrilit,c(I hy rr~~t~rcrsinl: llicrlt for 2 11111: ill 2.5% ~ U C O U S  solution of sodiwi Ilypcrchlorilc. Sacdr arc tl~cn olaterl ottto ~ l l ( t ( I i l i ~ ! i !  C i ~ p ~ k - D o x  agar ( I0 pcr plate) itntl i~icubatal ill 7U'C for X rlitya in :I tliur.n;tl c:yil~ of 12 Ir o f  ncar-UV light kllawad by I2 11 derkncss. 'I'l~c whitr: ctluony ti1ycsi1~1111 of p. o,ry.rfronwl Lsp. ciccri CiIU bc ohscrvccl cnrcrgiii~: I'nllii 111c acctl (I l;~u.icly. r.: (11.. 1986). A seedling synipionl test sliould Ix ctnployctl i f  ;In i t x ;~~  n~:tlinli~ 1.4 110: nv;lilalrlc. Surfacc-stcrilixd scds nrc sown i t 1  soil or I'il~c ~.ivcrlrct! sitlid in 1)olh. ' l ' l ~ ~ h r :  pols arc k c p  in e growlir cliiitnbcr or in ii glurslinusr: iii 25°C ill i~ c l ~ i ~ l . r ~ ; ~ l  cyclc of 12 11 ligllt ;md I2 11 dorkncss. Seedlings slioultl bc ~iinrritolud for will bylIlpiOlllh ~ ~ n ~ i l  :II Icnst 40 drys a r m  sowing (DAS). 'I'hc sccclli~~p.s fro111 inlbctcd scct:s gcnr.r;~ily \\l it bctwccn I 5  and 25 DAS. Tllc fungus call Ix: isoiiacd l'r0111 ronta. 'I'lic wilt r.c)ilitl c l ~ l y  a g m  with thc nulllbcr of colta~icb clctcctcd on sclcctivc l l l ~ l i t l l l l  (1 l;i\r.;ir~: ef r11.. 1978). I I I i ~ i o ~ n  I I I :  I i I f';~krsl:tn. \bcht Am. an(! Noflhcrn hlrlc;~. III I';ILIsI;I:I. itl)oul 70t,t, ol iI:c t:~.~:p wits, Inhl ttr tlic disc;~\c ie 137'1 and in i!)80 ihc;~;:, 1982). I t  i t l ~ n  ;III~~c~:I.~:~! :I) :.,1\ipl:?1oit~ torttt it1 paris of Punjab a11t1 llitry:t~i:~ SI:ICS or  111cIi;l duri~r;; IOXO ;!ti(! :I/:<! l:or iIi~: I~P,I ti111c. i l t  19x3. Ki~iscr ;I~J Mucl~ll);~t~cr (!984) r~i:j~ortc(! ;I ~:.I:c 111 ,: II!?II :~>~:i( lc~~cc of t)l~gl)t ill gcnnplilsr~i cv;tlu;iliol~ tti:tla ;tt I't~lirtii~li, \.'St1 Sc,;::ri;)-:,;:I.<;; i d  125 ilcccsblorrs lcstcd wcrc aIfcctc(1. (:ool, ivc: ~wc!i~tlicr ~II:,~II; ~~III;: ;,:id jidy ~ i ~ v ~ r u ~ ~ ~ l  ir)fccIio~  i111d spread of ilic p;t11\0!;;::1. ,\t:~crrcl~~ij!, t o  ;!:a:: ;I,::: :!I<,. ;;;II:I(>;.C;I ,&;I$ i~ttrui!uccd inlc~ IIC l.;S/l 011 st!cd 111>1>oricd fro;:i Syfi;i .IIII.:!I~C i:;<!i,~ 'rllr: l:ltrsl COIIIII~CII; ;I:II! I:I'I'~L.I~VC ! i 1 C i I i ~ t l  0 1  (fl.r'>!::l>ill;~~i(~~~ nl A .  ttrbici apjriirs to I I~  in scr \ l  Inl'cc:,:rl ~CCJI, .:rc \III;II!. i~ l i : ik !~( I ,  ;111<1 !I;LI~: (!;irk hrnwn lcsinlia ol' V~II~I:, !ilt;~lrt::, ,III(I \ i~,cs (!il Ilii!~~ t;!.:~:, I>:+L.:I~(!I:I ,IP? foii~ill I;., dcq) Icsiiln\ 011 1hc.sC hc21.I. I , . I I : ~  I !1;:;i:11, .I I or11;:1 I may skew only s:i;;,!it (!