Initiated by the SCAR scientific research programme “Antarctic Thresholds – Ecosystem Resilience and Adaptation” (AnT-ERA, 2013-2021), 26 experts synthesized knowledge on impacts and risks of climate-change on biological processes and ecosystem functions in the Antarctic.

The ten main scientific messages that emerged addressed (1) accelerating marine and terrestrial biogeochemical cycles, (2) response to ocean acidification, (3) ecological changes in climate change hot spots, (4) unexpected dynamism of marine seafloor communities, (5) biodiversity shifts, (6) low temperature limitation of protein synthesis, (7) life intrinsically linked to changing sea ice conditions, (8) pollution, (9) genetically distinct terrestrial populations under threat, and (10) newly discovered habitats.

Two-thirds of the literature included in this synthesis was published between 2010 and 2020 and only one-third was published earlier.

The fast mounting, recent decadal evidence indicates various Antarctic biological communities now experience climate stress, or will experience such stress in the coming decades.

The responses of organisms, ecosystem functions and services to environmental changes are complex and varied. Key knowledge gaps remain and need addressing to adequately assess future prospects for life in the Antarctic

Adams, B.J.

Ahn, I.-Y.

Cheng, C.-H. C.

Colesie, C.

Cummings, V.J.

Griffiths, H.

Gutt, Julian

Hogg, I.

Isla, E.

McIntyre, T.

Meiners, Klaus M.

Pearce, D.A.

Peck, L.

Piepenburg, D.

Reisinger, R.R.

Saba, G.K.

Schloss, I.R.

Signori, C.N.

Smith, C.R.

Vacchi, M.

Verde, C.

Wall, D.H.

Xavier, J.C.

