MEDLINE database has been analysed for 1995-97 on index Accidents and Trauma. Publications output has been classified year-wise country-wise, journal-wise and other fine structure characteristics have been found. High frequency keywords have been identified. Other valuable data have been compiled. The value of informater for decision-making is brought out by this study and the comprehensive data compilation by MEDLINE is established

Kadam, S. N.

Kalyane, V. L.

English

E-LIS

LO3_2015 -IJ.ipur '" N~ Delhill-17CA berl99HInformetrics on accidents and traumav. L. KAL Y ANE and S. N. KADAM (India)AbstractMEDLINE database ha.~ been analyscd for 1995-97 on ind~x Accidellts and Trauma. Publications output has beenclassified yearwise, countrywise, journal wise and other fine structure characteristics ,have been found. High 'frequencykeywords have been identified. Other valuable data have been compiled. Tht: ,value of infonnaler for decisionmaking is brought out by this study and the comprehensive data compilation by l-AEDLINE is established.to record thc research locations of work conducted bythe prolific authors.to documcnt tile names or substances.to finu chccktag scorcsto nOle subscts documented. andto rccord lIigll frequency Medical Subject Headings.IntroductiollQuantitativc analyses of information generation,its transfer, anc.l use is called inrorm~llrics.Present p~lfJcr deals with in[orm.'.lion generationand its characterisations at global level in thedomain' Accidents and Trauma' during1995~1997. Accident is an unintentional andharmflll event. Emergency is the sudden state ofdanger, crisis, urgent happening, or need, etc.requiring immediate action. Trauma is an injurycaused by a mechanical, physic~ll, or psychicagents.Objectives of the study on ' Accidents al1dTrauma' are:Metl10dologyMEDLINE database on CD-ROM wasdownloaded aIld used for present study; Nornlalcount procedure (Prnvdic and Oluic- Vukovic,1986) wa::i followed by giving one score forevery occurcnce of thc subject underconsidcr,ltiol1. The coll,lbordtion Coefficient(Subramanyam, 1983) was calculated as theratio of the number of collaborative researchpapers to the total number of research paperspublished during the period.Publication Density is defined as the ratio of thetotal number of research papers published to thetotal number of journals in which the paperswere published. and Publication Concentrationis defined as the ratio in percentage of thcjournals containing half of the papel"S publishedto the tot,ll number of journals in which thosepapers wcre published during the period understudy (Vinkler, .1990).to know yearwise output of publicarions.to know countrywise origin of publications.to reveal authorship pattern,to identify countries publislling thc source journals.to find out the languagewi~e output of publicutions,to know journulwise scattering of pllblications,to apply Bradford's law of scatter,to know average Bradford multiplier,to find number of pagewisc frequcncy ofpublications,to identify high frequency keywords in titles of thepublications,to know name.o; of the expcrts,lll-119VoL. Kalyanc and S.N. KadamW-120Publication types included all journal articlcs.However, following classified types were:review-tutorial (20), review of l"Cportcd ca.'\cs( 14), clinical trial (9), r.mdomized controlled -trial (6), review of literature (4), multicentrestudy (4), conlrolled clinical u.ial (3), letter (2),and historical article (I).Languagcwise dislribution of research papers on'Accidents and Trauma' (Table 4) clearlydocuments that English is the universal languagewith maximum 266 papers, followed by 41papers in German, 31 papers in Japanese, and 10papers in Frcnch.Journalwise scattcring of research papers in'Accic.Icnls anc.I Tr.luma' (Table 5) furnishesfollowing d.lta : 22 .papcrs in J. AccidentEmcrgency Med., 20 papel"S in Injury, 19 papersin Unfallchirurg, and 18.papcrs in J. Trauma.The 50 percent of the m.ticles al.C published in 28journals consliluling 15 percent of the totaljournals (185). If we consider 60 pcrcent of thetot.ll articles which are published in 48 journalsthose form 26 perccnt of the total journals. First35 percent of the articles were concentrated intop ranking 10 journals. Last 35 percen~ of thearticles were scattered having one article each in130 journals. Remaining 30 percent of thearticles werc distributed in journals rankingfrom 11 to 55 i.e. 45 journals. Thc publicationdcnsity was 2 and publication conccntration was15 percent (Table 6) also includes the ImpactFaclor .mc.I mmec.Ii.lcy Index for all journals asper SCI JCR 1995. FigUl"e 1 portrays theBradford-Zipf bibliograph and inset revealscumulalive publications in core journals.Results and discussionOut of 370 papers published during 1995-1997,on. 