~%cuIt~r;:i;otl 011 ;lit: htlrliic~: k,:,: I;):::*, ;.;l~ht~~:r t k  ~;I~I(!;,CI. - In sccds from plants wliicli wilt irlicr jxnl forninlion, sccd-lwrnc inl'cctio~~ IS commonly obwkctl. I.lcncc roguing of w i i t d  planis (at lcast l'or seed purposes) ;II harvest rcduccs Urc nurnbcr of infcctcd sccds. Use of inoculun~-l'rcc sccd rcduscs IIIC A, mlriei cnn sorvivc in dircorcd crop dcbris on or trcrr ~ l l c  soil n~tli lcc hr  two y~ (Luthn er ctl.. 1935). Crop rotetian ciln climinillc this sourcc 01' prllnilry inoculurn. In ordcr to rrculrnlizc this intxulum snurcc llic tlcntl lrlnll~ tlchr~s hl\ai~ltl bc rclrrovcd or plorlgllcd dccp. ?'llis wo11lJ prol)ilbly clil~~in:llt: ~ h c  p~otll~clioll (11 111~: p r fcc l  stagc of thc psthogcs in thc ovcrwi~rlcrcd crop clchris. Vi:lhlc ilsc(,raporcs ci111 bc dispersed Tor long distnnccs on llir currcnts nntl tllus miry i1111aclucc tlrc pnllic~:.!,~: 10 now nrcu (Tnpcro-casas iurd Keiscr. 1987). Sexual rcproduclinn ct~illcl ;11st) contribute to incrmscd veriirbility ol' die ~)atI iop~l. Sced trcntmcnt. An 0.1 'K, ~crnr i~a"  soii~tiot~ sccd trc:~~nicnt li)llnwctl i,y :I :,rc.ri trcntmcnl with 0.2% thirne~ or 0.2% PCNII hi~s k e n  rcportctl lo SII~III.US~ itlilt dcvclopn1cnl. ~rv ist ia"  seed lrciltnlcnl a1 2.5 fi kg ' sccd rolc ~ ~ ; r s  illh0 C~~;~TII:'~: 111 pot cxpcri~ncnta (Sliukla PI NI. 1981 ). Smd drcssing with Ilcl~l:i~c 'l'" !:lO':& ~L:IIIIIII~~ + 30% tlrinrn) nt 1.5 g kg'' of sccd cndicn~wl hc scal-lmmc inoculu~n (I Iilwilrt- [ - I  ctl.. 1978) of cliickpc;~ ft~snriu~n will. A Cillixin MI' (I I 'lh tridcirr1rpIr .e 3(ici III~IIII;~) sccd tmlmicnt hw crndicnlccl tlic xed-Imrnc incxulum ol' A, rcrbiei (licdrly cat 111 , 1982). Thc slurry s d  trciitmcnt at 2.5 g kg'  with Calixin MIL, (:irlixin M" + [hir;aa (1:l). Calixin MY + Bnvis(inY. i ~ ~ i d  Il;rviritinn + tlliril~ri (13) wlic~i Icbtcd 11s 111c blotar-nicthocl eppnrcnlly clilllinnlcd tlrc sccd-bor~lc inc~ulum. I~UL wlic~i pli\ttd on OaL-1i1cnl ngar, tlic luagus wns isolatcd hill 4-0 pc~,wct ol' trciltcd scctl (,I, rcil~ici) as comp;\rcd with 30% mwvcry from u~~irciitcd swd. I~lowcver. C:i~lin~n M". (:illisin MY + thirom, and Calixin MY + Bavistinq Irci~tillcllts sigl~if ia~n~ly rcdtlcc(1 scccilin; vigor. IJavistinY + thinrn accd trcnmcnt wils lrcst for cri~tlication ol' acr:il.l>o~~~c: inaculum. signilicanlly incmasing tlic scccl prn~iniil ion i111d scctlling vi;:or ('l'~.i~ntiii el ctl.. lYU6). Tliinbcndtmlc swd trcatmcn~ (3 p, ki i l  scccl) is tnorc cl' lctr\~r :III(! snrcr thm using Cnlixin MK (Rctldy i~nd Knh;tkli, 1084). '~rci11111cnt ol' SCCLI \ v i l l i  en cffactivc fungicide would control thc disc:lsc nlmst ccorlol~iic;~lly i~l lowin~. lrcc in~crnadonnl distribution of sccd i111d rcrlucing tlic clangcr of