Ureteric stricture dilation as an interventional uroradiological technique was initiated locally in March 1991. In ureteric dilation two approaches are feasible. The retrograde cystoscopic route is undertaken by a uroradiology team in theatre, and the renal antegrade percutaneous route is undertaken in the radiology interventional suite. This study reviewed the results of percutaneous ureteric stricture dilation undertaken over the last five years. Eighteen dilations in 16 patients (10 males : 6 females) were analysed. There was an overall success rate of 61 %. We found the procedure to be safe and effective with minimal complications. No mortality resulted from the procedure. The indications for its use are fully discussed.peer-reviewe

Cutajar, Lino

Formosa, Norman

Schranz, Martin

Wood, Corinne

Zammit, Anthony

English

OAR@UM

l Maltese Medical Journal, 1997; 9(2):38 All rights reserved Percutaneous Ureteric Stricture Dilation(PcUSD) AnthonyZammit*, Lino Cutajar**, Norman Formosa**, Martin Schranz*, Corinne Wood* ABSTRACT: Ureteric stricture dilation as an interventional uroradiological technique was initiated locally in March 1991. In ureteric dilation two approaches are feasible. The retrograde cystoscopic route is undertaken by a uroradiology team in theatre, and the renal antegrade percutaneous route is undertaken in the radiology interventional suite. This study reviewed the results of percutaneous ureteric stricture dilation undertaken over the last five years. Eighteen dilations in 16 patients (10 males: 6 females) were analysed. There was an overall success rate of 61 %. We found the procedure to be safe and effective with minimal complications. No mortality resulted from the procedure. The indications for its use are fully discussed. * Department of Radiology. SI. Luke's Hospital, Gwardamangia, Malta. ** Department of Surgery. SI. Luke's Hospital, Gwardamangia. Malta. Correspondence: Or A. Zammit, Radiology Department, SI. Luke's Hospital. Gwardamangia. Malta. Keywords: ureteric stricture. percutaneous approach. balloon dilation. urinary stenting. Introduction For many years open surgery was the sole treatment for the management of ureteric strictures. In 1955, Lane 1 and later in 1970, O'Flynn2 utilized catheters (5 French size) and bougies for dilation of tuberculous strictures with high success rates (80% and 82% respectively). Others have had similar results3-6 . Use was made of high pressure balloon catheters of the Gruntzig type by Reimer and Oswalt in 1981 7. Ureteric stricture dilation (USD) was initiated locally in March 1991 via the percutaneous renal antegrade route in the radiology interventional suite, and as a surgical uroradiology technique via the retrograde cystoscopic route by a uroradiology team in theatre. Surgical revision is technically more difficult and this has led to other methods of treatment such as ureteric stricture dilation with balloon catheters. The aim of this series was to follow up all cases of ureteric stricture dilated percutaneously over the last five years to assess the long­term results of the procedure. Methods Since March 1991, 18 Percutaneous Ureteric Stricture Dilations were undertaken, in 16 adult patients, with a male to female ratio of lO:6. The follow up ranged from II to 61 months with a mean of 36 months +/- 25 months (Table 1). The mean age of the patients was 46.5 +/- 27.5 years (range 19-74 years). All these procedures were carried out under local anaesthesia with pre­operative analgesia. After the procedure, the ureter was splinted with a stent and/or percutaneous nephrostomy. The stricture distribution was almost equal on both sides (9 right :8 left). There were nine strictures at the pelvi­ureteric junction, one in the upper ureteric region, three in the mid-ureter and five in the lower ureter. The aetiologies of the strictures are depicted in Table 2. Antibiotic cover was started from the morning before the procedure. Premedication with analgesia and sedation was usually given intravenously in the interventional suite . The technique was two-staged involving antegrade pyelography, followed by pelvi­calyceal access. stricture cannulation and dilation . All procedures were carried out under local anaesthesia via an upper or middle calyx . A high pressure balloon catheter (Gruntzig-type ranging from 4 to 10 mm diameter) was utilised for all dilations. The larger sized balloons were utilised for pelvi-ureteric junction dilation and dilation of anastomotic strictures. The procedure was terminated with the introduction of a urinary