In Yuanjiang, Yunnan, China, C. scarabaeoides is found in abundance in open grasslands and dry scrub vegetation on hill slopes and ridges between cultivated fields. It is also located along roadsides, foot paths or convex rides where reasonable amount of sunlight is available. This creeper-climber, supported by grass and small shrubs have: either straight or winding branches which are woody at the base; pinnately trifoliate leaves with white-pubescent lower and upper surfaces; obovate end leaflet; short racemes; indeterminate and sporadic flowering habit; oblong, purple to dark purple pods; rectangular to rounded seeds; and yellow or creamish yellow flowers with dense sun-red veins. Its mean protein content is 21.88% in the seed and 13.23% in the dried leaves. It may be used as medicine for diarrhoea in cattle, and as a traditional Chinese medicine for improving indigestion and diuresis

Li, Zhenghong

Liu, Xiouxian

Saxena, K B

Zhang, Chunhua

Zhang, Jianyun

Zhou, Chaohong

ICRISAT Open Access Repository

34 ICPN 9, 2002of the farmers. Page 3 in Abstracts, National Seminar onMedicinal Plant Resources Development, Gandhi LabourInstitute, Ahmedabad, 4–5 Oct 1998. Gujarat, India:Gujarat Government and Academy of AyurvedaDevelopment and Research (AADAR).Oudhia, P., Tripathi, R.S., Puri, Sunil, and Chandel,D.S. 1999. Traditional knowledge about medicinal weedsin Chhattisgarh. Vasundhara The Earth 1(1):12–15.Pandey, G. 1993. Gyanendra Enumeratio: PlantaMedica Gyanendra Ausadhiya Padapavali. Delhi, India:Sri Satguru Publications. 116 pp.Sastry, C.S.T., and Kavathekar, K.Y. 1990. Plants forreclamation of wastelands. New Delhi, India: Council ofScientific and Industrial Research. 684 pp.Singh, U., Wadhwani, A.M., and Johri, B.M. 1996.Dictonary of economic plants of India. New Delhi, India:Indian Council of Agricultural Research. p. 50.Warrier, P.K.W., Nambiar, V.P.K., and Remankutty,C. 1995. Indian medicinal plants. Chennai, India: OrientLongman. pp. 70–73.PigeonpeaBreedingCharacterization of Cajanusscarabaeoides Growing in YuanjiangCounty of Yunnan Province in ChinaZhou Chaohong1, Zhang Chunhua1, K B Saxena2,Li Zhenghong1, Zhang Jianyun1, and Liu Xiouxian1(1. Institute of Insect Resources, Chinese Academy ofForestry, Kunming, Yunnan 650 216, China; 2. Interna-tional Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics(ICRISAT), Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India)The known and unknown traits available in the wildrelatives of the cultivated types are useful for dynamiccrop improvement programs and therefore conservationand evaluation of secondary and tertiary gene poolsassume great importance. At present the InternationalCrops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics(ICRISAT), Patancheru, India maintains a total of 213accessions of 20 Cajanus species which can be used bybreeders. In China limited attention has been paid to thecollection, maintenance, and evaluation of pigeonpea(Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) germplasm and its wildrelatives. van der Maesen (1986) reviewed the taxaclosely related to pigeonpea and listed six species fromChina; the same species are also recorded in “ReipublicaePopularis Sinicae” by Lee (1995). According to theserecords, Cajanus crassus (Prain ex King) van der Maesen isdistributed in southern Yunnan, southwestern andsouthern Guangxi; C. goensis Dalz. in southern andnorthwestern Yunnan; C. grandiflorus (Benth. ex Bak) vander Maesen comb. nov. in Yunnan and Zhejiang; C. mollis(Benth.) van der Maesen comb. nov. in western and southernYunnan; C. niveus (Benth.) van der Maesen comb. nov. inYunnan; and C. scarabaeoides (L.) Thouars in Yunnan,Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan, Fujian, andTaiwan (Lee 1995). In addition, Saxena (2000) foundanother wild species in Fengshan county of Guangxiprovince and based on its perennial habit, generalmorphology, leaf shape, and branching habit it wassuspected to be C. cajanifolius (Haines) van der Maesen.ICPN 9, 2002 35Cajanus scarabaeoides is the most widely spread wildspecies in Asia. In China it has two botanical varieties,i.e., var. scarabaeoides and var. argyrophyllus (W.T. Wei& Lee) Y.T. Wei & S. Lee. comb. nov. Cajanus scarabaeoidesis called “Man Cao Chong Dou” in Mandarin Chinese,“Shui Kom Ts’o” in Guangdong dialect, and “Jia Yan PiGuo” in Yunnan dialect. In Yunnan province it isendemic in Yang Tse Ferry near La Ka Triang betweenYunnan and Huili of Shichuan while in Hainan provinceit has been found growing in Wanning. The species iswidely distributed in Mojiang, Yongde, Jingdong, Gengma,Shuangjiang, and Changyuan counties in Yunnan (Lu Fuji,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China, personalcommunication). Saxena (2000) found this species growingin the wastelands at 180 m