Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp., syn. Cajanus

                                        indicus) is a member of the Fabaceae family and

                                        has many wild relatives. These include Cajanus

                                        scarabaeoides (L.) Thouars, C. sericeus (Benth. ex

                                        Baker) Maesen, C. acutifolius (F. Muell.) Maesen,

                                        C. albicans (Wight & Arn.) Maesen, Rhynchosia

                                        aurea, R. bracteata Benth. ex Bak and Flemingia

                                        bracteata (Roxb.) Wight (van der Maesen 1985). The

                                        pigeonpea plant is an erect annual or short-lived

perennial reaching a height of 1–3 m. Because the coarse bush is deeply rooted, it has wide

adaptability and grows well in semi-arid areas. It has slender, pointed trifoliate leaves and

yellow or yellow and red flowers. Pods are green and pointed with some reddish mottling.

Several pods are produced in clusters on an upright stem

Reddy, K N

Sastry, D V S S R

Upadhyaya, H D

ICRISAT Open Access Repository

PigeonpeaHD Upadhyaya, KN Reddy and DVSSR SastryInternational Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Andhra Pradesh, IndiaRegeneration GuidelinesIntroductionPigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp., syn. Cajanus indicus) is a member of the Fabaceae family and has many wild relatives. These include Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) Thouars, C. sericeus (Benth. ex Baker) Maesen, C. acutifolius (F. Muell.) Maesen, C. albicans (Wight & Arn.) Maesen, Rhynchosia aurea, R. bracteata Benth. ex Bak and Flemingia bracteata (Roxb.) Wight (van der Maesen 1985). The pigeonpea plant is an erect annual or short-lived perennial reaching a height of 1–3 m. Because the coarse bush is deeply rooted, it has wide adaptability and grows well in semi-arid areas. It has slender, pointed trifoliate leaves and yellow or yellow and red flowers. Pods are green and pointed with some reddish mottling. Several pods are produced in clusters on an upright stem. Pigeonpea is often cross-pollinated by bees (Megachile spp.). Cross-pollination ranges from 0–40% depending on genotype and insect pollinator populations (van der Maesen 1985). Consequently, precautions are needed during regeneration to preclude cross-pollination and preserve the genetic integrity of germplasm accessions.Choice of environment and planting seasonClimatic conditionsPigeonpea can be grown in a wide range of climates.Geographical areas with low precipitation and low relative humidity during seed ripening and maturation favour crop growth.Planting seasonPigeonpea is a short-day species which flowers early with short days. Day length of 11–11.5 hours (Gooding 1962) and a temperature range of 22–30°C (Whiteman et al. 1985) are suitable for crop growth. Preparation for regenerationTime to regenerateWhen seed stocks are <50 g. When germination drops to below 75%.When more than 25% of seeds are infected by one or more fungi, such as Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Fusarium, Macrophomina, Penicillium, Phoma and Rhizopus spp. (Rao and Bramel 2000). Seed sampleTo maintain genetic integrity, use a seed sample from the original source whenever possible.The minimum number of plants required for regeneration is 180.About 23 g of seed are required to regenerate an accession.Treat the seed with an effective fungicide to control seed-borne fungi.For each accession, prepare one seed packet for planting each row.Label the packets with identification number and row number and arrange them according to field lay-out.Field selection and preparation Choose a field that has not been under pigeonpea for the previous 2 years to reduce disease risk.Pigeonpea grows best on Alfisols (red soils) or Vertisols (black soils).Pigeonpea is susceptible to waterlogging, salinity and soil acidity. Choose fields with good drainage, low salinity and a pH between 5 and 8.5.Prepare the land to a fine tilth by ploughing to a depth of 15–20 cm twice, followed by harrowing two or three times.Make ridges 75 cm apart on a levelled field.Method of regenerationPollination controlCross-pollination due to bees (Megachile spp.) needs to be prevented to maintain the genetic integrity of accessions.