inlrorluciriil. !lie I)~II~~O!!L:II into ncw ilms. Sccd-bornc tliscnses o f  g r o i ~ ~ ~ d t i i r t  causcd by fta~l;i, ncnrntatlca, :rlitl bacteria Tho groundnut or Fittlut (Arnchis 1ty)o~nivt) w:ls ol.igi~~i~tctl i i r  Sou~ l~  t\msriiil. but i t  is now widcly cultivntcd in Impic:~l i~nd sr~blropirnl ;mas ul' six co~ltincnts. Thc Jpundnut hrr high oil and pn,~cin cnrtcnts. I l a ~ ~ l ~ ~ r s  :Ire ed IO tlo~~~c:.tic urlimals in many countries. A world list or gmundnut diucescs w:ir rcccntly publishctl hy SII~)~;II~I~I;~II~;I~~ (:  of., (llm). Thcrc arc ovcr 60 fungal discnscd, 17 viral di.ucascs, one 1iacIcri;ll disalsc. Fu'i~iiicrous l'1111;i I);IVO I>ci:r) ~'.~)liiI~i! Iiili:~ i:roi~nd~~~lt srcd. 'I'hc fungi frcqucntly i~ssc~ciil~crl uvi1l1 bccd TOIIII)~ 411id SCCIII:II~: ~ I ~ ; I . T C \  ;IIC, ~ \~~~~r l ; i l lu .~ jk~~vus.  A s ~ ~ r ~ i l l u ~  t~igcr, Frr.w~ri~rtrt spp., IA;,YI~I!~/~/IJ~!I(J I/II~C~~I~)~~III~IC. ; \ f t~t:ro/~l~ot~~it~i~ /)/IcI.~co/ II(~. I~crcicilli~rrir app.. I'JI~~IIIJI spp.. \'iii;q~~c.r sly)., Sr.lr!rotir~icr rr~ir~or and Scleroriurrc roI/:sii. Moa: t)1'111c~.c: i~ittli?;)"~:.. (1rc.111. tv!t!:i:< ):I :11;:11:1 :!l~)~l~rrInu!-g~~wlng itrcas of llic \@/tJrl(l, sc\jcri~i s.(:tS(; l ) ! 'O l~?Ci ;~ l i t  f;~lrgll'it~,!~~ :I:(: ::hcc! ~ i ! t : ~ ~ r  i lk ;I SIII;~ I 'U~~ICI~C I>; 3s ilil~lit:t.!s ol [ \ \ t i  iir illon: !u::gi~it!r':. :::;~,!l:~i:l;! $;I1 ilic SlXcLrlinl of !u:i$al p;tlh~gcnb ill ! i l l 1  \ I l l 1 1  l i t  I : !  ! ! I  l i l i  I ~ l l l I l l ; l ! i l l l ~ l l b  Of CilPlm. L~II.I>OXII!, l.ICS,\. C:II:IX(II~ I:I;I:;:!>. h:c::;l;;$>;. I'('','.I> a:];! l l ~ i r ~ n ~  :lrc rcco~r\~ncndcd fnr;~pplit!;tti(~f: [<I ;s?~I~I~I;!;~II~ SCI:~. .S,:l(:to!iti;(: ~!::II~II.. ;IIL: ~ i 1~ lh .11  ;~gir~!  of S<,!i:rt~!~>ii: t>li;!i; ~ ) f  i:roui~di~r~:s. I1;1s i t  widc j~o>t :;II~;~,c [t\kc:1;1 ;!II(! >.?cItr(ik, 1990: ili)r(cr I : ~i! . ll)S1ln. I i i l \ ~ ~ v ~ f .  SII~CC ;lrc curtcnl ~I is i r~ l i~t !~on 01 Si.lt:rt~~l~~i,l l?l~l:ii: ($1  ;;:~I~IIIC!~:;II i> Ii~ilii:!~l. tllc ~ l ~ s : r ~ ~ ~ t l l i o ~ i  ol' . w d  I I I ~  I ! !  I I  I S r i i !  ! ~ o !  Sclcroui~ of S. r~~rtrar col11:no:tiy form w~lhil: ~iotl:; ;III\! ac.i:~..iclcllilly \vitl~:n sccds. I'l~c~rl'orr. ~ c t l  r o l ~ l t  i ~ c s  I I 1 :  ! i  SC!CI(II:,I 01' S. rrl i l l(?r C;lIl LUIV~VC lor scvl!r;d yc.ira i~ i  ;:I,~,IIIC~IUI !ic!dh, ?!)I\ I:, ;I;:,\I!I~ ~.C;ISOII for av(>i~li!