Electronic Publication Information Center

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`&$:1/3$)>'5_'75$AY/%-'Q?Z.'a'Q%/$&1'%&@'.&:$/5&A1&)%#'[R$1&R13'71&)/1-'b%R"#)>'5_'[R$1&R13'%&@'P1RF&5#5E>-'U5/)"E%#*<,'=/$)$3F'?&)%/R)$R'["/:1>-'\%)"/%#'.&:$/5&A1&)%#'Z131%/RF'75"&R$#-'7%AY/$@E1-'`S*B,'T1X%/)A1&)'5_'=$5#5E>'%&@'Q5&)1'V8'=1%&'Q"31"A-'=/$EF%A'D5"&E-'`&$:1/3$)>-'U/5:5-'`[?*G,'S5/1%'U5#%/'Z131%/RF'2&3)$)")1-'2&RF15&-'Z1X"Y#$R'5_'S5/1%*I,'`&$:1/3$)>'5_'2##$&5$3-'T1X%/)A1&)'5_'.:5#")$5&-'.R5#5E>'%&@'=1F%:$5/-'`/Y%&%-'`[?*J,'[RF55#'5_'(15[R$1&R13-'`&$:1/3$)>'5_'.@$&Y"/EF-'.@$&Y"/EF-'`S*L,'\%)$5&%#'2&3)$)")1'5_'^%)1/'%&@'?)A53XF1/1'Z131%/RF'V)@'*\2^?,-'^1##$&E)5&-'\1M'c1%#%&@*+O,'[RF55#'5_'[R$1&R1-'`&$:1/3$)>'5_'^%$W%)5-'H%A$#)5&-'\1M'c1%#%&@*++,'7%&%@$%&'H$EF'?&)%/R)$R'Z131%/RF'[)%)$5&-'U5#%/'S&5M#1@E1'7%&%@%-'\"&%:")-'7%&%@%*+4,'T1X%/)A1&)'5_'V$_1'%&@'75&3"A1/'[R$1&R13-'`&$:1/3$)>'5_'[5")F'?_/$R%-'b#5/$@%-'[5")F'?_/$R%*+;,'?"3)/%#$%&'?&)%/R)$R'T$:$3$5&-'`&$:1/3$)>'5_'P%3A%&$%-'=%))1/>'U5$&)-'?"3)/%#$%*+<,'T1X%/)A1&)'5_'?XX#$1@'[R$1&R1-'\5/)F"AY/$%'`&$:1/3$)>'%)'\1MR%3)#1-'\1MR%3)#1C"X5&CP>&1-'`S*+B,'71&)/1'@d.)"@13'=$5#5E$0"1'@1'7F$]6-'V%'Z5RF1##1'`&$:1/3$)6-'K$##$1/3'1&'=5$3-'b/%&R1*+G,'71&)1/'_5/'eR1%&'eY31/:$&E'V1%@1/3F$X-'Z")E1/3'`&$:1/3$)>-'\1M'=/"&3M$RW-'\!-'`[?*+I,'2&3)$)")5'?&)f/)$R5'?/E1&)$&5-'="1&53'?$/13-'?/E1&)$&%*+J,'71&)/5'?"3)/%#'@1'2&:13)$E%R$5&13'7$1&)ghR%3-'`3F"%$%-'?/E1&)$&%*+L,'`&$:1/3$@%@'\%R$5&%#'@1'P$1//%'@1#'b"1E5-'`3F"%$%-'?/E1&)$&%*4O,'eR1%&5E/%XF$R'2&3)$)")1-'`&$:1/3$)>'5_'[i5'U%"#5-'[i5'U%"#5-'=/%]$#*4+,'T1X%/)A1&)'5_'eR1%&5E/%XF>-'`&$:1/3$)>'5_'H%M%$$'%)'Q%&5%-'H5&5#"#"-'H2-'`[?*44,'2&3)$)")1'_5/')F1'3)"@>'5_')F1'%&)F/5X$R'$AX%R)3'%&@')F1'3"3)%$&%Y$#$)>'5_')F1'A%/$&1'1&:$/5&A1&)'*2?[,-'\%)$5&%#'Z131%/RF75"&R$#'5_'2)%#>'*7\Z,-'(1&5%-'2)%#>*4;,'2&3)$)")1'5_'=$53R$1&R13'%&@'=$5Z135"/R13'*2==Z,-'\%)$5&%#'Z131%/RF'75"&R$#'*7\Z,-'\%X#13-'2)%#>*4<,'T1X%/)A1&)'5_'=$5#5E>'%&@'[RF55#'5_'(#5Y%#'.&:$/5&A1&)%#'["3)%$&%Y$#$)>-'75#5/%@5'[)%)1'`&$:1/3$)>-'b5/)'75##$&3-'`[?!"2&$)$%)1@'Y>')F1'[7?Z'3R$1&)$hR'/131%/RF'X/5E/%AA1'j?&)%/R)$R'PF/13F5#@3'a'.R53>3)1A'Z13$#$1&R1'%&@'?