••••••••••••••••••Cover plants with muslin bags or grow accessions in insect-proof cages to avoid cross-pollination. The latter may be a more economical way (Reddy et al. 2006). Planting layout, density and distanceDivide the field into plots (also known as tiers), with a 1-m walkway between them. The size of the plots can vary from 3 to 9 m wide depending on the size of the field.Mark rows 75 cm apart across each tier, perpendicular to the length of the field, giving rows of 3 to 9 m in length, depending on the width of the plot. Assign row numbers in a serpentine pattern (i.e. planting from left to right in the first row followed by right to left in the second row or vice versa).Planting methodPlant on top of the ridges to facilitate good drainage, easy field operations and high soil moisture availability.Plant seed on ridges with a  25 cm spacing between ridges.Dibble two or three seeds manually to 4–5 cm depth per ridge.Labelling Label each accession with a tag fastened to a stake about 1 m high.Use strong paper for tags to withstand weathering.Crop managementWeed managementApply pre-emergent herbicide to control weeds.Inter-cultivate 20–25 days and 45–50 days after sowing to reduce the cost of manual weeding.Weed manually two or three times, depending on the number of weeds.Weed control is critical 30–40 days after sowing.IrrigationIrrigate after sowing if necessary.Ensure adequate soil moisture at flowering.FertilizationIf possible, carry out a soil test to determine fertilizer needs.Apply fertilizers and farmyard manure according to recommendations.Generally, apply a basal dose of diammonium phosphate at 100 kg/ha.ThinningThin seedlings to two plants per hill, 15 days after sowing, leaving a total of 180 plants per accession.  Common pests and diseasesContact plant health experts to identify pests and diseases and appropriate control measures. Some of the major pests and diseases of pigeonpea are:••••••••••••••••••••Wilt (Fusarium udum): causes loss of turgidity in leaves, slight chlorosis and browning of xylem vessels from root system to the stem.Sterility mosaic disease, caused by virus transmitted by mites: diseased plant becomes pale green and bushy without flowers and pods.Pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera), pod fly (Melanagromyza obtusa) and Maruca (Maruca testulalis): feed on flowers, pods and seeds and cause huge crop losses.Pest and disease controlControl soil-borne diseases through solarization of soil, by covering the field with a polyethylene sheet and practising crop rotation (Rao and Bramel 2000).Spray an appropriate acaricide two or three times to control sterility mosaic disease.Application of suitable insecticides and fungicides can control pigeonpea pests and diseases. HarvestingHarvest when pods are dry, which can be judged by a rattling sound when pods are shaken.Harvest pods from each plant separately.Clearly label bags/packets.Keep the bags of a plot (accession) together inside a labelled jute sack for drying.Do not harvest diseased plants.  Post-harvest management  Thresh the pods after drying for 2–3 days (to about 12% moisture) under shade by gentle beating with wooden mallets.Avoid spillover and seed mixing during threshing.If limited numbers of pods are available, separate seeds manually.Clean the seeds of debris by winnowing.Collect equal quantities of seed from each plant in a labelled muslin cloth bag to reconstitute the accession for further drying, preferably at a lower temperature and relative humidity.Verify the accession identity using seed traits.Send a representative sample of seed for seed health and initial viability testing.Reject seed samples that have high infection of seed-borne fungi (>25%) or seed viability less than 75%; regenerate such accessions again in the following season.Dry the seeds to 8–9% moisture content for medium-term conservation.For long-term conservation, dry the seeds to 5–7% moisture content using forced ventilation at 15°C and 15–20% relative humidity. If a drying room and forced ventilation facilities are not available, dry seeds to a moisture content of 5–7% with silica gel or other suitable desiccant.Pack seeds in impermeable containers (plastic bottles, aluminium containers, aluminium foil packets) for conservation and distribution.Avoid chemical treatment of seed intended for storage.