'Accidents alld Trauma' considered forpresent study, countrywise origin of researchpapers (Table 1) revealed that 67 papers wcrecommunicated from USA, 50 papers from UK,38 papcrs from Japan, and 36 papers fromGermany, The 191 (51.6%) papers belonged tothese four countries. Re;maining 179 papersoriginated from 54 other countries whel-e 15papers were from Canada, 13 papers each werefrom Austl-alia, England, and Finland, Franceand Italy published 12 papers cachoAuthorship pattern in 'Accidents a11d Trauma'rescarch papcrs (Table 2) show thatthree-authored .papers were maximum (20.8%)followed by two-authored (18.1%)and four-authored (15.68%). Collaboration Coefficientwas 0.88 during 1995-97. About 80 percent ofthe papers had one to five autlIors. Maximunlauthors were eleven in threc papers. A researchcontribution by 10 or more autl10rs ha-') becnterm cd as the work of mega-authorship (Sen,1997). Mega-authorship is emcrging in, Accidents and Trauma' research also the causesmay be i) Multidisciplinary research activity, ii)Multidisciplinary application of researchresults, iii) Resource sharing, and iv) Advancedtechnology.Counters publishing the'source journals havingresearch papers on 'Accidents and Trauma'(Table 3) indicated that rnL1,ximum (105) papcrswere in journals pub'lished from USA followedby 92 papers from England, 50 from Germanyand 35 from Japan journals from France havepublished 11 papers and Italy 10 papers. Abollt80 percent papers were published in journalsoriginating from five countries (20 percent) outof total 29 countries, and 20 percent papersoriginated from 24 countries (about 80 perccnt).Thus, the results follow 80/20 rule (Egghc,1987).Expertise available in the domain' Accidentsand Trauma' as a measure of member ofauthorships to the credit of authors during1995-1997 was compiled (Table 10). There aretotal 1267 authors: Kanl1us P., Parkkari J., andVuori I, are top ranking. Seven authors have four1Il-121Informetrics Oil accidents and traumaRobertson C.R. is from the Accident andEmergcncy Department, Glassgow RoyalInfirnlary, U.K./Royallnfirnlary of Edinburgh,Scotland. U. K.authorships each and twelve authors have threeauthorships each.Locations wherc maximum work in the field of, Accidenls and Tr.lum.\' is being conductcd c.mbe found out by ilie addresses of thc experts(included in the Table 10) are as follows:Kannus P, Parkkal°i J., Vuori 1o, Sicvanen H., andNiemi S., belong to the Accidents .md Traum.lResearch Centre, UKK Institute for HcalthPromotion Research PIN-33500 Tampere,Finlalld.Watanabe K. belongs to the Department ofThoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, KyourinUni,'crsity, School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan.Authors (71) having two authorships each were:Bcard D., Bradley S., Buckley T.C., BurgossA.R., Busutitil A., Cobby M., Cornu E.,Crowford R., DiStefamo G., Evans P.A.,Fischer M., Gansslen A., Goodacre S. W., GrabmC.A., Gray A, Gueret P., Hansis M., Hattori Y.,Heikkila J., Heinonen A., Hickling E.J., HiltonM., Holubowyez O.T., Hunne T., HylandMcCuire P.,Imaizumi H., Kato S., Komatsu H.,Kvist M., Lagrange P., Lee J., Loss W.R.,Lumpkin J., Martin V., Matsumoto S.,Matsuyama T., Maunu V.M., Mclauchlan C.A.,Nagasaki G., Nagata Y., Natri A., Negi K.,Oakl..md C.D., Ohiorenoya D., Ozawa K.,Parker R.S., Pas.men M., Pohlemann T., Poulal..J., Puschcl K., Raincr T.I-I., Regel G., Sato M.,Schultz J.H., Senga M.J., Sinha M.P., StockerR., Sturmer K.M., Sugimura S., Tropet Y.,Trupka A, Vedrinne J .M., Vignon P., WentzensenA., Williams M.J., Winje D., Winkler H.,Wotherspoon J., Yamada M., Yamada T., andYoung J.G.Blanchard E.B. and Taylor A.E. belong to theCentre for Stress and Anxiety Disorders,University of Albany-SUNY 12222, USA.Bryant R.A. and Harvey A.G. belong to theSchool of Psychology, University of New SouthWales, Kensington, Ausu.alia.Schweibercr L is from the Chirurgische Klinikund Poliklinik, Ludwig - Maximilians -Universitut Munchcn - Gcrnluny.Tcanby D.N. is from the Dcpartmcnt ofOrthopaedic Surgery, Withington Hospital,Manchester, U.K.Boot D.A. and Gorman D.F. are from theAccidents and Emergency Dcpartment,Warrington District General Hospital, U.K.There are 1173 authors who have authorship inonly one paper each one on the' Accidents andTrauma' (1995-97)Tschenc H, is from the Orthopadischc Abtcilungim Rehabilitations Krankenhaus, OrthopadischeKlinik der Universitat, Ulm.Guli S.H. ,md Low B. Y. belong to tile Accidentand Emergency Department, Toa PayohHospital, Singapore.Nast Kolbe D. and Ruchholtz S. belong to theDepartment of Surgery, Ludwig MaximiliansUniversity, Munich, Gemlany.Names of the substances associated with the, Accidents and Trauma' (if frequency is morethan one it is noted in parenthesis) given inalphabetical order are: Alchohol, - Ethyl (4);Americium; Amyloid-Protein-AA;Amyloid-protein - AA - precursor; Antibiotics;Antibiotics, - Combined; Anticoagulants (3);Anti-Inflammatory-Agents, - Non-Steroidal;Antirhcumatic - Agents; Antithrombins;Antithrombin-III, Apolipoproteins;Azathioprine; Beta-Endorphin; Calcium;Randanov B.P. and Sturzenegger M. belong tothe DepartInent of Psychiatry/Department ofNeurology, University of Berne, Insclspital,Switzerland.V.L. KalYLII1c LII1U S.N. Kauam1"2identify