@%X)%)$5&k'*?&PC.Z?-'4O+;C4O4+,-'4G'1lX1/)3'3>&)F13$]1@'W&5M#1@E1'5&'$AX%R)3'%&@'/$3W3'5_'R#$A%)1CRF%&E1'5&'Y$5#5E$R%#'X/5R13313'%&@1R53>3)1A'_"&R)$5&3'$&')F1'?&)%/R)$R 8!"PF1')1&'A%$&'3R$1&)$hR'A133%E13')F%)'1A1/E1@'%@@/1331@'*+,'%RR1#1/%)$&E'A%/$&1'%&@')1//13)/$%#'Y$5E15RF1A$R%#'R>R#13-*4,'/13X5&31')5'5R1%&'%R$@$hR%)$5&-'*;,'1R5#5E$R%#'RF%&E13'$&'R#$A%)1'RF%&E1'F5)'3X5)3-'*<,'"&1lX1R)1@'@>&%A$3A'5_A%/$&1'31%m55/'R5AA"&$)$13-'*B,'Y$5@$:1/3$)>'3F$_)3-'*G,'#5M')1AX1/%)"/1'#$A$)%)$5&'5_'X/5)1$&'3>&)F13$3-'*I,'#$_1Author/s "Brief Overview "+$&)/$&3$R%##>'#$&W1@')5'RF%&E$&E'31%'$R1'R5&@$)$5&3-'*J,'X5##")$5&-'*L,'E1&1)$R%##>'@$3)$&R)')1//13)/$%#'X5X"#%)$5&3'"&@1/)F/1%)-'%&@'*+O,'&1M#>'@$3R5:1/1@'F%Y$)%)38!"PM5C)F$/@3'5_')F1'#$)1/%)"/1'$&R#"@1@'$&')F$3'3>&)F13$3'M%3'X"Y#$3F1@'Y1)M11&'4O+O'%&@'4O4O'%&@'5&#>'5&1C)F$/@'M%3X"Y#$3F1@'1%/#$1/8!"PF1'_%3)'A5"&)$&E-'/1R1&)'@1R%@%#'1:$@1&R1'$&@$R%)13':%/$5"3'?&)%/R)$R'Y$5#5E$R%#'R5AA"&$)$13'&5M'1lX1/$1&R1'R#$A%)13)/133-'5/'M$##'1lX1/$1&R1'3"RF'3)/133'$&')F1'R5A$&E'@1R%@138!"PF1'/13X5&313'5_'5/E%&$3A3-'1R53>3)1A'_"&R)$5&3'%&@'31/:$R13')5'1&:$/5&A1&)%#'RF%&E13'%/1'R5AX#1l'%&@':%/$1@8'S1>W&5M#1@E1'E%X3'/1A%$&'%&@'&11@'%@@/133$&E')5'%@10"%)1#>'%33133'_")"/1'X/53X1R)3'_5/'#$_1'$&')F1'?&)%/R)$R8Detailed Overview "PM1&)>C3$l'1lX1/)3-'/1X/131&)$&E')F1'Y/1%@)F'5_'?&)%/R)$R'3R$1&)$hR'@$3R$X#$&13-'$@1&)$h1@')F1'A53)'/1#1:%&)'/131%/RF'5&Y$5#5E$R%#'%&@'1R5#5E$R%#'X/5R13313'%&@'_"&R)$5&3-'%R/533'%##'#1:1#3'5_'Y$5#5E$R%#'5/E%&$]%)$5&'$&'A%/$&1-')1//13)/$%#'%&@#$A&1)$R'1R53>3)1A3'$&')F1'?&)%/R)$R *b$E"/1'O,8'PF1'$@1&)$h1@'/131%/RF'3X%&3'_/5A'A5#1R"#1'Y$53>&)F13$3'X#%>$&E'%&$AX5/)%&)'/5#1'$&'%@%X)%)$5&'%&@'X#%3)$R$)>'5_'5/E%&$3A3-'3F%X$&E'Y$5@$:1/3$)> n')5'1R53>3)1A3-'$&R#"@$&E')F1$/'/13$#$1&R1'*5/31#_C/1X%$/'R%X%R$)>,n'Y$5#5E$R%#'$&)1/%R)$5&3-'3"RF'%3'X/1>CX/1@%)5/'/1#%)$5&3F$X3n'Y$5E15RF1A$R%#'R>R#13n'%&@'1R53>3)1A31/:$R13 8'Z13"#)3'M$)F'%'M$@1/'3R$1&)$hR'3$E&$hR%&R1-'5_'X%/)$R"#%/'&5:1#)>'%&@'M$)F'5Y:$5"3'3)%W1F5#@1/'/1#1:%&R1'M1/1R#"3)1/1@'$&)5')1&'A%$&'A133%E138'H1/1'M1'X/131&)'%'R5&@1&31@'@13R/$X)$5&'5_')F131'W1>'A133%E138'[$&R1'5&#>')F15:1/%/RF$&E'#$)1/%)"/1'$3'R$)1@'F1/1$&-'X#1%31'/1_1/')5'("))'1)'%#8 '_5/')F1'R5AX/1F1&3$:1'#$3)8b$E"/1'O8'V$&W3'Y1)M11&')F1')1&'3R$1&)$hR'W1>'A133%E13'_/5A')F1'?