••••••••••••••••••••••••Regeneration of wild pigeonpeaRaising seedlingsFill small plastic/paper cups or small pots (10 x 10 cm with a hole in the bottom) with a pasteurized mixture of 3 parts soil to 1 part farmyard manure.Scarify the seeds by making a small cut in the seed coat to improve water absorption and germination.Dress the seeds with fungicide to control seed-borne diseases.Put two to four seeds in each pot at about 3 cm depth.Water the pots every day using watering cans (Rao and Bramel 2000).TransplantingUse large pots (30 x 30 cm) filled with a pasteurized mixture of soil and farmyard manure (3:1) for creeping herbs such as C. platycarpus, C. scarabaeoides and Rhyncosia species. Plant out perennial shrubs and creepers such as C. albicans, C. crassus, C. goensis, C. heynei and C. mollis in a field genebank.Transplant seedlings when they have three or four leaves or are 2–5 cm tall. Transplant the seedling to the appropriate pot or field in the evening and water it.Keep the new pots in shade for 2 days, keeping the soil moist.If transplanted to the field, plant in rows 4 m long with a spacing of at least 25 cm between plants and arrange shade for 2 days.Use a minimum sample size of 8 to 10 plants for each accession.Provide bamboo stakes to support climbers such as C. albicans, C. crassus, C. goensis, C. heynei and C. mollis (Rao and Bramel 2000). All other procedures are the same as those for cultivated pigeonpea.Monitoring accession identityCompare for following traits in characterization data:Growth habitFlowering patternFlower colourPrimary seed colourVerify the accession identity and rogue plants that are genuine mixtures.Documentation of information during regeneration  The following information should be collected during regeneration: Regeneration site name and map/GPS referenceName of collaboratorField/plot/nursery/greenhouse referenceAccession number and population identificationSource of seedGeneration or previous multiplication or regenerationPreparation of planting materials (pre-treatments)Sowing date and densityField layout used•••••••••••••••••••••••••Field management details (watering, fertilizer, weeding, pest and disease control, stresses recorded, others)Environmental conditions (altitude, precipitation, soil type, others)Emergence in the field or greenhouse (number of plants germinated)Number of plants establishedDays from sowing to floweringBreeding systemPollination control method used (method, number of plants pollinated)Harvest date and methodNumber of plants harvestedQuantity of seeds harvestedAgronomic evaluation; agro-morphological traits recordedComparisons with reference materials (record any identification numbers or references of any samples taken from this regeneration plot)Post-harvest (describe any relevant procedures) (Rao and Bramel 2000).References and further readingGooding HJ. 1962. The agronomic aspects of pigeonpeas. Field Crops Abstracts 15:1–5.Rao NK, Bramel PJ. 2000. Manual of genebank operations and procedures. Technical Manual no. 6. ICRISAT, Patancheru, India.Reddy KN, Upadhyaya HD, Reddy LJ, Gowda CLL. 2006. Evaluation of pollination control methods for pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) germplasm regeneration. International Chickpea and Pigeonpea Newsletter 13:35–38. van der Maesen LJG. 1985. Cajanus DC and Atylosia W.& A. (Leguminosae). Agricultural University Wageningen Papers 85-4, 1985. Agricultural University, Wageningen, the Netherlands. 225 pp. Whiteman PC, Byth DE, Wallis ES. 1985. Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.). In: Summerfield RJ, Roberts EH, editors. Grain Legume Crops. Collins Professional and Technical Books, London, UK. pp. 685–698.AcknowledgementThese guidelines have been peer reviewed by Kameswara Rao, International Center for Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA), Dubai, UAE.Correct citationUpadhyaya H.D., Reddy K.N. and Sastry D.V.S.S.R. 2008. Regeneration guidelines: pigeon pea. In: Dulloo M.E., Thormann I., Jorge M.A. and Hanson J., editors. Crop specific regeneration guidelines [CD-ROM]. CGIAR System-wide Genetic Resource Programme, Rome, Italy. 8 pp.•••••••••••••1   Pigeonpea growing in the field.ICRISAT1Notes