strcngthsand we..lkness in ..1 res~archdom..1in. In[oml..1tion technology is destroyingthe b..1rricrs or dist..mce by shrinking lIle globeinto ..1 globule. Trespassing all of the unnaturalb..1rriers m..1de by human beings due to I..mguage,religion, nation..u, regional, political,knowlcdgc, etc. is the highest ..lchievement ofhum..m beings of the 20th century.l~cferences:Carbon-Dioxide; Chcmokines;,-~,Gisapridc;Corticotropin; Cyclosporinc, Dcoxyglucose;Desmopressin; ENA- 78; E - Scletin;Fibrinolytic - Agents; Fludcoxyglucose - F-18;Fluorine - Radioisotopes; FSH; Glucosc;Gonadorelin; Heparin; HLA-DR-Antigens;Hydrocartisonc (2); Immullosupprcssivc -Agents; Insulin; Intcrleukin-6; Intcrlcukin- 8(2),Isotonic Solutions; Lactates;Leukocyte-Elastage; LH; Opthalmic -Solutions; Ostcocalcin; Oxygen;Parasympathomimetics; Plasma - Substitutes(2); Pipcridincs; Platelet - Glycoprotcin - GP IIb - III a - Complex; Polygclinc (2);PolytetraOuoroethylcne; Pottasium; Prol.lctin(2); Protirelin; P- Sectin; Pulmonary -Surfactants; Radiopharmaceutjcals; Rifampin;Ringer's - Lactate; Selectins; Somatropin;Stainless-Steel; Streptokinase; Sulfas.llazinc;Sympathofmimetics; Tcchnetium - Tc - 99m -PYrophosphate; Thyrotropin; Titanium (3);Tri.!mcinolonc; ,md Vancomycin.Egghe- L. (1987) Pratt's measure for somebibliomctric distributions ..\nd its relationwith 80/20 rule. Journ..ll or the AmericanSociety for Inform..\tion Science,38(4),288-297Humphrey S.M. (1984) File maintenance ofMeSH- headings in MEDLINE. Journal ofthe Americ..ln Society for InformationScience, 35( 1), 34-44.Pravl~ic N alI0 0luic- Vukovic C. (1986)Dual approach to multiple :'Iuthorship in thestudy of coll:'lboratioll/scientific outputrelationship. Scientometrics, 10(5-6),259-280Sen B.K. (1997) Mega-authorship from abib!iomctric point of view. MalaysianJournal of Library & Information Science,2(2), 9-18.Checktages scores were: Animal(7); CascReport (138); Comparative Study (22); Female(197); Human (223); Male (248); Support, Non-US Government (49); and Support, USGovernment PHS (4).Subsets documented were: AIM (46), Nursing(11), and Dental (8).High frequency Medic.u Subject Headings(MeSH), (Humphrey, 1984), were: Adult (149);Adolescence (102);' Middlc-Age (99); Aged(66); Child (62); Accidents, - Traffic (54);Child,-Preschool (40); etc. (Table 11).Subranlanyam K. (1983) Bibliometricstudies of research collaboration: A reviewJ. Inf. Sci., 6( 1), 33-38Vinkler P. (1990) Bibliometric analysis ofpublication activity of a scientific reserchinstitute Informatics, 89/90 Edited by EggheL. and Rousseau R., Elsevier SciencePublishers: B. V., 390- 334.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that by usingMEDLINE database it is possible to drawvarious data and informations to project thecharacteristics and u"ends of informationgenration in a particular domain. Informatics hasits utility in the decision making process. It C..illAddress: Turning Point Centre, 2:2, C5-29, Seclor-5,Konkall Uhavan, N.IVi, Mumbai-400 614, India.111-123Informetrics on accidents and traumaTAIJI,HC"Ulllry",i~c rlrigill of rc~cnrch p8pcr~ rill . Accidcnl.~ 811d Tr8111118 'retr1eved from M81>LINE rtl'tftbBSe 011 Cl>-ltlfl (1995-97)COUJ-ITR-{ Of NO. OF PAPERSRES(!.ARCII n~sn"ul1! PUDLlSIIEDU.S.A~' -6:r .YSO38~619pnn(Jt'ml"I'v15- . 13.Cnnll,ln12-. I~)'-S\Vi\zc/II\IIJ_.S.p:li~I.. .ChinoUK{)S~osl~IDnd 05OSn4u.1r Singl'",.rl_'I Bel"il1m--~~Mric8ChileIsraelOJ I)03.~~~~bill OJThc NcLllcrlllllds 0202AustriaRomania 02020202---ScotJnndSwedenTllrk.,yI ()fh"r~ ( with only nile rAper ench ) 2~-,'Iulnl 371.1TABLE 2J\\llhorship pattcrn in . J\ccidcnls and Traum:!' research papersretrieved Croll HlillLINE dntabnae on CD-RIfl (1\195-9T)A - No. of authorspcrccnl:lRcP - No. of papers. slid L ~~ P - CllnlulntiveVoL. Kalyanc and SoNo Kadam111-124TJ\DLE 3Ull1l1lri", f'"hli,hing tho ~nllrcc jllllrllnl, hnving re,enlch p"l1Cr, 1111, /\C(;idclIls 111111 Trauma'rot.rlevod lro'l1 ME)JLINE dntnbnae nn CI>-IlOM(199:;-97)N"ii""O"~R81'1J"L.ISIII.:J)IU5(~UUN'I'HV U'" .IUlJHNAI.UllitcJ Statc~050035011010~007005005(105GennllnyJUpullFIBII(;e~-ScotlandCanada;! Denmarkr-~-',: ~11f\i!1THiwnn-_~~i~!I)_-NorwayI SinRHJ1IJrC ~~I S\vill.~rlwllJ ~.002002~uslralia~---ria -Czcch . RcpublicGrecccIndin-- .Romania -'I'1Ie NetherlAndsAn!llrinCroatia!'inlund001-1~IHcl4TJ\llLELangtl:1ges of research paper in . Accidenls and Trauma' (1995-97)retrieved from I-[EDI.INK database on CD-\1.(!-fNO. or PAPERS1,,\N{~tJAGES002002ChillcscC7.echRussian-Nor\vcp,inn111-125Infonnetrics on accidents and traumaT,\)JI.lJ~ 5(Cont./...)Kalyane and S.N. Kadamv.111-126--McL\"ul-0.883France 0.088 0.013--~PY.f!!rdlol.Z. Kardlol.1St' -1 R5 JI.'ml1l1l~ with: .j IJ/llv cmc al11cle coch370-TulJllImpact 1,.,,10, ,~ Immediacy IrKiex M per U.e :>(,;1 Journal (';ilolion KOTIOrts. IW~TJ\ULE 0Distribution of' Accidents GIld Trauma I research papers retri eY'ed t roal HKULINKdatabase 011 CD-ROP-( 1995-Y7) 'as per Dradford~s-Law of S~('crIll-127lnformetrics on accidents and traum.lTAnLI~.1 - .Irnlrnnl.o;, OM ~ Itrnul"olrl Mllllirlier , nndA = "rficle~L = Lonei\vcrOlgc UrOldtord Mulliplicr ~ 3.95TABI : 81~ul"bcr of pagcs of rc5carch paper"" 011 ' Accidcnl'! and TraUllla .retrieved from MKVI.INn databa8e on CD-ROM (1995-97)--iI'R RQ( JJt:N(~VU4-~-'rm'AI.UU4~Nfi{)li1' I)A(;":~I04214--=i'~'-' ..'