&)%/R)$R'R5&)$&1&)'%&@[5")F1/&'eR1%&'*%YY/1:$%)1@,'%&@'h1#@3'5_'%XX#$1@'/131%/RF'R5AX/$3$&E'A53)#>'1R53>3)1AE55@3'%&@'31/:$R13'*&%)"/1d3'R5&)/$Y")$5&3')5'X15X#1,8'PF$RW1/'#$&13'$&@$R%)1'3)/5&E1//1#%)$5&3F$X38+'4;-B-G+b$E"/1'+8'[1%'R"R"AY1/3'"3"%##>'R5#5&$]1')F1'@11XC31%'m55/'Y")'R%&'%#35'5RR"/'5&'?&)%/R)$R'3F1#:13'$&'F$EF'@1&3$)$13-'13X1R$%##>'$_'_55@'$3%Y"&@%&)8'PF1>'R5&)/$Y")1'R5&3$@1/%Y#>')5')F1'/1A$&1/%#$]%)$5&'5_'5/E%&$R'X%/)$R#13-'MF$RF'3$&W'_/5A')F1'"XX1/'M%)1/'R5#"A&')5')F1'31%Y1@8o'7/%$E'Z8'[A$)F(1) Climate stress intensifies the transfer of elements among organisms and theenvironment (biogeochemical cycling).Q1#)$&E'$R1'$&R/1%313')F1'/1#1%31'5_'&")/$1&)3'$&)5')1//13)/$%#'%&@'A%/$&1'1R53>3)1A3'*b$E"/1'+,8'2R1'A%33'#533'%#35'/13"#)3'$&)F1'%XX1%/%&R1'5_'&1M')1//13)/$%#'%&@'A%/$&1'F%Y$)%)3-'MF$RF-'@"1'$&'X%/)')5'$&R/1%31@'&")/$1&)'$&X")3-'/13"#)3'$&'E/1%)1/'&1)XF5)53>&)F13$3'%&@'Y$5A%338'`&@1/'1lR1X)$5&%#'X1/$5@3'5_'$&R/1%31@'M%)1/')"/Y$@$)>'5/'X%/)$R"#%/'M1%)F1/'R5&@$)$5&3-Y$5#5E$R%#'%R)$:$)>'A%>'Y1'$&F$Y$)1@8b$E"/1'48'75/%#3'R%&'5RR"/'$&'F$EF'%Y"&@%&R13'%)'31:1/%#'X#%R13'$&')F1'[5")F1/&'eR1%&8'PF1>'%/1'X%/)$R"#%/#>':"#&1/%Y#1')5'5R1%&%R$@$hR%)$5&'Y1R%"31'5_')F1$/'R%#R%/15"3'3W1#1)5&38'o'!8'("))'p'^8'T$AA#1/-'?^2qQ?Z`Q(2) Species respond differently to ocean acidification: some may acclimatise, but ecosystemresponses are unknown.Z13X5&313-'$&R#"@$&E'E/5M)F'%&@'XF5)53>&)F13$3-'5_'X/$A%/>'X/5@"R1/3':%/>'%A5&E'3X1R$13'%&@'M$)F'@"/%)$5&'5_'1lX53"/18.%/#>'#$_1CF$3)5/>'3)%E13'%/1'E1&1/%##>'A5/1':"#&1/%Y#1'*18E8'W/$##'F%)RF$&E-'3F1##'@1:1#5XA1&),8'V5&EC)1/A'3)"@$13'/1:1%#')F1X5)1&)$%#'_5/'R5AX1&3%)5/>'/13X5&313')5'%R$@$hR%)$5&8'U/1@$R)$5&3'5_'RF%&E13'%)')F1'R5AA"&$)>'%&@'1R53>3)1A'#1:1#'/10"$/1W&5M#1@E1'5_'MF$RF'W1>'3X1R$13'%&@'_"&R)$5&%#'E/5"X3'M$##'%&@'M$##'&5)'Y1'$AX%R)1@'Y>'%R$@$hR%)$5&-'$&'R5AY$&%)$5&'M$)F5)F1/'3)/1335/3-'%&@'X%/)$R"#%/#>-')F1$/'%Y$#$)>')5'%@%X)'$&')F1'#5&E')1/A8b$E"/1';8'Q$R/5%#E%1'3"RF'%3')F1'@$%)5A'3X1R$13'PF%#%33$53$/%'3R5))$%'/13X5&@'31&3$)$:1#>'$&')F1$/'R5AX53$)$5&'%&@'E/5M)F')5'RF%&E13'$&)1AX1/%)"/1'%&@'31%C$R1'@>&%A$R38'o'2/1&1'[RF#533(3) Marine and terrestrial ecosystem changes are occurring rapidly in climate changehotspots.PF1'^13)1/&'?