Regeneration guidelines: pigeon pea

orghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) belongs

                                          to the Poaceae family and is widely cultivated. It is

                                          considered to be one of the most important cereal

                                          crops in the world. There are about 30 Sorghum

                                          species; S. bicolor is cultivated for grain and forage

                                          while S.halepense (L.) Pers. (Johnson grass) and S.

                                          propinquum (Kunth) Hitchc. are cultivated only for

                                          forage. Wild relatives of sorghum include S. bicolor

                                          subsp. verticilliflorum (Steud.) de Wet ex Wiersema

& J. Dahlb. (common wild sorghum; synonym: S. arundinaceum), Sorghum purpureosericeum

(Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Asch. & Schweinf. and Sorghum versicolor (Andersson).

Sorghum is an important part of the diet for many of the world’s population. It is mainly

consumed as flat bread or porridge. It is also used as a forage crop (ICRISAT 2008) and sweet

sorghum is grown to produce sorghum syrup.

Sorghum is extremely drought-tolerant, making it an excellent choice for semi-arid and dry

areas. Most cultivars are annuals although some are perennial. Sorghum stems may reach

over 4 m height, with small grains of 3–4 mm diameter. It is usually grown in clumps. The

inflorescence varies greatly in size and shape, ranging from loose drooping branches to a

compact-oval shape (IBPGR and ICRISAT 1993).

Although it is mostly self-pollinating, protogyny may cause at least 5% natural cross-

pollination (Purseglove 1972). The genetic integrity of sorghum accessions is thus