.'.'~---'.-::I - 17 ,  .-  20 ." - '-1-1--23-01-023--02525 01-To!u' 370- --2025V.L. Kalyane and S.N. Kadam111-128TAR'. F 9Ili~ll flt1L!Ut1IIl;Y kt1ywulu~ illlIlt1lillt1~ uf lIl~publications on I /',ccidents and Trauma Ir~f.rieved from M"~ULINE dAtabase on CD-ROM (1995-97)r~!-~~!'~--r~Q~ENGY7- L---i- __2 7--7---1--77---7766 '6---66 i6660- - ~---6- 6- ~- 6-~- 0,-t)- 5- ,-\--F--'---;; ';)5IFKEYU~i1571""---K~YWn"U,Q1~ATOOEARLY'EFFEC:r cY~lY~~!~~-FArrOR~,i-i66rff"j-PI:L VIto;REGiON-~au-- -- . "1:"_.. :)0c.;,,~,= .-.PATIF"'Tct.;Enoo jCY-'-'- -.'~cl:.VI.ilnlIJNT3~37TRACHEATRAFFiC"- -3-1-"2:9~1 TRICUSPIDASSOC.IATEDAI"CU~YSMI @.I-~I'J I(;UNll~AI. 1COMPLICATIONCOURSEDISRUPTIONJ'_'II'ITlurE j1U--1nAH II:I~YiFOi:iowlNii 'i"iEfJ5161IMO10R VEHICLE J~10161IGi 1!;1!l! 15/-~MOH' All rv.- PI~FVFNT'ON~~GITflTlotJJ~~SUL ISUCCESS F m:-SURGERYI~~~~[==~.-:::,AnRTAASrCCTt.;r~ANIALUFlAYTfl11---11''01010;FEMORALii1AEMA1OMi\"! IMPACT it:ihla iON .I C6M~~~!SONPF'/IE'If\ffUMDI.'3T~C~.'3 101VIL; IIMS~~RHC!\USEC E R Yii::"[E~~iTAL~.t-'.~.L YSI'3 'IDI~Or'iDCr'iI II:'~A'UI~1: ~MilSCIE- ~-- --~IO~lr"E~IETRJ\TltlO'PRACTICEPREDICTIONRE[JIJCERISK~I::HVI~~~P'NF-curranTIHI;;.RAP'fi§,=Y!=_Hi,. YFArAIitiCiD~I TIME11~~1""lIEHIUHI. - -- --.~~~~-5G. ~ 555I 5I.,1--4---F=z~=(Contd...)1RI~UMA!~I::I!:I!.~Y ACCmr:;NTIII ~9llIformetrics on accidcnts and traumacontinued able uIFREOljENCY- -"KFYWORDCLlt JICAL~-3~~~~~~~~~ICORO~IARYI DEVEl6p"rviEl~T-.1[DRIVERS. EXPERiENCF:"fE~tUcNEHALIC1ROi fP'. ' 3 ----- ~I' IELICOrTEn.:HISTORYI"~ALI:?;!)~~ TEDIKI~CE~.3:1==!3I~.- ,-, (lWFI?\ L6NGTERM~~L_-METHODOLOGYr~f1r;~IOnOMJ!)!~ H ;;;;;;-- -nrll/ AR1-'-- ---:r TIICI.CC:J'flul~ ,..tUPEUI"C""1 ".' '".PEDESTRIANI ~:~_o_=! 03°'_0--[~~~~~T~:!?~!~.~[':..~ "F5,"CHOLOGi3 -:;~ ~ ~~~~~~ ="33.1;~!'.RF---IPERICARDIALipERSilliAi_rrY~PLAT[Lff4-~--;j.1!:!~.I;::~~~! ~..!J~.t:!-_-PRmRAMR-PROSrECTIVEPROTOCOLrrorw,6Gr~PmJ~~IHIMIUNI~~',".DUGC I HVlE-- -,-SCANI.§!;~.I !:J_~!-_~SURVIV ALII HUH"C I UMY-I . - .. _.-THROM80-'3IS---IIJ 1<[~iIIJ~¥~RAi' -=rmE~-ir:;OI~E3_..-3IEACl-1n",V.L. Kalyane and S.N. Kallam30!;I'-A~L E 10Expertise in 'Accidents and Trauma' as per number of3uthorships during 1995..97 retri eyed from HEDLINRdatabase ~n CU-ROM(1995-97)NUMBER OFAUTHORSHIPSSR. NO. AUTHOR10664444444333331'")A...').'.4~-~<ANNUS P.PARKKARI J.VUORIIBLANCHARD E.B5 -Gi BR'T' Ar~T R. A.il-iARVEY A. G.78910111213141516-171819I SCHV'JEIBERER L.SIE\/ANEN H'-EANBY D. N.TSCHERr-.JE H.... ."-0 BOOT D. A.IGOH S. H.IGORMAN D. FILOW B. Y.r~AST KOLBE 0-NIEMI S.~~~RADA~JOV B. P.-EROBERTSON CiRUCHHOLTZ S---20 :~---21 .IsATU-RZENEGGER M~MYLoRA~~-~~-I W A T Af'IAB E 't<..2223 - H4,At_JTHORS WITH:TWO PAPERS EACH, L ~ ~.1~ AUTHORS WITHOf'IE PAPER EACH11731 - 1767 TOTAI_- At_'THORSHIPS 1403I11-I3IInformetrics on accidents and traumaTABLE 11High frequency Medical Subject Headings (MeSH} forresearch papers published on ' Accidents and Trauma'retrieved from MEDUNE data base on CD - ROM1995 -97!MeSH -~u;n-cvI AcilJlt i~1I Adolescence!'MiddlE e - Age'Child~idents- TrafficIChild.-PreschoolI R;t;:o;Dectiv~SiudiesI A"ed -8O-and-overrI;i;;ntWounds -Non . licationsProsoective-StudiesI Follow - uo - Studies I 231I 231-I IncidenceI T;;moaraohv - X-Ra\l-Comouted EI181I Risk-FactorsIfue-Factors- ,- come- Scoreoun 5.- onoenetratina-suraerv1""Age- OlstrWion-I EmeraenciesAccidents - Traffic-statistics-and-numerical-dataMultiole - Trauma-mortalitv- -MultiThorTrauWouErneMultio e- raurna - l~anOSIS!=1iJ 1 110101101,Su . ai-RateDia sis -DifferentialGla w-Coma-SMu Ie-TraumaMIJ 0 e- Trauma-ra loorao \f ;:::====~= Stress-Diaorders -Post- Traumatic- s chatWounds Non-oenetratina - diannosis91(Contd.III-I 32 V.I,. Kalyane and S.N. Kadam~" .,.""I Accidental - falls81I Sex-Distribution7171~ ~I Accidents.- Traffic-mortalitY--: Enoland6~~lHos-Dii~liZation6161I Soinal-Fractures-radioQraohv 61(Contd...)1l1formelrics on accidcl1lS and trauma

Informetrics on accidents and trauma

E-LIS repository

LO3_2015 -I
J.ipur '" N~ Delhi
ll-17CA berl99H
Informetrics on accidents and trauma
v. L. KAL Y ANE and S. N. KADAM (India)
Abstract
MEDLINE database ha.~ been analyscd for 1995-97 on ind~x Accidellts and Trauma. Publications output has been
classified yearwise, countrywise, journal wise and other fine structure characteristics ,have been found. High 'frequency
keywords have been identified. Other valuable data have been compiled. Tht: ,value of infonnaler for decision
making is brought out by this study and the comprehensive data compilation by l-AEDLINE is established.
to record thc research locations of work conducted by
the prolific authors.
to documcnt tile names or substances.
to finu chccktag scorcs
to nOle subscts documented. and
to rccord lIigll frequency Medical Subject Headings.