&)%/R)$R'U1&$&3"#%'*^?U,'/1E$5&'A%>'/1X/131&)'%'F%/Y$&E1/'5_')F1'_%)1'5_'5)F1/'?&)%/R)$R'%/1%3'5_'R#$A%)1C$&m"1&R1@'Y$5#5E$R%#'F5)3X5)38'7F%&E13'$&'#5R%#'_1%)"/13-'%3'M1##'%3'$&'/1E$5&%#'M$&@3-'$R1'0"%#$)>'%&@'1l)1&)-'%&@'M%)1/R5#"A&'3)/%)$hR%)$5&-'A5@"#%)1')F1'5RR"//1&R1'5_'^?U'%#E%#'Y#55A3'*b$E"/1';,8'75%3)%#'%/1%3-'3"RF'%3'_r5/@3'%#5&E')F1'^?U-F%/Y5"/'F$EF'W/$##'%&@'MF%#1'Y$5A%33-'%&@'"&$0"1'31%m55/'3X1R$13'%331AY#%E138'PF131'/$RF'%/1%3'A%>'Y1'"&@1/')F/1%)'_/5AR#$A%)1'RF%&E1-'13X1R$%##>'MF1/1'E#%R$1/3'/1)/1%)8b$E"/1'<8'(#%33'3X5&E13'%/1'31&3$)$:1')5'm"R)"%)$&E'1&:$/5&A1&)%#'R5&@$)$5&38'[5A1'3X1R$13'E/5M'_%3)1/')F%&'X/1:$5"3#>')F5"EF)-'Y")'%/1%#35'%s1R)1@'Y>'F$EF'A5/)%#$)>'/%)138'o'!8'("))'p'^8'T$AA#1/-'?^2qQ?Z`Q(4) Sea-bed communities exhibit unexpected dynamism – from explosive growth to massmortality.?&)%/R)$R'31%CY1@'5/E%&$3A3'%&@'R5AA"&$)$13'M1/1'R5&3$@1/1@'_5/'@1R%@13')5'Y1'3#5M'E/5M$&E'*b$E"/1'<,8'H5M1:1/-'35A1/1R1&)'3"/:1>3'R5:1/$&E'31:1/%#'>1%/3')5'%'_1M'@1R%@13'3F5M')F%)'3X5&E13'%&@'%3R$@$%&3'R%&'E/5M'_%3)1/')F%&'1lX1R)1@-'%&@R%&'%#35'1lX1/$1&R1'F$EF'A5/)%#$)>'/%)13'@"1')5'R#$A%)1C$&@"R1@'RF%&E13')5'$R1'3F1#_'%&@'31%C$R1'R5&@$)$5&3'%&@'E#%R$1//1)/1%)8b$E"/1'B8'K1E1)%)$5&'5&')F1'?&)%/R)$R'R5&)$&1&)'R5&3$3)3'A53)#>'5_'#$RF1&3'%&@'A53313-'MF531'@$3)/$Y")$5&'$3'1lX%&@$&E'/1E$5&%##>'@"1')5M%/A$&E8'o'7#%"@$%'75#13$1(5) Environmental changes and an increased human footprint trigger shifts in speciesdistribution, and invasions.PF1'@$3)/$Y")$5&3'5_'A53)'A%/$&1'3X1R$13'%/1'1lX1R)1@')5'A5:1'X5#1M%/@'%&@'R5&)/%R)-'Y")'35A1'3X1R$13'3F5M'1:$@1&R1'_5/R5&)/%R)$5&'$&')F1'&5/)F8'e&'#%&@-'F%Y$)%)'%:%$#%Y$#$)>'$&R/1%313'M$)F'E#%R$1/'/1)/1%)8'`&@1/'_%:5"/%Y#1'R5&@$)$5&3-'3"RF'%3%#5&E')F1'?&)%/R)$R'U1&$&3"#%-')F$3'R5"#@'/13"#)'$&'$&R/1%31@')1//13)/$%#'X#%&)'X/5@"R)$:$)>-'%#35'R%##1@'j(/11&$&E'5_'?