The aetiology of ectopic canines is not clear. A number of causes have been put forward such as the long path of eruption of the maxillary canine, lack of guidance by the lateral incisor root, narrow arches, cystic enlargement of the dental follicle large arches, and familial tendency. In this article the author gives a detail report of the pilot study carried out on Maltese school children in various schools compared to school children of other countries.peer-reviewe

Camilleri, Simon

English

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Maltese Medical Journal 42 Volufne VII Issue I 1995 THE PREVALENCE OF IMPACTED PERMANENT MAXILLARY CANINES IN MALTESE SCHOOL CHILDREN: A PILOT STUDY S. Camilleri Keywords: Maxillary permanent canine, impacted, prevalence. A preliminary investigation into the prevalence of ectopic permanent maxillary canines in 468 10-year old school children. A prevalence of 4.4% was found. The impression of several clinicians is that there may be a higher incidence of ectopic permanent maxillary canines in Maltese school children as compared to school children of other countries . Various epidemiologic studies carried out abroad have quoted the prevalence as 0.92-2.2% 1,2,3. The aetiology of ectopic canines is not clear. A number of causes have been put forward such as the long path of eruption of the maxillary canine,4 lack of guidance by the lateral incisor root,5 narrow arches, cystic enlargement of the dental follicle 6 large arches,? and familial tendency 8. Recently an association was founded between ectopic canines, submerging deciduous molars and ectopically erupting first permanent molars9. Females seem to be more at risk than males with a ratio of 3: 1 I. Sequelae of canine impaction may be: lO • palatal or buccal placement of the tooth, • loss of space for the tooth by drift of adjacent teeth • dentigerous cyst formation • internal resorption • external root resorption of the impacted tooth • root resorption of adjacent teeth, this occurs in 0.71 % of cases 11 • referred pain • infection, especially with partial eruption In the majority of cases the deciduQus canine is often retained and the ectopic canines remain unerupted and symptomless. Often the patient is not aware of any complication. The deciduous canine usually exfoliates spontaneously years later, leaving a gap which is awkward to replace with a prosthesis for a number of reasons: i) 	 The lower canine will often have over­erupted due to progressive attrition of the retained deciduous canine. This will prevent the passage of, or weaken, removable prosthesis connectors. In the case of a fixed prosthesis, this may necessitate overpreparation of the abutment teeth and is bound to create occlusal problems in lateral excursion. This in turn may lead to involvement of more abutment teeth in an attempt to stabilise the bridge. ii) 	 The small size of the deciduous canine crown will make it difficult to fabricate an aesthetically satisfactory replacement. The facing of this tooth may be weak and prone to fracture due to its small size. iii) 	 Distally tipped lateral incisors are associated with maxillary canine eruption anomalies. Also the first premolar may be mesiobucally rotated. The abnormal positions of these teeth may cause problems with preparation and paths of insertion. iv) 	 Implant procedures may be hampered by inadequate room for placement between the roots of the adjacent teeth . Care must be taken in the fabrication of the superstructure that occlusal loads are adeq uately distributed. Diagnosis of canine impaction is based on clinical and radiographic findings. Kettle 6 recommended palpation of the buccal surface of the alveolar process just distal to the lateral incisor. A bulge here will indicate the presence of a normally developing canine. This may be present at age 8 but Ericson & Kurol 2 have shown that 29% of 10 year olds had non-palpable canines. This figure was reduced to 3% at the age of 14. They recommended radiographic examination of non palpable canines after age 11. Simon Camilleri, MSc, LDS, MCrthRCS(Eng) Unil'ersity ofMalta, Faculty ofDental Surgery, Medical School, G'Mangia Maltese Medical Journal 43 Volume VII Issue I 1995 They also emphasise that somatic maturity, not age, was more important when assessing the need and indications for radiographic examination. Ericson & Kurol 12 showed that in cases of ectopically erupting canines, removal of the deciduous canines before age 11 will normalise the eruption of the permanent canines in a large number of cases. Materials & Method The preliminary investigation was carried out on school children in their tenth year of age; i.e. those born in 1983. The author accompanied School Dental Officers on routine visits and examined children at randon, with no attempt made to match for sex. The sample size was estimated using Epi Info Version 5 supplied by the WHO for Epidemiology and disease surveillance. A sample size of 84 would be representative at the 99% confidence level. Three Government Primary Schools in Fgura, Tarxien and Zejtun were visited and a total of 91 children (43 females and 48 males) were examined. All children were in their 10th year, i.e. all were born in 1983. The population of 10 year