Synchrotron hard X-ray microprobes have the capability to perform in situ measurements in high pressure and temperature devices, including the versatile Diamond Anvil Cell. This represents a challenging analytical task with important repercussions on our understanding of fundamental processes in many fields. To illustrate these points, after developing quantification aspects inherent to X-ray microfluorescence and inherited from fluid inclusions analysis, two selected applications in experimental petrology and microbiology are presente