&)%/R)$R%k*b$E"/1'B,8'\5&C$&@$E1&5"3'3X1R$13-'X/1@5A$&%&)#>')1//13)/$%#-'$AX5/)1@'Y>'F"A%&':$3$)5/3-'R%&'Y1R5A1'13)%Y#$3F1@'%&@RF%&E1'5/$E$&%#'1R53>3)1A'_"&R)$5&38b$E"/1'G8'[)/"R)"/1'5_')F1'X/5)1$&'R>)5E#5Y$&'5_')F1'?&)%/R)$R')55)Fh3F'T$3353)$RF"3'A%M35&$-'7>)5E#5Y$&3'%/1'$AX5/)%&)'$&'5l>E1&'3"XX#>%&@'R5&)/5#'5_'X/5)1$&'@%A%E1'$&'?&)%/R)$R'h3F138'o'T%&$1#%'($5/@%&5'%&@'7$&]$%'K1/@1(6) Thermal resilience responses of species are poor, complex and variable.P1//13)/$%#'3X1R$13'F%:1'3$E&$hR%&)'%Y$#$)$13')5'3"/:$:1'M%/A$&E-'MF$#1'A%/$&1'3X1R$13'@5'&5)8'H5M1:1/-')1//13)/$%#'3X1R$13'%/1:"#&1/%Y#1')5'_/11]1C)F%M'R>R#138'(1&1)$R'%@%X)%)$5&3'%/1'"&#$W1#>')5'W11X'X%R1'M$)F'/%X$@'1&:$/5&A1&)%#'RF%&E13'Y1R%"31'5_)F1')>X$R%##>'#5&E'E1&1/%)$5&')$A13'5_'A53)'3X1R$138'=5)F'F$EF'%&@'#5M')1AX1/%)"/13'R%&'R%"31'X/5)1$&3')5'"&/%:1#'5/'Y1@%A%E1@8'2&'A%/$&1'3X1R$13'%)'#5M')1AX1/%)"/13')F$3'%s1R)3'5/E%&$3A%#'_"&R)$5&-'$&R#"@$&E'3#5M'E/5M)F'/%)13'%&@'$AX%R)35&'5l>E1&'3"XX#>'MF1/1'R>)5E#5Y$&3'F1#X')5'R5&)/5#'@%A%E1'*b$E"/1'G,8'V5M')1AX1/%)"/1'#$A$)%)$5&3'A%>'%#35'@/$:1'X/5)1$&_"&R)$5&%#'$&&5:%)$5&-'%&@'#5M')1AX1/%)"/1'X/5)1$&38'.3X1R$%##>'R5#@C%R)$:1'1&]>A13'A%>'Y1'%A5&E3)')F1'A53)'X/5A$3$&E)%/E1)3'_5/'Y$5X/53X1R)$&E8b$E"/1'I8'7/%Y1%)1/'31%#3'#$:1'$&')F1'X%RWC$R1']5&1'%&@'%/1-')F"3-'31&3$)$:1')5'RF%&E13'$&')F1'1l)1&)'%&@'@>&%A$R3'5_')F1'31%C$R18'o'Z>%&Z1$3$&E1/(7) Sea-ice strongly controls the functioning of almost all marine ecosystem components.7F%&E$&E'31%C$R1'R5&@$)$5&3-'$&R#"@$&E'1l)1&)-'R5&R1&)/%)$5&'%&@'@"/%)$5&-'F%:1'A%r5/'$AX%R)3'5&'A%/$&1'_55@'M1Y3-$&R#"@$&E')F1'@$%)5A'a'W/$##'a')5X'X/1@%)5/'3>3)1A-'%3'M1##'%3'31%m55/'R5AA"&$)$13'*b$E"/1'I,8'[1%C$R1':%/$%Y$#$)>'%#35'%s1R)3)F1'%:%$#%Y$#$)>'%&@'0"%#$)>'5_'_5/%E$&E'%&@'Y/11@$&E'E/5"&@3'_5/'X/1@%)5/'E/5"X3'3"RF'%3'X1&E"$&3'%&@'31%#38b$E"/1'J8'[1%Y$/@3-'3"RF'%3')F1'Y#%RWCY/5M1@'%#Y%)/533-'3"s1/'_/5A'M%)1/CY5/&1'X5##")%&)3'%&@'@1Y/$3-'18E8-'A$R/5X#%3)$R3'%&@'#53)'h3F$&EE1%/8'o'!536'9%:$1/(8) Known and new pollutants are increasingly found in the Antarctic environment, butresponses of organisms and communities remain under-surveyed.?