Introductioll
Quantitativc analyses of information generation,
its transfer, anc.l use is called inrorm~llrics.
Present p~lfJcr deals with in[orm.'.lion generation
and its characterisations at global level in the
domain' Accidents and Trauma' during
1995~1997. Accident is an unintentional and
harmflll event. Emergency is the sudden state of
danger, crisis, urgent happening, or need, etc.
requiring immediate action. Trauma is an injury
caused by a mechanical, physic~ll, or psychic
agents.
Objectives of the study on ' Accidents al1d
Trauma' are:
Metl10dology
MEDLINE database on CD-ROM was
downloaded aIld used for present study; Nornlal
count procedure (Prnvdic and Oluic- Vukovic,
1986) wa::i followed by giving one score for
every occurcnce of thc subject under
considcr,ltiol1. The coll,lbordtion Coefficient
(Subramanyam, 1983) was calculated as the
ratio of the number of collaborative research
papers to the total number of research papers
published during the period.
Publication Density is defined as the ratio of the
total number of research papers published to the
total number of journals in which the papers
were published. and Publication Concentration
is defined as the ratio in percentage of thc
journals containing half of the papel"S published
to the tot,ll number of journals in which those
papers wcre published during the period under
study (Vinkler, .1990).
to know yearwise output of publicarions.
to know countrywise origin of publications.
to reveal authorship pattern,
to identify countries publislling thc source journals.
to find out the languagewi~e output of publicutions,
to know journulwise scattering of pllblications,
to apply Bradford's law of scatter,
to know average Bradford multiplier,
to find number of pagewisc frequcncy of
publications,
to identify high frequency keywords in titles of the
publications,
to know name.o; of the expcrts,
lll-119
VoL. Kalyanc and S.N. KadamW-120
Publication types included all journal articlcs.
However, following classified types were:
review-tutorial (20), review of l"Cportcd ca.'\cs
( 14), clinical trial (9), r.mdomized controlled -
trial (6), review of literature (4), multicentre
study (4), conlrolled clinical u.ial (3), letter (2),
and historical article (I).
Languagcwise dislribution of research papers on
'Accidents and Trauma' (Table 4) clearly
documents that English is the universal language
with maximum 266 papers, followed by 41
papers in German, 31 papers in Japanese, and 10
papers in Frcnch.
Journalwise scattcring of research papers in
'Accic.Icnls anc.I Tr.luma' (Table 5) furnishes
following d.lta : 22 .papcrs in J. Accident
Emcrgency Med., 20 papel"S in Injury, 19 papers
in Unfallchirurg, and 18.papcrs in J. Trauma.
The 50 percent of the m.ticles al.C published in 28
journals consliluling 15 percent of the total
journals (185). If we consider 60 pcrcent of the
tot.ll articles which are published in 48 journals
those form 26 perccnt of the total journals. First
35 percent of the articles were concentrated in
top ranking 10 journals. Last 35 percen~ of the
articles were scattered having one article each in
130 journals. Remaining 30 percent of the
articles werc distributed in journals ranking
from 11 to 55 i.e. 45 journals. Thc publication
dcnsity was 2 and publication conccntration was
15 percent (Table 6) also includes the Impact
Faclor .mc.I mmec.Ii.lcy Index for all journals as
per SCI JCR 1995. FigUl"e 1 portrays the
Bradford-Zipf bibliograph and inset reveals
cumulalive publications in core journals.
Results and discussion
Out of 370 papers published during 1995-1997,
on. 'Accidents alld Trauma' considered for
present study, countrywise origin of research
papers (Table 1) revealed that 67 papers wcre
communicated from USA, 50 papers from UK,
38 papcrs from Japan, and 36 papers from
Germany, The 191 (51.6%) papers belonged to
these four countries. Re;maining 179 papers
originated from 54 other countries whel-e 15
papers were from Canada, 13 papers each were
from Austl-alia, England, and Finland, France
and Italy published 12 papers cacho
Authorship pattern in 'Accidents a11d Trauma'
rescarch papcrs (Table 2) show that
three-authored .papers were maximum (20.8%)
followed by two-authored (18.1%)and four-
authored (15.68%). Collaboration Coefficient
was 0.88 during 1995-97. About 80 percent of
the papers had one to five autlIors. Maximunl
authors were eleven in threc papers. A research
contribution by 10 or more autl10rs ha-') becn
term cd as the work of mega-authorship (Sen,
1997). Mega-authorship is emcrging in
, Accidents and Trauma' research also the causes
may be i) Multidisciplinary research activity, ii)
Multidisciplinary application of research
results, iii) Resource sharing, and iv) Advanced
technology.
Counters publishing the'source journals having
research papers on 'Accidents and Trauma'
(Table 3) indicated that rnL1,ximum (105) papcrs
were in journals pub'lished from USA followed
by 92 papers from England, 50 from Germany
and 35 from Japan journals from France have
published 11 papers and Italy 10 papers. Abollt
80 percent papers were published in journals
originating from five countries (20 percent) out
of total 29 countries, and 20 percent papers
originated from 24 countries (about 80 perccnt).
Thus, the results follow 80/20 rule (Egghc,
1987).
Expertise available in the domain' Accidents
and Trauma' as a measure of member of
authorships to the credit of authors during
1995-1997 was compiled (Table 10). There are
total 1267 authors: Kanl1us P., Parkkari J., and
Vuori I, are top ranking. Seven authors have four
1Il-121Informetrics Oil accidents and trauma
Robertson C.R. is from the Accident and
Emergcncy Department, Glassgow Royal
Infirnlary, U.K./Royallnfirnlary of Edinburgh,
Scotland. U. K.
authorships each and twelve authors have three
authorships each.
Locations wherc maximum work in the field of
, Accidenls and Tr.lum.\' is being conductcd c.m
be found out by ilie addresses of thc experts
(included in the Table 10) are as follows:
Kannus P, Parkkal°i J., Vuori 1o, Sicvanen H., and
Niemi S., belong to the Accidents .md Traum.l
Research Centre, UKK Institute for Hcalth
Promotion Research PIN-33500 Tampere,
Finlalld.