elevation in Tiandong countyof Guangxi province. In June 2000, we found a largepopulation of C. scarabaeoides growing wildly in the dryslope hills of Yi Qun Yang mountain (23°36’ N, 101°59’E, 450 m elevation) near Yuanjiang county town, locatedbeside the Yuanjiang river.To characterize this species, four sites with good plantpopulation were identified and at each site 10 randomplants were selected to record observations on varioustraits. The measurements were recorded according to themethodology suggested by Remanandan et al. (1988).The protein estimation in matured whole seed and freshleaves was done using 751-GW spectrophotometer forcolorimetric estimation.Cajanus scarabaeoides was found in abundance in opengrasslands and dry scrub vegetation on hill slopes and ridgesbetween cultivated fields. It was also located along roadside,footpath, or convex ridges where reasonable amount ofsunlight was available (Fig. 1). However, its population waslow in the deep inland bushes and dark forests.Cajanus scarabaeoides is a creeper-climber, supportedby grass and small shrubs. Branches are straight orwinding, quite woody at the base, up to 135 cm long;stem is white-pubescent with hair. Leaves are pinnatelytrifoliate, lower surface densely white-pubescent, uppersurface white-pubescent; end leaflet obovate, 21–47 mmlong, 10–30 mm wide, tip acute or obtuse, base cuneate;side leaflets obliquely obovate, 15–38 mm long, 7–24mm wide. Flowering habit is indeterminate and sporadicand its duration ranged from early June to late November.Racemes are short with 1–4 flowers, peduncles 3–9 mmlong, pedicels 3–5 mm long. The flowers are yellow orcreamish yellow with dense sun-red veins. Calyx isdensely pubescent with white hairs, tube 2–3 mm, 4 teeth,4–8 mm long. Vexillum is obovate, 5–6 mm long, 2 mmwide, base clawed. Alae is elongate-obovate, 7–10 mmlong, 2–5 mm wide, base auriculate. Keel petals areoblique, 8–11 mm long, ventrally adnate. Ovary isdensely white-pubescent with hair, 5–6 mm long, 2 mmwide, ovules 4–6. Styles are 5–8 mm long, glabrous, thetop 2–4 mm upcurved. Stamens are 9–13 mm long, withtop 2–5 mm free and curved upwards; anthers mostly9+1, but sometimes 8+1. Pods are oblong, 11–34 mmlong, 6–10 mm wide, densely covered with golden brownlong and short hairs (2–4 mm long), pods purple or darkpurple with 1–7 seeds per pod (mostly 4–6). Seeds arerectangular-rounded, 2.4–4 mm long, 1.8–3 mm wide, 1–2mm thick, black, and plain or speckled. Strophiole isdivided, 1.9 × 0.7 mm, greenish or black. The 100-seedmass is 1.94 g. The mean protein content is 21.88% in theseed and 13.23% in the dried leaves.Cajanus scarabaeoides is reportedly a useful butunimpressive species in grasslands for fodder(Dabadghao and Shankarnarayan 1973). Kirtikar andBasu (1933) reported that C. scarabaeoides is effectiveagainst diarrhea in cattle. Leaves are used in traditionalChinese medicine to improve indigestion and diuresis(Lee 1995). Insects such as podborers (Helicoverpaarmigera) and podfly (Melanagromyza obtusa) alsoattack wild Cajanus spp, but in a few species includingC. scarabaeoides some degree of antibiosis is observed(van der Maesen 1986). In lac production areas such asJingdong county in Yunnan province of China, the lacinsect Kerria lacca was found occasionally growing onbranches of C. scarabaeoides and lac secretion wasobserved (Lu Fuji, Chinese Academy of AgriculturalSciences, China, personal communication).According to Lee (1995), stem and leaf traits such aswhite hairs, broad elliptical, obovate, or near roundleaflet, and veins on upper side prominently concave makevar. argyrophyllus distinct from var. scarabaeoides. Thus,based on the available information, we suspect the speciesfound in Yuanjiang county to be var. argyrophyllus. Thisvariety is widely distributed in Guangxi, Yunnan, andSichuan provinces. Since only C. scarabaeoides andC. cajanifolius among the wild species so far reported inChina can be crossed easily with pigeonpea, it isnecessary that the economic traits of these two speciesshould be further evaluated in China for their use inbreeding programs.36 ICPN 9, 2002Figure 1. Cajanus scarabaeoides in Yunnan, China: (a) Growing in a ridge; (b) Growing in barren soil; (c) Mature plants; (d)Racemes; (e) Flowers; (f) Seeds showing color diversity; (g) Pods with 1–7 seeds; and (h) Seeds with strophioles.a bcedfghICPN 9, 2002 37ReferencesDabadghao, P.M., and Shankarnarayan, K.A. 1973.The grass cover of India. New Delhi, India: IndianCouncil of Agricultural Research. p. 109.Kirtikar, K.R., and Basu, B.D. 1933. Indian medicinalplants. Volume 1. Dehra Dun, India: Bishan Singh andMahendrapal Singh. pp. 809–811.Lee, S. 1995. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae (Tomus 41).Beijing, China: Science Press. pp. 299–307.Remanandan, P., Sastry, D.V.S.S.R., and Mengesha,M.H. 1988. ICRISAT pigeonpea germplasm catalog:evaluation and analysis. Patancheru 502 324, AndhraPradesh, India: International Crops Research Institute forthe Semi-Arid Tropics. 90 pp.Saxena, K.B. 2000. Wild relatives of pigeonpea inChina. Pages 4–7 in Pigeonpea in China. Patancheru 502 324,Andhra Pradesh, India: International Crops ResearchInstitute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. (Limited distribution.)van der Maesen, L.J.G. 1986. Cajanus DC. and AtylosiaW.&A. (Leguminosae). Agricultural University WageningenPapers 85–4 (1985). Wageningen, The Netherlands:Agricultural University. 225 pp.First Report of Natural Outcrossing inPigeonpea from ChinaY Shiying1, K B Saxena2, Pang Wen1, W Guangtian3,and H Ziping3 (1. Guangxi Academy of AgriculturalSciences, Nanning, China; 2. International Crops ResearchInstitute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT),Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India; 3. GuangxiAgricultural School, Nanning, China)Natural outcrossing in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) isprimarily responsible for the deterioration of purity ofcultivars and genetic stocks. Several insects areresponsible for transferring pollen from one plant toanother within and across the fields. The major pollinatinginsects identified are Apis mellifera, A. dorsata,Megachile lanata, Ceratina binghami, and Xylocop spp.The populations of these pollinating insects and localenvironmental factors that assist in their movementdetermine the extent of natural outcrossing at a particularlocation. Natural outcrossing in pigeonpea has beenreported from India, Kenya, Australia, Hawaii (USA),and Sri Lanka (Saxena et al. 1990, 1994).Pigeonpea was introduced into China in the 6th centuryfrom India and since then it was cultivated sporadically inthe southern provinces. In the 1950s, Chinese scientists inYunnan province identified pigeonpea as a favorablehost for lac insect (Kerria lacca) because it was found tohave useful traits such as easy establishment, fast growth,and high yield of quality lac. Recently, under the cropdiversification program in China several other uses ofpigeonpea have emerged, e.g., for soil conservation; andas fodder, feed, and fresh vegetable (Saxena 2000). Specificcultivars for precise purposes have been developed frombreeding materials received from the International CropsResearch Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT),Patancheru, India. To sustain pigeonpea productivity ithas now become mandatory to maintain the genetic purityof these cultivars. Therefore, an experiment was conductedto determine the extent of natural outcrossing in China.Pigeonpea variety ICPL 87091 with a distinct recessivetrait of ‘determinate growth habit’ was selected for thisstudy. The experiment was conducted in 1999 at Nanningin Guangxi province in China. Due to lack of experimentalfacilities 20 single-row plots of ICPL 87091 were sown ina field planted with breeding materials having dominantgenetic marker of indeterminate growth habit and matchingflowering time. These plots, measuring 5 m in length,were scattered at different places in the field. At least 10pollinator rows on either side of each ICPL 87091 plotwere ensured. The inter- and intra-row spacing was 100cm and 50 cm respectively. Only two insecticide sprayswere done at early flowering stage to control the pod borerMaruca vitrata. From each plot five individual plantswere randomly harvested. The progenies of 66 selectionswith sufficient quantity of open-pollinated seed weresown in the subsequent rainy season. Since indeterminategrowth habit is dominant over determinate growth habit,counts were recorded in each plant-progeny row for theself (determinate) and hybrid (indeterminate) plants. Thefrequency of natural outcrossing in each row wasestimated as percentage of the observed number ofhybrid plants.In spite of two insecticide sprays a lot of insect activitywas observed during flowering stage in the entire field.Also, several insect species were active but their identifi-cation was not feasible. However, among these, honeybees(Apis spp) were predominant. The data from the singleplant progenies of ICPL 87091 revealed a large plant-to-plant variation (Fig. 1) for natural outcrossing in thepreceding generation with a mean of 24.6%. In twoprogenies no outcrossed hybrid plant was recorded whilein four progenies more than 40% hybrid plants wereobserved. In one progeny 60% natural outcrossing was

Characterization of Cajanus scarabaeoides growing in Yuanjiang county of Yunnan province in China

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Characterization of Cajanus scarabaeoides growing in Yuanjiang county of Yunnan province in China

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