&)%/R)$R'1R53>3)1A3'%/1'3$&W3'_5/'%&)F/5X5E1&$R'Y$5%RR"A"#%)$:1'X1/3$3)1&)'5/E%&$R'X5##")%&)3'*UeU3,'%&@'F1%:>'A1)%#38?#35-'A%R/5C'%&@'A$R/5X#%3)$R3'%/1'$&R/1%3$&E#>'_5"&@'$&')1//13)/$%#'%&@'A%/$&1'F%Y$)%)3'%&@'5/E%&$3A3'$&')F1'?&)%/R)$R8b$E"/1'L8'2&R/1%31@'/1)/1%)'5_'$R1'5&'#%&@'%&@'5&'#%W13'#1%@3')5')F1'A$l$&E'5_'X/1:$5"3#>'$35#%)1@'X5X"#%)$5&3'5_'&1A%)5@13'@"1')5'E#%R$%)$5&8o'=>/5&'?@%A3(9) Continental biota are highly endemic and, thus, at risk from climate change.2&R/1%3$&E')1//13)/$%#'F%Y$)%)'R5&&1R)$:$)>'Y>'A1#)$&E'$R1'$&R/1%313')F1'@$3X1/3$5&'5_'5/E%&$3A3'%&@'A$l13'X5X"#%)$5&3'MF$RF%/1'E1&1)$R%##>'A5/1'@$3)$&R)')F%&'X/1:$5"3#>')F5"EF)'*b$E"/1'L,8'75&310"1&)#>-'R5AX1)$)$5&'_5/'/135"/R13'%A5&E'X5X"#%)$5&3%&@'3X1R$13'A%>'$&R/1%31-'X%/)$R"#%/#>'%3'F%Y$)%)3'Y1R5A1'A5/1'R5&&1R)1@8'\5:1#'&$RF13'%&@q5/'_%:5"/%Y#1'F%Y$)%)3'_5/$&:%3$:1'3X1R$13'%/1'%#35'#$W1#>')5'@1:1#5X8PF1'/131%/RF'5_')F1'X/1:$5"3'>1%/3'X/5:$@13'3F%/X#>'$&R/1%3$&E'1:$@1&R1')F%)'%'&"AY1/'5_'$AX5/)%&)'1R53>3)1A'R5AX5&1&)3$&')F1'?&)%/R)$R'%&@'[5")F1/&'eR1%&'%/1'%#/1%@>'"&@1/'1&:$/5&A1&)%#'3)/133'5/'%/1'1lX1R)1@')5'Y1'%)'1:1&'A5/1'/$3W'$&')F1_")"/1 8'2AX/5:$&E'X/5r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hR'#$)1/%)"/1'$&R#"@$&E'_5/'1l%AX#1-'/1A$&1/%#$]%)$5&'5_'@1%@Y$5A%33')5'&1M'&")/$1&)3'*/1R>R#$&E,'%)')F1'31%Cm55/'%&@'/13X5&31'5_'5/E%&$3A3')5'X5##")$5&-'MF$RF'%/1'/1R5E&$31@'%3'Y1$&E$AX5/)%&)'$&'%&'1&:$/5&A1&)%#'R5&)1l)-'%&@'1331&)$%#'W&5M#1@E1'_5/'%&3M1/$&E'"/E1&)'0"13)$5&38'P1RF&$0"13'M$)F'%'F$EFX5)1&)$%#')5'%@:%&R1'3R$1&)$hR'X/5E/133'$&')F$3'h1#@'$&R#"@1-'%A5&E'5)F1/3-'%&'$&R/1%31@'"31'5_'%")5&5A5"3'3%AX#$&Eb$E"/1'+O8'PF$3'A%&>C%/A1@'3)%/h3F'*b/1>1##%'_/%E$#$33$A%,'#$:13'5&#>'"&@1/'$R1'3F1#:13'%&@'$&')F1'@11X'31%8'?3'$R1'3F1#:13'Y/1%W'"X'@"1')5R#$A%)1'M%/A$&E-')F1'3"/:$:%#'5_'3"RF'3X1R$13'$3')F/1%)1&1@8'o'!8'("))'p'^8'T$AA#1/-'?