~~! d15Irihut10i1 01' h ~ ~ d  I)T$)IIu~cJ ill ii~f~hl::ti i~l(:~. P, solatiucmrun~ can bc dmcctcd using thc SPA ~nccliuln (I.laywanl, l9lr4) or thc TZC medium ('Kclman, 1954). Colonics of bacterium arc fluidal :lnd irregular in shape and whim or pink ccntm Utat darken with age. Avirulcrlt w,lonics urc round buryrous and uniformly red cvcn at thc carly stage ool growlh. Sccd-bornc virus discases of groundntrt and chickpea Sovcral economically imporlatit groulldnut discascs arc cnuscd by scctl-born6 viruses, Howcver. only nnc .wl.hornc virus of' rtiincw imprtancc hi~z bccn rcpor~ctl on chickpea (Kniscr cr 01.. 1990). Or tllc plant viruscs wlricli i11fa1 groundlrt~t utrdcl. na lud conditions (Rddy, I95jl) at Ic;~st livc arc accd-transmitted ('Ti~blcs I nlld 2). lnfcction o f  gamctcs is ncwsary lo  fi~cilitntc: sccd innsmission of virn.ws, III tltc wrsc of  peanut moulc (PMV) and pcnnut sltipc (PStV) viruscs. infcetctl sccd acrvc ao the primary siburcc of inoculum. Durpitc availability or highly wnsitivc end rcliablc nrctl~mls lor dctcction ol accti- bornc viruses. IJ- tcchniqucs nrc nor widcly uscd in dcvcloping counlrics. 'rhub in  many urunlrics thcsc viruscs may 1101 hc dclcc~cd w i ~ h  currcnt inslxction ~iictliods. Seed-bornc viruscs can bc dctcctcd ciil~cr by n dim[ mcthtd (growinpun t&.ts) or try indirect methods (infcelivity ways. scrologicrl Ics~s, n~td complcmcnliiry DNA probes). For growing-on tcsts rccdlings nrc rniscd in s ~ c r i l i ~ ~ r l  roil in ;I grcc~~l~ousc. Viruscs which produce rnncmticopic symptoms can k cnsily ~rcognizctl, but thosc that producc no ovcrl symptoms crrcapd in this tat. Sincc dii~gnostic hosls itrr: currcntly avnilablc for nll sccd-lransmittcd viruses ia grouncl~\u~ Crnhlr: 2), infcctivicy ,ways can bc u d  for virus dctcction. 'Shcy arc rccornmcndal for usc in coulluics whcrc faciliticr for performing scrolt~gical [cuts i111d nuclcic ncitl Ilyt~ritli~alion tcsls an: not rvrilnhlc. Infectivity assays ilrc ~ s p ~ c i i ~ l l ~  v lui blc or virus tlclccliorl in ' on lcsts. plan& exhibiting no symplorns in gmwinb- Of all serological, tcstd currcnlly avi~ilat)lc for ~ h c  dctcction or groundau[ virrlbcs, cnzymc-linkcd immunosorbcnt itssay (ELISA) is tltc most prclcrrcd :~ssay mcthcxl. ELISA mclhocls for dncction of vin~vcs in groundnut sccd 11avc ixcn dcscl'ihrd (Sudarsbma cr ul., 1WO). Al l  currently known aiccd-tnnsmiLtal groundnut viruscs co~llnin single rlrirndcd RNA. I t  is passiblc to pmducc complcmc~~tnry DNA (cDNA) probcs whicil cnn bc uMd i n  a variety of nuclcic ncid hybridi~ntion tesls. cDNA probcs herc bccn u s d  for dclcfting PMV and PSlV in groundnur riccd (Bijaisorndal and Kub. 1988). Nudcic acid hybridiwtion k9ts need highly pcrishablc cnaynics a11t1 cli~&)riltc laboratory failitics. Until non-rdionctivc cDNA probcs (Koy ct al., 1988) arc madc nvailablc at afford?lc cosu to rcscamll workcrs in dcvcloping coualrics cDNA probcs will probably not bc utilircrl Tor rouliile virus dclcctinn in sccd. _ _ I - -  Virus :~nd Parl~clc Scrulagical rcaelions vrrus group 111orlrholo;;y ;w~s~tivc ncgativc - -.