Watanabe K. belongs to the Department of
Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kyourin
Uni,'crsity, School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan.
Authors (71) having two authorships each were:
Bcard D., Bradley S., Buckley T.C., Burgoss
A.R., Busutitil A., Cobby M., Cornu E.,
Crowford R., DiStefamo G., Evans P.A.,
Fischer M., Gansslen A., Goodacre S. W., Grabm
C.A., Gray A, Gueret P., Hansis M., Hattori Y.,
Heikkila J., Heinonen A., Hickling E.J., Hilton
M., Holubowyez O.T., Hunne T., Hyland
McCuire P.,Imaizumi H., Kato S., Komatsu H.,
Kvist M., Lagrange P., Lee J., Loss W.R.,
Lumpkin J., Martin V., Matsumoto S.,
Matsuyama T., Maunu V.M., Mclauchlan C.A.,
Nagasaki G., Nagata Y., Natri A., Negi K.,
Oakl..md C.D., Ohiorenoya D., Ozawa K.,
Parker R.S., Pas.men M., Pohlemann T., Poulal..
J., Puschcl K., Raincr T.I-I., Regel G., Sato M.,
Schultz J.H., Senga M.J., Sinha M.P., Stocker
R., Sturmer K.M., Sugimura S., Tropet Y.,
Trupka A, Vedrinne J .M., Vignon P., Wentzensen
A., Williams M.J., Winje D., Winkler H.,
Wotherspoon J., Yamada M., Yamada T., and
Young J.G.
Blanchard E.B. and Taylor A.E. belong to the
Centre for Stress and Anxiety Disorders,
University of Albany-SUNY 12222, USA.
Bryant R.A. and Harvey A.G. belong to the
School of Psychology, University of New South
Wales, Kensington, Ausu.alia.
Schweibercr L is from the Chirurgische Klinik
und Poliklinik, Ludwig - Maximilians -
Universitut Munchcn - Gcrnluny.
Tcanby D.N. is from the Dcpartmcnt of
Orthopaedic Surgery, Withington Hospital,
Manchester, U.K.
Boot D.A. and Gorman D.F. are from the
Accidents and Emergency Dcpartment,
Warrington District General Hospital, U.K.
There are 1173 authors who have authorship in
only one paper each one on the' Accidents and
Trauma' (1995-97)
Tschenc H, is from the Orthopadischc Abtcilung
im Rehabilitations Krankenhaus, Orthopadische
Klinik der Universitat, Ulm.
Guli S.H. ,md Low B. Y. belong to tile Accident
and Emergency Department, Toa Payoh
Hospital, Singapore.
Nast Kolbe D. and Ruchholtz S. belong to the
Department of Surgery, Ludwig Maximilians
University, Munich, Gemlany.
Names of the substances associated with the
, Accidents and Trauma' (if frequency is more
than one it is noted in parenthesis) given in
alphabetical order are: Alchohol, - Ethyl (4);
Americium; Amyloid-Protein-AA;
Amyloid-protein - AA - precursor; Antibiotics;
Antibiotics, - Combined; Anticoagulants (3);
Anti-Inflammatory-Agents, - Non-Steroidal;
Antirhcumatic - Agents; Antithrombins;
Antithrombin-III, Apolipoproteins;
Azathioprine; Beta-Endorphin; Calcium;
Randanov B.P. and Sturzenegger M. belong to
the DepartInent of Psychiatry/Department of
Neurology, University of Berne, Insclspital,
Switzerland.
V.L. KalYLII1c LII1U S.N. Kauam1"2
identify strcngthsand we..lkness in ..1 res~arch
dom..1in. In[oml..1tion technology is destroying
the b..1rricrs or dist..mce by shrinking lIle globe
into ..1 globule. Trespassing all of the unnatural
b..1rriers m..1de by human beings due to I..mguage,
religion, nation..u, regional, political,
knowlcdgc, etc. is the highest ..lchievement of
hum..m beings of the 20th century.
l~cferences:
Carbon-Dioxide; Chcmokines;,-~,Gisapridc;
Corticotropin; Cyclosporinc, Dcoxyglucose;
Desmopressin; ENA- 78; E - Scletin;
Fibrinolytic - Agents; Fludcoxyglucose - F-18;
Fluorine - Radioisotopes; FSH; Glucosc;
Gonadorelin; Heparin; HLA-DR-Antigens;
Hydrocartisonc (2); Immullosupprcssivc -
Agents; Insulin; Intcrleukin-6; Intcrlcukin- 8(2),
Isotonic Solutions; Lactates;
Leukocyte-Elastage; LH; Opthalmic -
Solutions; Ostcocalcin; Oxygen;
Parasympathomimetics; Plasma - Substitutes
(2); Pipcridincs; Platelet - Glycoprotcin - GP II
b - III a - Complex; Polygclinc (2);
PolytetraOuoroethylcne; Pottasium; Prol.lctin
(2); Protirelin; P- Sectin; Pulmonary -
Surfactants; Radiopharmaceutjcals; Rifampin;
Ringer's - Lactate; Selectins; Somatropin;
Stainless-Steel; Streptokinase; Sulfas.llazinc;
Sympathofmimetics; Tcchnetium - Tc - 99m -
PYrophosphate; Thyrotropin; Titanium (3);
Tri.!mcinolonc; ,md Vancomycin.
Egghe- L. (1987) Pratt's measure for some
bibliomctric distributions ..\nd its relation
with 80/20 rule. Journ..ll or the American
Society for Inform..\tion Science,
38(4),288-297
Humphrey S.M. (1984) File maintenance of
MeSH- headings in MEDLINE. Journal of
the Americ..ln Society for Information
Science, 35( 1), 34-44.
Pravl~ic N alI0 0luic- Vukovic C. (1986)
Dual approach to multiple :'Iuthorship in the
study of coll:'lboratioll/scientific output
relationship. Scientometrics, 10(5-6),
259-280
Sen B.K. (1997) Mega-authorship from a
bib!iomctric point of view. Malaysian
Journal of Library & Information Science,
2(2), 9-18.
Checktages scores were: Animal(7); Casc
Report (138); Comparative Study (22); Female
(197); Human (223); Male (248); Support, Non-
US Government (49); and Support, US
Government PHS (4).