stent (F8)., which was left in situ for 6 to 8 weeks. The outcome was assessed clinically and radiologically by US scan (1 month), intravenous urography (2 months), or isotope scan with Frusemide challenge (3 months). The outcome was subdivided into four categories: primary failure, secondary failure, re­stenosis and success. Primary and secondary fail ure were interpreted as the return of hydronephrosis occurring within, or after, one month respectively . Re­stenosis occurred when follow up US scan at I month showed mild to moderate or worsening hydronephrosis and was an indication for more frequent follow-up, re­dilation or alternative treatment. A successful outcome occurred when the US scan was normal on follow-up, but the decisive examination for assessment of success was isotope renography. Further follow-up was carried out at six months and then at yearly intervals. The imaging for the diagnosis, technique and aftercare of percutaneous ureteric stricture dilation are depicted in Figures 1-4. Results The period of follow up ranged from eleven to sixty­one months with a mean of thirty six months, Table I. The overall success rate of PcUSD was 61 %. There were eleven successes. four re-stenoses. two primary failures 39 Percutaneous Ureteric Stricture Dilation(PcUSD) Table 1 - Summary of the data of the technique of percutaneous uteteric stricture dilation. Dilation SITE OF CAUSE OF Diameter in Length AGE in Ureteric OUTCOME Follow up Number OBSTRUCTION OBSTRUCTION mm Dilation in cms. months course in months Mid-ureter Radiotherapy for Ca cx NA >2 <3 Tortuous 1ary Failure 52 2 PUJ unknown 8 <1 <3 Straight positive 11 3 PUJ unknown 5 <1 <3 Straight positive 12 4 lower ureter unknown 5 <1 <3 Straight positive 12- 5 PUJ unknown 10 <1 <3 Straight positive 18 6 PUJ congenital 9 <1 >12 Straight positive 58 7 PUJ unknown 10 <1 >12 Straight positive 60 8 Mid-ureter RetroPeritoneal Fibrosis 8 >2 <3 Straight positive 12 9 Mid-ureter RetroPeritoneal Fibrosis 8 >2 <3 Straight Restenosis 12 10 lower ureter Re-implantation of ureter NA >2 <3 Tortuous 1ary Failure 59 11 PUJ unknown 10 <1 <3 .Straight positive 10 12 lower ureter calculus 6 <1 <3 Straight positive 29 13 PUJ congenital 9 <1 >12 Straight positive 56 14 Upper ureter calculus 10 1-2 3-12 Straight Restenosis 22 15 PUJ congenital 8 <1 >12 Tortuous 2ary Failure 61 16 lower ureter Re-implantation of ureter 4 >2 <3 Tortuous Restenosis 37 17 PUJ unknown 8 <1 3-12 Straight Restenosis 53 18 lower ureter Re-implantation of ureter 6 <1 >12 Straight positive 12 and one secondary failure. The success group included six dilations for strictures of unknown cause at the PUJ. Table 2 - The number of successes and the two for congenital strictures at the PUJ. one dilation for percentage success rate in relation to the aetiology stricture secondary to calcul i (LU). one for of the ureteric stricture in this series. retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) and one after re­implantation of a ureter (LU). In the group of the failures. there were two dilations for strictures follow1l1g %Success ureteric re-implantation. one dilatton for congenital PUJ stenosis. one for stricture secondary to calculi. one for Congenital 3 2 67% RPF and one for stricture due to carcinoma treated by Calculi 2 1 50% CAUSE of STRICTURE Number Successes radiotherapy. Table 2 shows the number of successesReimplantation of Ureter 3 1 33% and lists the percentage success rate in each category.RPF 2 1 50% Unknown 7 6 86% The success rate was high for PUJ stenosis (seven out Radiotherapy with Ca 1 0 0% of nine cases) and for stenosis of the lower ureter (three out of five cases). while only one of three cases ofProcedures 18 11 61 % stenosis in the mid-ureter was successfully dilated. The only case with stenosis of the upper ureter failed to respond to dilation . Table 3 - The relationship of the length of the The success of the procedure was also related to the ureteric stricture in relation to the outcome length of the stricture. Nine dilations of strictures less than one cm were successful. two unsuccessful. Only two out of six strictures two or more cm long wereSUCCESS FAILURE I successful (Table 3). When the ureteric stricture had a straight course. there Stricture less than 1 cm. 9 2 were eleven successes out of fourteen cases. All four Success Rate =82% cases with a stricture which had a tortuous course failed to respond to treatment. Thus both the length and the Stricture 1 - 2 cms. 0 1 ureteric course of the stricture were related to outcome of the procedure (Table 