maintained by selfing

Reddy, V G

SorghumHD Upadhyaya, V Gopal Reddy and DVSSR SastryInternational Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Andhra Pradesh, IndiaIntroductionSorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) belongs to the Poaceae family and is widely cultivated. It is considered to be one of the most important cereal crops in the world. There are about 30 Sorghum species; S. bicolor is cultivated for grain and forage while S. halepense (L.) Pers. (Johnson grass) and S. propinquum (Kunth) Hitchc. are cultivated only for forage. Wild relatives of sorghum include S. bicolor subsp. verticilliflorum (Steud.) de Wet ex Wiersema & J. Dahlb. (common wild sorghum; synonym: S. arundinaceum), Sorghum purpureosericeum (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Asch. & Schweinf. and Sorghum versicolor (Andersson).Sorghum is an important part of the diet for many of the world’s population. It is mainly consumed as flat bread or porridge. It is also used as a forage crop (ICRISAT 2008) and sweet sorghum is grown to produce sorghum syrup.Sorghum is extremely drought-tolerant, making it an excellent choice for semi-arid and dry areas. Most cultivars are annuals although some are perennial. Sorghum stems may reach over 4 m height, with small grains of 3–4 mm diameter. It is usually grown in clumps. The inflorescence varies greatly in size and shape, ranging from loose drooping branches to a compact-oval shape (IBPGR and ICRISAT 1993). Although it is mostly self-pollinating, protogyny may cause at least 5% natural cross-pollination (Purseglove 1972). The genetic integrity of sorghum accessions is thus maintained by selfing.Regeneration GuidelinesChoice of environment and planting seasonClimatic conditionsSorghum can be divided into three groups, based on adaptation to temperature and daylight:Cool-tolerant, tropical (high-altitude) sorghums grow and reproduce under relatively low temperatures, especially low night temperatures. They occur in the highlands in the tropics and are photoperiod sensitive.Temperate sorghums are relatively insensitive to photoperiod and tolerate cold conditions at the beginning and end of the growing season but not during flowering. They are adapted to warm or hot days with cool nights.Lowland tropical sorghums are adapted to relatively warm days and warm nights throughout the growing season; they are photoperiod sensitive.Regeneration should be planned according to the type of sorghum and the prevailing environment. Preparation for regenerationWhen to regenerateWhen seed stocks are <50g.When germination falls below 75%.If the percentage of seeds infected by one or more of the following fungi is >25%: Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Fusarium, Macrophomina, Penicillium, Phoma and Rhizopus spp. Seed sampleSorghum is seed propagated. To maintain genetic integrity, use seed from the original source as far as possible.At least 50 plants are required for regeneration, preferably more. About 8–15 g of seed (depending on seed size) are required for regenerating an accession.For each accession, prepare one seed packet for planting each row.Label the packets with identification number and row number and arrange them according to field lay-out.Field selection and preparation Sorghum can be grown on a wide range of soils but vertisols (black soils) are best for regeneration. Soil pH should be 5.5–8.5 and the plant will tolerate some salinity, alkalinity and poor drainage.Select fields in which sorghum was not grown in the previous year.Choose a field with good drainage that is weed-free at the time of sowing to ensure a good reserve of soil moisture.Prepare the land to a fine tilth by deep ploughing, followed by three or four harrowings.Level the field and make ridges 75 cm apart. This facilitates better establishment of seedlings and plant stands. •••••••••••••••Method of regenerationPlanting layout, density and distanceDivide the field into plots (also known as tiers), leaving 1-m walking space between them. The plots can vary from 3 to 9 m wide depending on the size of the field.Mark rows 75 cm apart across each tier, perpendicular to the length of the field, giving rows of 3–9 m long, depending on the width of the plot.Ensure a minimum distance of 3 m between different accessions.  Planting method Assign row numbers in a serpentine pattern (i.e. planting from left to right in the first row followed by right to left in the second row or vice versa).Sow mechanically using a tractor-mounted four-cone planter if planting a large number of accessions or plant by hand. Labelling Label each accession with a tag fastened to a stake about knee height.Use strong paper for tags to withstand weathering.Crop managementThe genetic integrity of sorghum accessions is maintained by selfing when large numbers of accessions have to be regenerated simultaneously and isolation is not possible.Trim flag leaves of emerging panicles.Cover the panicles in well labelled paper bags of 10 x 5 x 37 cm prior to anthesis (photo 2).Staple or use a paper clip to hold corners of bags together so they are not blown off the panicle.Remove bags after 21 days (i.e. at dough stage) and tie them around the peduncles to identify selfed panicles when harvesting.FertilizationApply fertilizers on the basis of soil test results. In the absence of a soil test apply nitrogen and phosphorus, each at 40 kg/ha. If potash is required, apply 35 kg/ha. Apply fertilizer alongside the rows in 5-cm-deep furrows 5 cm to the side of the seed at the time of sowing. As a second dose, apply nitrogen at the rate of 40–60 kg/ha between rows 30 days after planting.ThinningThin out seedlings when they are 2 weeks old to maintain a distance between plants of 10–15 cm. At least 90 plants per accession are needed.Weed managementApply pre-emergent herbicide. Inter-cultivate twice during early stages of crop growth and hand weed if necessary at later stages.Eliminate off-types and plants growing off-row. ••••••••••••••••IrrigationIrrigate after sowing if soil is dry, to avoid wilting of leaves at any stage of crop growth and to ensure moist soil at flowering.Common pests and diseasesContact plant health experts to identify pests and diseases and recommend appropriate control measures. The main diseases of sorghum are: Anthracnose (Colletotrichum graminicolum), leaf blight (Helminthosporium turcicum), downy mildew, honeydew (Sclerospora sorghi) and smut (Sphacelotheca spp.).The main