Subsets documented were: AIM (46), Nursing
(11), and Dental (8).
High frequency Medic.u Subject Headings
(MeSH), (Humphrey, 1984), were: Adult (149);
Adolescence (102);' Middlc-Age (99); Aged(66); Child (62); Accidents, - Traffic (54);
Child,-Preschool (40); etc. (Table 11).
Subranlanyam K. (1983) Bibliometric
studies of research collaboration: A review
J. Inf. Sci., 6( 1), 33-38
Vinkler P. (1990) Bibliometric analysis of
publication activity of a scientific reserch
institute Informatics, 89/90 Edited by Egghe
L. and Rousseau R., Elsevier Science
Publishers: B. V., 390- 334.Conclusion
This study demonstrates that by using
MEDLINE database it is possible to draw
various data and informations to project the
characteristics and u"ends of information
genration in a particular domain. Informatics has
its utility in the decision making process. It C..ill
Address: Turning Point Centre, 2:2, C5-29, Seclor-5,
Konkall Uhavan, N.IVi, Mumbai-400 614, India.
111-123Informetrics on accidents and trauma
TAIJI,H
C"Ulllry",i~c rlrigill of rc~cnrch p8pcr~ rill . Accidcnl.~ 811d Tr8111118 '
retr1eved from M81>LINE rtl'tftbBSe 011 Cl>-ltlfl (1995-97)
COUJ-ITR-{ Of NO. OF PAPERS
RES(!.ARCII n~sn"ul1! PUDLlSIIED
U.S.A~' -6:r .Y
SO
38
~6
19pnn
(Jt'ml"I'v
15
- . 13
.
Cnnll,ln
12
-
. I~)'-
S\Vi\zc/II\IIJ
_.S.p:li~I.. .
Chino
UK
{)S
~
os
l~IDnd 05
OS
n4
u.1
r Singl'",.rl_'
I Bel"il1m
--
~~
Mric8
Chile
Israel
OJ I)
03
.~~~~bill OJ
Thc NcLllcrlllllds 02
02Austria
Romania 02
02
02
02
---
ScotJnnd
Sweden
Tllrk.,y
I ()fh"r~ ( with only nile rAper ench ) 2~-
,'Iulnl 371.1
TABLE 2
J\\llhorship pattcrn in . J\ccidcnls and Traum:!' research papers
retrieved Croll HlillLINE dntabnae on CD-RIfl (1\195-9T)
A - No. of authors
pcrccnl:lRc
P - No. of papers. slid L ~~ P - Cllnlulntive
VoL. Kalyanc and SoNo Kadam111-124
TJ\DLE 3
Ull1l1lri", f'"hli,hing tho ~nllrcc jllllrllnl, hnving re,enlch p"l1Cr, 1111
, /\C(;idclIls 111111 Trauma'
rot.rlevod lro'l1 ME)JLINE dntnbnae nn CI>-IlOM
(199:;-97)
N"ii""O"~R81'1J"L.ISIII.:J)
IU5
(~UUN'I'HV U'" .IUlJHNAI.
UllitcJ Statc~
050
035
011
010
~
007
005
005
(105
Gennllny
JUpull
FIBII(;e
~-
Scotland
Canada
;
! Denmark
r-~-'
,
: ~11f\i!1
THiwnn
-_~~i~!I)_-
Norway
I SinRHJ1IJrC ~~
I S\vill.~rlwllJ ~.
002
002
~uslralia
~---ria -
Czcch . Rcpublic
Greccc
Indin
-- .
Romania -
'I'1Ie NetherlAnds
An!llrin
Croatia
!'inlund
001
-
1~IHcl
4TJ\llLE
Langtl:1ges of research paper in . Accidenls and Trauma' (1995-97)
retrieved from I-[EDI.INK database on CD-\1.(!-f
NO. or PAPERS1,,\N{~tJAGES
002
002
Chillcsc
C7.ech
Russian
-
Nor\vcp,inn
111-125Infonnetrics on accidents and trauma
T,\)JI.lJ~ 5
(Cont./...)
Kalyane and S.N. Kadamv.111-126
--
McL\"ul
-
0.883
France 0.088 0.013
--
~PY.f!!rdlol.
Z. Kardlol.
1St' -1 R5 JI.'ml1l1l~ with
: .j IJ/llv cmc al11cle coch
370
-
TulJll
Impact 1,.,,10, ,~ Immediacy IrKiex M per U.e :>(,;1 Journal (';ilolion KOTIOrts. IW~
TJ\ULE 0
Distribution of' Accidents GIld Trauma I research papers retri eY'ed t roal HKULINK
database 011 CD-ROP-( 1995-Y7) 'as per Dradford~s-Law of S~('cr
Ill-127lnformetrics on accidents and traum.l
TAnLI~
.1 - .Irnlrnnl.o;, OM ~ Itrnul"olrl Mllllirlier , nndA = "rficle~L = Lone
i\vcrOlgc UrOldtord Mulliplicr ~ 3.95
TABI : 8
1~ul"bcr of pagcs of rc5carch paper"" 011 ' Accidcnl'! and TraUllla .
retrieved from MKVI.INn databa8e on CD-ROM (1995-97)
--
iI'R RQ( JJt:N(~V
U4
-~-
'rm'AI.
UU4
~Nfi{)li1' I)A(;":~
I
04214
-
-=i'~'-' ..'.'.'~---'.-::I - 17 ,  .-  20 ." - '-1
-1
--
23
-
01
-
023
--
02525 01
-
To!u' 370
- --
2025
V.L. Kalyane and S.N. Kadam111-128
TAR'. F 9
Ili~ll flt1L!Ut1IIl;Y kt1ywulu~ illlIlt1lillt1~ uf lIl~publications on I /',ccidents and Trauma I
r~f.rieved from M"~ULINE dAtabase on CD-ROM (1995-97)
r~!-~~!'~
--
r~Q~ENGY
7
- L---
i
- __2 7
--7-
--1--
7
7
---7
7
6
6 '
6
---
6
6 i
6
6
6
0
- - ~---
6
- 6
- ~
- 6
-~- 0
,-t)
- 5- ,
-\--F--'---;; '
;)
5
IFKEYU~i
1571
""
---
K~YWn"U
,Q1~ATOO
EARLY
'EFFEC:r cY~lY~~!~~-
FArrOR~
,i-i66rff"j-
PI:L VIto;
REGiON
-~
au
-- -- . "1:"
_.. :)0
c.;,,~,= .-.