4).Stricture greater than 2cms. 2 4 Failure Rate = 67% There were only three complications of PcUSD; one I patient developed a urinary tract infection with post­operative pyrexia on the following day. which resolved with antibiotics. There were two ureteric perforations at 40 A. Zammit, et al. Table 4 - The outcome in relation to the ureteric course of the stricture. URETERIC COURSE SUCCESS FAILURE Ureteric course straight 11 3 Success Rate = 79% Ureteric course tortuous 0 4 Failure Rate = 100% pelvi-ureteric region which resulted in no sequelae. Extravasation of urine occurred temporarily in these cases but no urinoma developed, presumably prevented by ureteric stenting. No haemorrhage which required transfusion developed; however in two patients pelvi­calyceal clots were noted, which resulted in post­operative pain (clot colic) . If the patient was asymptomatic, discharge was allowed on the day following the procedure. No mortality resulted from the procedure. Discussion When one analyses the success rates from the literature (1-16) on ureteric stricture dilation, one finds high success rates for strictures secondary to ureterolithotomy (100%), strictures from idiopathic causes (86%), post­inflammatory strictures (82%) and congenital strictures (80%) (Table 5). . Within the post-operative group other strictures that Table 5 - The number of successes and percentage success rate reported in the literature. Cause of the stricture Number Successes %Success Inflammatory 91 75 82% Post-operative 133 70 53% Uretero-enteric 71 26 37% Ureteroneocystostomy 4 l' 25% Post-pyeloplasty 10 5 50% Pyeloureteric surgery 11 8 73% Surgery/Gynaecology ligation 17 11 65% Post-ureteroscopy 7 4 57% Ureterolithotomy 3 3 100% Congenital 10 8 80% Calculi 2 1 50% Idiopathic 7 6 86% Carcinoma 2 0 0% Retroperitoneal fobrosis 2 1 50% Aortic aneurysm 1 0 0% TOTAL 248 161 65% Renal transplants were excluded from this assessment. Fig 1 - Antegrade Pyelography demonstrates a middle/lower ureteric segment stenosis, which had resulted in hydronephrosis. Fig 2 - PcUSD Technique. The guide wire has been passed through the stenosis in the ureter. The balloon catheter has been now positioned over the guide wire. The two densely opaque markers guide the position of the balloon. 41 Percutaneous Ureteric Stricture Dilation(PcUSD) -Fig 3 - PcUSD Technique. The balloon is now fully inflated with dilute contrast medium. The pressure of inflation may range from 4-12 atmospheres. Fig 4 - After ureteric stricture dilation, a double pigtail (plastic) stent is usually inserted to by-pass the ureteric stenosis. It is placed from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder. This image demonstrates a satisfactorily placed ureteric stent. respond well to dilation are those secondary to pyeloureteric surgery (73 %). surgical or gynaecological ligation of ureter (65%) and post-ureteroscopic strictures (57 %). Moderate success rates are present with dilating post-operative strictures (53 %), retroperitoneal fibrosis (50%), post-pyeloplasty (50%) and with strictures arising from calculi (50%). In general, the poor results have occurred with dilating strictures due to tumours and post-operative strictures associated with uretero­neocystostomy (25 % ) and ureteroenterostomy (37 %). Our results for dilating strictures followin g ureteroneocystostomy were similarly poor (one success from three). TIle overall success rate in the accumulated literature is 65 %. Our follow up period had a mean of about 36 months and our overall success rate was 61 %. Inflammatory strictures are now rarer than in the past and a shorter follow up may be responsible for a higher success rate in the accumulated literature. Previous literature stipulates that success with ureteric stricture dilation is dependent on location8, cause5.8.9 , chronicityS.8- IO and on the length ll of strictures (seven out of nine) . Success is not dependent on the method or duration of the dilations. Analysis of the sites of stricture in our series has demonstrated a higher success rate with dilation of strictures at the PUJ and lower ureter (three out of five) and a low success rate in the middle ureter (one out of three) and upper ureter (one out of one failure). Thus site of the stricture does influence the outcome from dilation, however this maybe related to the cause of the stricture. The chronicity of the stricture or the diameter of balloon used for the dilation bore no relationship to our results. The main risk factors for the intervention were infection , haemorrhage and perforation. Perforation