insect pests are sorghum shoot fly and stem borer (Chilo partellus).Sorghum crops can also be attacked by birds.Monitoring accession identityComparisons with morphological data Compare the following traits in characterization data:Panicle exsertionPanicle compactness and shapeGlume colourGlume covering (race)Grain colourHarvestingIdentify seed maturity by the formation of a black layer on the seeds. A dark patch in the pericarp, apparently associated with black layer formation, indicates physiological maturity. The optimum time to harvest seed for maximum longevity is 7 weeks after anthesis.Harvest and thresh seed manually. Small precision seed threshers can also be used successfully provided the equipment is cleaned thoroughly between accessions.Bulk seeds from at least 50 selfed plants to maintain the accession.Cut the panicles (select only selfed panicles, one from each plant, identified by clipped flag leaf and selfing bag clasped around peduncles) just below the base with secateurs.Collect panicles from each row in a well-labelled gunny bag (label both inside and out with accession and row numbers).Post-harvest management  Dry panicles in shade for a week until seed moisture content is reduced to 12% (ideal for hand threshing).Thresh individual panicles by beating gently and clean the seeds of debris by winnowing.Collect equal quantities of seed from each panicle/plant and bulk them to reconstitute the original accession. Prevent spillover and contamination of accessions during threshing and subsequent handling.••••••••••••••••••Verify accession identity using seed traits (see below). Send a representative sample for observations on seed traits, seed health and viability testing. Reject samples with a high percentage of infection and list for next regeneration. Avoid chemical treatment of seed intended for storage. Collect the seeds in a labelled muslin cloth bag for further drying, preferably at a lower temperature and relative humidity (20–25°C and about 30–40% relative humidity). Keep seeds at these conditions until seed moisture is 8–9% (for medium-term conservation). For long-term conservation, dry the seeds to 5–7% moisture content using forced ventilation in a seed dryer maintained at 15°C and 15–20% relative humidity.If a drying room and forced ventilation facilities are not available, dry seeds to a moisture content of 5–7% with silica gel or other suitable desiccant. Pack seeds in moisture-impermeable containers (plastic bottles or aluminium foil) for conservation and distribution.Move seeds to a short-term storage area.Regeneration of wild sorghum Grow wild species in an isolated area to avoid possible outcrossing with germplasm of related species or introduction of weeds. Grow weedy or invasive species, such as S. propinquum and S. halepense, in a glasshouse under careful management.For field grow out, prepare broad beds 1.5 m wide and 6 m long. For growing in a glasshouse, use pots of 30 cm diameter filled with a mixture of 3 parts black soil: 2 sand: 1 farmyard manure.Germinate the wild species in paper cups and transplant them at 20 cm spacing in the field or in pots in the glasshouse.Follow the same crop husbandry practices recommended for cultivated sorghum.Cover panicles in parchment paper bags before stigma emergence to prevent outcrossing.Harvest the panicles individually as they mature, i.e. before shattering.Collect the seeds from each plant into a labelled muslin cloth bag.Dry the seeds held in the cloth bags under shade and clean them by gentle blowing or winnowing.Take equal quantities of seed from each plant and reconstitute the accession for further drying and subsequent storage.Documentation of information during regeneration  Collect the following information during regeneration: Regeneration site name and map/GPS referenceName of collaboratorField/plot/nursery/greenhouse referenceAccession number; population identificationSource of seedGeneration or previous multiplication or regeneration (if generation is not known)Preparation of planting materials (pre-treatments) Sowing date and density••••••••••••••••••••••Field layout usedField management details (watering, fertilizer, weeding, pest and disease control, stresses recorded, others)Environmental conditions (altitude, precipitation, soil type, others)Emergence in the field or greenhouse (number of plants germinated)Number of plants establishedDays from sowing to floweringPollination control method used (method, number of plants pollinated)Harvest date and methodNumber of plants harvestedQuantity of seeds harvestedAgronomic evaluation; agro-morphological traits recordedComparisons with reference materials (record any identification numbers or references of any samples taken from this regeneration plot)Post-harvest (describe any relevant procedures)References and further readingIBPGR and ICRISAT. 1993. Descriptors for sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.]. IBPGR, Rome, Italy; ICRISAT, Patancheru, India.ICRISAT. 2008. Sorghum. Available from: http://www.icrisat.org/sorghum/sorghum.htm. Date accessed: 6 October 2008.Kameswara Rao N, Sastry DVSSR. 1998. Seed quality considerations in germplasm regeneration. In: Engles JMM, Ramanatha Rao R, editors. Regeneration of seed crops and their wild relatives Proceedings of a Consultation of a Meeting, 4–7 December 1995. ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India. pp. 144–149.Purseglove JW. 1972. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. In: Tropical Crops. Monocotyledons. Longman Group Limited, London. pp. 261–287.Rao NK, Bramel PJ. 2000. Manual of genebank operations and procedures. Technical Manual No. 6. ICRISAT, Patancheru, India.AcknowledgementThese guidelines have been peer reviewed by Kameswara Rao, International Center for Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA), Dubai, UAE.Correct citationUpadhyaya H.D., Gopal Reddy V. and Sastry D.V.S.S.R. 2008. Regeneration guidelines: sorghum. In: Dulloo M.E., Thormann I., Jorge M.A. and Hanson J., editors. Crop specific regeneration guidelines [CD-ROM]. CGIAR System-wide Genetic Resource Programme, Rome, Italy. 8 pp.•••••••••••••21   Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) plant. ICRISAT2   Sorghum panicles covered with paper bags prior to anthesis.  ICRISAT1Notes

Regeneration guidelines: sorghum.

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Regeneration guidelines: pigeon pea

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