PATIF"'Tct.;Enoo jCY-'-'- -.
'~cl:.VI.il
nlIJNT
3~
37
TRACHEA
TRAFFiC"
- -3-1-
"2:9
~1 TRICUSPIDASSOC.IATED
AI"CU~YSM
I @.I-~I'J I
(;UNll~AI. 1
COMPLICATION
COURSE
DISRUPTION
J'_'II'IT
lurE j
1U
--1n
AH II:I~Y
iFOi:iowlNii 'i"iEfJ5
161
IMO10R VEHICLE J~
10
161
IG
i 1!;
1!l
! 15/
-~
MOH' All rv
.- PI~FVFNT'ON
~~GITflTlotJ
J~~SUL I
SUCCESS F m:-
SURGERY
I~~~~[==~.-:::
,AnRTA
ASrCCT
t.;r~ANIAL
UFlAYTfl11
---11'
'0
10
10
;FEMORAL
ii1AEMA1OMi\"
! IMPACT it:ihla iON .
I C6M~~~!SON
PF'/IE'If\f
fUMDI.'3T~C~.'3 101
VIL; IIMS
~~RH
C!\USE
C E R Yii::"[E
~~iTAL
~.t-'.~.L YSI'3 '
IDI~Or'iDCr'i
I II:'~A'UI~1: ~
MilSCIE- ~-- --
~IO~lr"E~IETRJ\TltlO
'PRACTICE
PREDICTION
RE[JIJCE
RISK
~I::HVI~~
~P'NF
-
curranT
IHI;;.RAP'f
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FArAI
itiCiD~
I TIME
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1""lIEHIUHI. - -- --
.~~~~
-
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G
. ~ 5
5
5
I 5
I
.,
1--4---
F=z~=
(Contd...)1R
I~UMA
!~I::I!:I!.~Y ACCmr:;NT
III ~9
llIformetrics on accidcnts and trauma
continued able u
IFREOljENCY- -"KFYWORD
CLlt JICAL
~-
3
~~~~~~~~~ICORO~IARY
I DEVEl6p"rviEl~T
-.
1
[DRIVERS
. EXPERiENCF:"fE~t
UcNEHALIC1ROi fP'. ' 3 ----- ~
I' IELICOrTEn.
:HISTORY
I"~AL
I:?;!)~~ TED
IKI~CE
~
.3
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3
I~.- ,-
, (lWFI?
\ L6NGTERM
~~L_-
METHODOLOGY
r~f1r;~
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!~ H ;;;;;;-- -
nrll/ AR1-'-- ---
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lul~ ,..tUPEUI"C""1 ".' '"
.PEDESTRIAN
I ~:~_o_=
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!?~!~.~[':..~ "
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~ ~ ~~~~~~ =
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3
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;~!'.
RF
---
IPERICARDIAL
ipERSilliAi_rrY
~PLAT[Lff
4
-~
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PRmRAMR
-
PROSrECTIVE
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J~~IHIMIUN
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THROM80-'3IS
---
IIJ 1<
[~iIIJ~¥~RAi' -=
rmE~-
ir:;OI~E
3_..
-3
IE
ACl
-
1n",
V.L. Kalyane and S.N. Kallam30
!;I'-A~L E 10
Expertise in 'Accidents and Trauma' as per number of
3uthorships during 1995..97 retri eyed from HEDLINR
database ~n CU-ROM(1995-97)
NUMBER OF
AUTHORSHIPSSR. NO. AUTHOR
10
6
6
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
1
'")A..
.').
'.
4
~-
~<ANNUS P.
PARKKARI J.
VUORII
BLANCHARD E.B
5 -
G
i BR'T' Ar~T R. A.
il-iARVEY A. G.
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
-
17
18
19
I SCHV'JEIBERER L.
SIE\/ANEN H
'-EANBY D. N.
TSCHERr-.JE H.
... ."-0 BOOT D. A.
IGOH S. H.
IGORMAN D. F
ILOW B. Y.
r~AST KOLBE 0
-
NIEMI S.
~~~
RADA~JOV B. P.
-
EROBERTSON C
iRUCHHOLTZ S
---
20 :
~---21 .
IsATU-RZENEGGER M~
MYLoRA~
~-~~-
I W A T Af'IAB E 't<..22
23 - H4
,At_JTHORS WITH
:TWO PAPERS EACH
, L ~ ~.1~ AUTHORS WITH
Of'IE PAPER EACH
1173
1 - 1767 TOTAI_- At_'THORSHIPS 1403
I11-I3IInformetrics on accidents and trauma
TABLE 11
High frequency Medical Subject Headings (MeSH} for
research papers published on ' Accidents and Trauma'
retrieved from MEDUNE data base on CD - ROM
1995 -97
!MeSH -~u;n-cv
I AcilJlt i~1I Adolescence
!'MiddlE e - Age
'Child
~idents- Traffic
IChild.-Preschool
I R;t;:o;Dectiv~Siudies
I A"ed -8O-and-over
rI;i;;ntWounds -Non . lications
Prosoective-Studies
I Follow - uo - Studies I 231
I 231
-
I Incidence
I T;;moaraohv - X-Ra\l-Comouted EI
181I Risk-Factors
Ifue-Factors
- ,
- come
- Score
oun 5.- onoenetratina-suraerv
1""Age- OlstrWion-
I Emeraencies
Accidents - Traffic-statistics-and-numerical-data
Multiole - Trauma-mortalitv
- -
Multi
Thor
Trau
Wou
Erne
Multio e- raurna - l~anOSIS
!=1iJ 1 1
10
101
101,
Su . ai-Rate
Dia sis -Differential
Gla w-Coma-S
Mu Ie-Trauma
MIJ 0 e- Trauma-ra loorao \f ;:::====~= 
Stress-Diaorders -Post- Traumatic- s chat
Wounds Non-oenetratina - diannosis
91
(Contd.
III-I 32 V.I,. Kalyane and S.N. Kadam
~" .,.""
I Accidental - falls
81
I Sex-Distribution
71
71
~ ~
I Accidents.- Traffic-mortalitY
--
: Enoland
6~
~
lHos-Dii~liZation
61
61
I Soinal-Fractures-radioQraohv 61
(Contd...)
1l1formelrics on accidcl1lS and trauma


Informetrics on accidents and trauma

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