olds for the three schools was 468. The examination consisted of an inspection to determine whether the maxillary canines were palpable or not. The state of development of the dentition, missing or enerupted teeth and the size and inclination of the lateral incisor was also noted. Those children in whom one or both maxillary canines were not palpable and whose lower canines were erupted or about to erupt (indicating advanced or average dental development) were asked to attend St. Luke's Hospital to undergo further examination. This consisted of another attempt to palpate the canines. A radiographic investigation consisting of a panoramic film supplemented by an anterior occlusal was carried out when the canine was still not palpable. Study models were also taken. Of the 91 children examined, 21 were called to St. Luke's for further examination. Of these only 10 attended the initial appointment. Two eventually were persuaded to attend later in the year. The following year the 9 children who were never seen were followed up at their school and re-examined. Of these, two were found to still have non palpable canines. These were again asked to attend St. Luke's Hospital. One did attend. The canine teeth of the remaining seven were all found to be erupting normally. Canines were deemed to be erupting ectopically if: the crown of the permanent maxillary canine overlapped the root of the lateral incisor on the panoramic radiograph, C;::. sector 2, see Fig. I) 11 	 comparison of the films using parallax found them to be palatal to the line of the arch. Results The severity of the impaction was assessed according to Ericson and Kurol 12. (Fig. 1). Three girls and one boy were found to have palatally erupting canines. There seemed to be a predilection for the right side in unilateral cases. (Fig. II) The .percentage of children exhibiting ectopic eruption of the canine teeth was 4.4%. This is far higher than any previously reported in the literature. [j Figure I - The degree of deflection of the canine from the normal path of eruption in the horizontal plane is measured by the sector the crown tip lies in. Sector I ! J-Right l . Left I Case No Figure 11- Teeth in sector 1 are erupting normally. Those in sector 2 and above are ectopic. Maltese Medical Journal 44 Volume VII Issue I 1995 Discussion The number of non palpable canines at age 10 was 23%, a figure that compares well with Ericson and Kurol's 29%. They state that the reason for 'misdiagnosing' non palpable canines was that the canine was still very high up in the arch. If this were the case here the teeth would not be erupted one year later. The most plausible reason is that they were erupting palatal to the line of the arch. That they erupted normally probably shows that a palatal path of eruption (called a palatal tendency by Ericson & Kurol) does not necessarily mean that ectopic eruption is inevitable. The aetiology of ectopic canines is obscure and is beyond the scope of this p::.per. However, although it has been associated with the presence of peg laterals 13 this was not found to be the case here. In the one case where a peg lateral was found to be present, the canines were erupting normally. In no instance were submerging deciduous molars or impacted first permanent molars noted in conjunction with ectopic canines. Ericson & Kurol 2 also noted distal or buccal tipping of the lateral incisors associated with eruption disturbances. One case (Case D) showed some distal and buccal tilting of the laterals. Three females and one male were affected. This supports the results of previous studies in that the condition seems to be more prevalent in females. No cases of re sorption were noted to date. These children have had their deciduous canines extracted as recommended by Ericson & Kurol 12 and are being kept under clinical and radiographic review. One possible theory postulated for the impression of the high incidence of ectopic canines locally was lack of early diagnosis and interceptive treatment by GDP's. The findings do not support this view as the children are too young for one to expect the GDP's (or anyone else) to have already spotted the anomaly and have taken interceptive measures. However, the high percentage of ectopic canines makes it imperative that local GDP's be aware of the possibility of canine impaction and should know the correct diagnostic and interceptive procedcures to follow: • 	 The canines should be palpable as bulges in the buccal sulcus just ahead of the root eminence of the deciduous canine by age 10 if the child is of average somatic and dental development. • 	 If this is not so then two radiographs per tooth should be taken with a definite tube shift between them. Two periapicals work very well. There is no advantage in using extraoral films for this purpose alone. The position of the unerupted tooth is assessed by the relative movement of its image on the two films, according to the parallax principle. The acronym SLOB is very useful here, i.e. if it has moved in the Same direction as the tube shift it is Lingual (or palatal), if in the Opposite direction, it is Buccal. • 	 If the tooth is erupting palatally, the deciduous canines may be removed in an attempt to normalise its eruption. The