-.- ~CIIIUI rno~llc Flex~rnlls rtrds htl/.ulri hcra ~!rr>saic Bean ydbw 6, polyvirus 740-750 nrrr Icn!:~lr Groundnut eyepot. 13 nn~ wrdlli ~ ~ m o a e i C .  Pcanul Arlpc R:rnuc str~pc I . l cx i~o~~s  rods I!iacri cyc cowlm I h n  yclhw nmuc. pcicyvtrclr 72.2 IIIII II;II~I~I ~r~ns:~ii: jurnu~ nrorlle 13 nr:i w1dr11 Clirvcr ycllow vcin SoyIran ;rrosa,l: IDcanur C~IIIII~ 'T\VO rln: ~ ! ~ : ~ ~ x ' d  [ i t ~ s i  :I& *cvcr.aI IIccI nccrol ic I'urovirub ~ ~ ; ~ c t i c l ~ ! ~  ,crolopi.~lly yellow vcin, 245 nrli Icng~i~ r!1\11nc1 iholatcs. Pol~lo nrop Inp. 150 rrilr lcng11t Crrrv. :r;rcunn So11.bornc rlrrztt 2.1 Irln wrdlli rlCCUl':. : l i l l O l l ~  S l l l l l C  lII<lhnic I~uI,IIc\ U~IIII~CI I I I I  Spl:cr:c.;li Sckcr;ll ~sc?l.~lcs tit' - * C'II(.IIIIIOV~I i lb  28 nrl~ di;~~lrcLc~ cu;cr~n!)cr :11asaic ancl p m u ~  luni viruscs 'l'lir pi,csc~icc ol' scrolo~icirll~ d~ffcrznl isol;~lcs for vrniscs sue11 ;I.$ pcanul clu~np il'CV) nr:ly posc prt)blcrrr for nsin; serological tcchniqucs for vims dctcction in rpilr.?ntlnc. ' I ' l i r l ~  bi.oatl-slxctrurl1 ~rlor~ociorr;rl i 1 1 1 1 i k ~ l i ~ q  itlid rDNA probcc hnvc irn~ncnst: potcnull lilr virus ilct\:i.l~on in LCCJ. Rescan-11 on production of non-rarlice~clivc DNA probcs for I'CV I> in progress ;I[ ICRISAT. The two widcly clislributctl sccil-trornc viruacs, YhlV ;~nrl I'SIV. irrc potyvir~scs and it is possible that ollsr po~yviruscs niay ~rsnbrni\ ih:o\i~li $roundnut scrtl. Titus i t  is also cssctttinl lo [ir(xlucr: ;tntibad:cs wlrlch <:a\ clctcs~ ;I large nirn~lxr of potyviruscs, Kcccnlly Shukla :111d \Vnrtl ( I O X 9 )  rcpurlctl t h ~ t  poiydi>nn! .ratihotllb can Ix produccd for ~ h c  orc region or virili lx>lyjsptidc. ~ l i i c l l  IS highly cc~rrscrvcd in dinhrcnl polyviruscs, Rcscilrcli on producunn of 1wlyclo1~;~i :lr\[iscri~. To: ilrc cox rcglon of potyvirus pol)pcpliclcs, Ibr clc~sc~inn ol'sc\.cr.~l por!.vir.trzcs is rn prt>grcsr al ICRISAT. Sincc co:iin): IllCilSLlJ'<~h l i1  ~r.ldii;ilc ~hc  ~~~:tI-Iwrnc ~ i m s  i nwu lu~ l~  arc no1 arililithlc. 11 siro~rld hc cns~rrcd 111.1: o111y virus-frcc secd, arc uscd in germpl~~tn cxclr;~ngc. [icrl~tyl~cs r r i w l~ i s l~  tlic \ iruc is t101 sccil-~r;r~rsn~i~iccl Iii~vc bccn identified 

Chickpea and Groundnut Seed-borne Diseases of Economic Importance: Transmission, Detection and Control

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