^2qQ?Z`Q(10) Recently-discovered rare, patchy and small assemblages thriving under particularenvironmental conditions are especially vulnerable to climate risks.H$EF#>'%@%X)1@'Y$5)%-'RF%/%R)1/$]1@'Y>'%'"&$0"1'Y$5@$:1/3$)>'%&@'X1/_5/A$&E'"&$0"1'1R53>3)1A'_"&R)$5&3-'M1/1'@$3R5:1/1@'$&3X1R$%#'F%Y$)%)38'PF131'$&R#"@1'3"YE#%R$%#'#%W13n')F1'3"Y3"/_%R1'5/'"&@1/'$R1'3F1#:13n'F>@/5)F1/A%#':1&)3'%&@'311X3n'%3'M1##%3'E15)F1/A%#'F%Y$)%)3'5&'#%&@n'R5/%#'%EE/1E%)$5&3n'%&@'31%A5"&)3'*b$E"/1'+O,8Challenges "'I-J-L-+O-+++4+;X#%)_5/A3'*18E8-'/5Y5)$R'm5%)3-'"&A%&&1@'%1/$%#'%&@'"&@1/M%)1/':1F$R#13,-'/%X$@#>'$AX/5:$&E'&5&C$&:%3$:1'$A%E$&E'%&@%R5"3)$R'A1)F5@3'_5/'Y$5#5E$R%#'3"/:1>3-'%&%#>313'5_'1&:$/5&A1&)%#'T\?-'%&@'1R5#5E$R%#'A5@1##$&E8'PF131'R%&'%33$3)'&5)'5&#>$&'@1:1#5X$&E'3X%)$%##>'1lX#$R$)'X/5r1R)$5&3'_5/')F1'_")"/1-'Y")'%#35'$@1&)$_>$&E'W1>'1R5#5E$R%#'_"&R)$5&38PF1'X%3)'@1R%@1'M%3':1/>'3"RR133_"#'_5/'/131%/RF'5&'Y$5#5E$R%#'%&@'1R5#5E$R%#'X/5R13313'%&@'_"&R)$5&3'$&'?&)%/R)$R%'%&@')F1[5")F1/&'eR1%&8'^1'&5M'W&5M')F%)'R#$A%)1'RF%&E1'M$##'/13"#)'$&'M$&&1/3'%&@'#531/3'%A5&E'1R5#5E$R%##>'W1>'3X1R$13-$&R/1%3$&E'%&@'@1R/1%3$&E'Y$5@$:1/3$)>'%&@'X/$A%/>'X/5@"R)$5&-'%3'M1##'%3'RF%&E1@'Y$5E15RF1A$R%#'_"&R)$5&3' 8^1'R5&R#"@1')F%)'5"/'R"//1&)'W&5M#1@E1'5&')F1'F"A%&'_55)X/$&)'$3'1331&)$%#')5'$&_5/A'?&)%/R)$R'P/1%)>'X5#$R>'%&@'&%)$5&%##1E$3#%)$5&')5'1&3"/1'F1%#)F>'?&)%/R)$R'1R53>3)1A38'2)'%#/1%@>'r"3)$h13'%&'1l)1&@1@'X/5)1R)$5&'5_'?&)%/R)$R'Y$5)%'_/5A')F1'/$3W35_'R#$A%)1'RF%&E1-'X5##")$5&'%&@'5)F1/'%&)F/5X5E1&$R'@$3)"/Y%&R13 8^1'%#35'E%$&1@'%'3$E&$hR%&)#>'Y1))1/'"&@1/3)%&@$&E'5_'MF$RF'X/5R13313-'/1E$5&3'5/'5/E%&$3A3'$&')F1'?&)%/R)$R'M1'F%:1')5'#55W%)')5'1#"R$@%)1')F1'_")"/1'5_'%##'?&)%/R)$R'1R53>3)1A3'%&@')5'@13$E&'&5:1#'$&)1E/%)$:1'3)"@$13'5_'1R53>3)1A'/131%/RF 8b$&%##>-'5"/'3>&)F13$3'%#35'F$EF#$EF)3')F%)'A%r5/'%@:%&R13'$&'0"13)$5&C@/$:1&'?&)%/R)$R'/131%/RF'@1X1&@'5&'%'E55@'Y%#%&R1Y1)M11&'%XX#$1@'3R$1&)$hR'%XX/5%RF13-'3"RF'%3'35#:$&E'R#$A%)1C-'R5&31/:%)$5&C'%&@'1R53>3)1ACA%&%E1A1&)'X/5Y#1A3-'%&@)F1'%R%@1A$R'_/11@5A')5'R%//>'5")'_"&@%A1&)%#'/131%/RF-'MF$RF'$&')"/&'$&_5/A3')F1'%XX#$1@'%XX/5%RF138Conclusion "+<-+B-+G+I-+J<-+L 

English

Ten scientific messages on risks and opportunities for life in the Antarctic

Ten scientific messages on risks and opportunities for life in the Antarctic

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Electronic Publication Information Center