on dilation was uncommon and occurred only at pelviureteric junction dilation with lOmm balloon diameter catheters but this resulted in no sequelae. In fact one has to disrupt the ureter to obtain a satisfactory result in this location. In conclusion, Percutaneous Ureteric Stricture Dilation is a safe and appreciably successful technique. A short stricture length and a non-tortuous stricture course may be indicative of a high success rate . The numbers of the individual causes of stricture in this review are small. but the results are in keeping with larger series. From our results it can be recommended in idiopathic stnctures. congenital strictures , strictures secondary to calculi , post-inflammatory stricture and some post-operative stricture. This technique should be avoided III retroperitoneal fibrosis and carcinoma. References l. 	 Lane TID. Br J Urol 1955: 27. 2. 	 O'Flynn D. Surgical treatment of genito-urinary ruberculosis. A report of 762 cases. Br J Urol 1970: 42: 667. 3. 	 Witherington R. Shelor wc. Treatment of postoperative ureteral stricture by catheter di lation: a forgotten procedure. Urology 1980: 16: 592-595. 4. 	 Kaplan JO, Winslow OP Jr, Sneider SE, et al. Dilatation of a surgically ligated ureter through a percutaneous nephrostomy. AIR 1982: 139: 188-189. 5. 	 Banner MP, Pollack HM, Ring EL Wein AJ. Catheter dilatation of benign ureteral strictures. Radi o l 1983; 147: 427-433. 6. 	 Lang EK. Antegrade ureteral stenting for dehiscence, stricrures, and fistulae. AJR 1984; 143: 795-80 l. 42 A. Zammit, et al. 7. 	 Reimer OE, Oswalt GC Jr. Iatrogenic ureteral obstruction of urete roileal anastolllotic stenosis with Gruntzig treated with balloon dilation. J Urol 1981; 126: 689-690. catheter. Urol 1982: 18: 555-558 . 8. 	 Beckmann CF, Roth RA, Bihrle W Ill. Dilation of benign 13. Martin EC, Fankuchen El. Casarella WJ. Pc dilation of ureteral strictures. Radiol 1989: 172: 437-441. ureteroenteric strictures or occlusions in ileal conduits. 9. 	 Hoe JW. Benign ureteric strictures: management by Urol Radio11982: 4: 19-21. percutaneous interventional uro-radiological techniques. 14. Kadir S, White RI. Engel R. Balloon dilatation of a Ann Acad Med Singapore 1993: 22(5) : 670-4. urete ropelvic junction obstruction. Radiol 1982: 143: 10. 	 King, Coughlin, Ford, Brown, Van Moore. Percutaneous 263-264. and transurethral post-operative ureteral strictures in 15. Glanz S, Gordon OH, Butt K, e t al. Percutaneous children. J Urol 1984: transrenal balloon dilatation of the ureter. Radiology 11. 	 Chang R, Marshall FF, Mitchell S. Percutaneous 1983 : 149: 101 - 103. management of benign ureteral strictures and fistulas. J 16. Finnerty OP, Trulock TS, Berklllan W, Walton KN . Uro11987: 137: 1126-1131. Transluminal balloon dilation of ureteral strictures . J Urol 12. 	 Oixon GO, Moore JO, Stockton R. Successful dilatation 1984: 131: IOS6. ---L_ The copyright of this article belongs to the Editorial Board of the Malta Medical Journal. The Malta Medical Journal’s rights in respect of this work are as defined by the Copyright Act (Chapter 415) of the Laws of Malta or as modified by any successive legislation. Users may access this full-text article and can make use of the information contained in accordance with the Copyright Act provided that the author must be properly acknowledged.  Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the prior permission of the copyright holder. This article has been reproduced with the authorization of the editor of the Malta Medical Journal (Ref. No 000001)  

Antegrade ureteral stenting for dehiscence, stricrures, and fistulae. AJR

Catheter dilatation of benign ureteral strictures. Radi o l

Dilatation of a surgically ligated ureter through a percutaneous nephrostomy. AIR

Dilation of benign 13. Martin EC, Fankuchen El. Casarella WJ. Pc dilation of ureteral strictures. Radiol 1989: 172: 437-441. ureteroenteric strictures or occlusions in ileal conduits.

Iatrogenic ureteral obstruction of urete roileal anastolllotic stenosis with Gruntzig treated with balloon dilation.

Percutaneous

Percutaneous 263-264. and transurethral post-operative ureteral strictures in 15. Glanz

Shelor wc. Treatment of postoperative ureteral stricture by catheter di lation: a forgotten procedure. Urology

Surgical treatment of genito-urinary ruberculosis. A report of 762 cases.

Percutaneous Ureteric Stricture Dilation (PCUSD)

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Percutaneous Ureteric Stricture Dilation (PCUSD)

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