earlier this is done, the more chance there is of success. • 	 Further radiographs should be taken every 4 months to monitor its position until it erupts. Should no improvement be visible after a year, then little more can be expected. The choices are then whether to (i) expose and bond the tooth, bringing it into the arch orthodontically, (ii) remove the canine and treat the result on its merits, (iii) leave in situ and keep under radiographic review. Conclusion The incidence of ectopic canines (4.4%) in a sample of Maltese school children seems to be rather higher than the reported average of 1-2%. This seems to support the general clinical impression. It must, however, be borne in mind that this is only a pilot study. The sample is small, not mathematically randomised and may not be representative of the population as a whole. Further investigation is required in the form of a National survey which: • 	 Will include samples from all schools chosen at random May be better carried out on a higher age group (e.g. 13 years), in view of the high number of teeth, not palpable initially, which subsequently erupted nom1ally Will not use extraoral films. Standardised intraoral films are much earier to interpret, may be used for comparative purposes and are cheaper, Maltese Medical Journal 45 Volume VII Issue 11995 References 1. 	 Dachi SF, Howell FV. A survey of 3,874 routine full mouth radiographs. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Path 1961; 14: 1165-9. 2. 	 Ericson S, Kurol J. Longitudinal study and analysis of clinical supervision of maxillary canine eruption. Comm Dent Oral Epidemiol 1986: 14: 172-176. 3. 	 Thilander B, Myrberg N. The prevalence of malocclusion in Swedish school children. Scand J Dent Res 1973; 81: 12-20. 4. 	 Moss JP. The unerupted canine. Dent Pract Dent Rec 1972; 22:241-248. 5. 	 Becker A, Smith P, Behar R. The incidence of anamolous lateral incisors in relation to palatally displaced cuspids. Angle Orthod 1981; 51:24-9. 6. 	 Kettle MA. Treatment of the unerupted maxillary canine. Dent Pract Dent Rec 1958; 13:497-504. 7. 	 Jacoby H. The aetiology of maxillary canine impactions. Am 1 Orthod 1983; 84(2):125­132. 8. 	 Richardson A, McKay C. Delayed eruption of maxillary canine teeth: Part 1: Aetiology and diagnosis. Proc Br Paedodont Soc 1982; 12:15-25. 9. 	 Bjerklin K, Kurol J, Valentin J. Ectopic eruption of maxillary first permanent molars and association with other tooth and developmental disturbances. Eur J. Orthod 1992; 14:369-375. 10. 	 Shafer WG, Hine MK, Levy BM. A textbook of oral pathology. 2nd Ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders 1963: 2-75. 11. 	 Ericson S, Kurol J. (a) Resorption of maxillary lateral incisors caused by ectopic eruption of the canines. A clinical and radiographic analysis of predisposing factors. Am 1 Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1988; 94(6):503-513. 12. 	 Ericson S, Kurol 1. (b) Early treatment of palatally erupting maxillary canines by extraction of the primary canines. Eur 1 Orthod 1988; 10:283-295. 13. 	 Oliver RG, Mannion JE, Robinson JM. Morphology of the lateral incisor in cases of unilateral impaction of the canine. B10 1989; 19:9-16. The copyright of this article belongs to the Editorial Board of the Malta Medical Journal. The Malta Medical Journal’s rights in respect of this work are as defined by the Copyright Act (Chapter 415) of the Laws of Malta or as modified by any successive legislation. Users may access this full-text article and can make use of the information contained in accordance with the Copyright Act provided that the author must be properly acknowledged.  Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the prior permission of the copyright holder. This article has been reproduced with the authorization of the editor of the Malta Medical Journal (Ref. No 000001)  

(a) Resorption of maxillary lateral incisors caused by ectopic eruption of the canines. A clinical and radiographic analysis of predisposing factors. Am 1 Orthod Dentofac Orthop

A survey of 3,874 routine full mouth radiographs. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Path

A textbook of oral pathology. 2nd Ed.

Delayed eruption of maxillary canine teeth: Part 1: Aetiology and diagnosis. Proc Br Paedodont Soc

Ectopic eruption of maxillary first permanent molars and association with other tooth and developmental disturbances.

Kurol 1. (b) Early treatment of palatally erupting maxillary canines by extraction of the primary canines.

Longitudinal study and analysis of clinical supervision of maxillary canine eruption. Comm Dent Oral Epidemiol

The aetiology of maxillary canine impactions.

The incidence of anamolous lateral incisors in relation to palatally displaced cuspids. Angle Orthod

The prevalence of malocclusion in Swedish school children.

The unerupted canine. Dent Pract Dent Rec

Treatment of the unerupted maxillary canine. Dent Pract Dent Rec

The prevalence of impacted permanent maxillary canines in Maltese school children : a pilot study

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The prevalence of impacted permanent maxillary canines in Maltese school children : a pilot study

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