Abstract: The objective of this study was to establish correlations among the total N and the SPAD read- ings in Coffea arabica leaves. This study is part of a project that aims to evaluate the agronomic and environmental efficiency of nitrate-based fertilizers compared to conventional nitrogen fertilizers used in the cultivation of coffee

ABREU, P. F. G.

AMARO, A. R. F. V. B. de L.

GONCALVES, J. R. P.

MOLTOCARO, R. C. R.

MORASI, I. M.

MORICONI, W.

MURRER, M. K.

PACKER, A. P.

SILVA, L. C. F. da

VILELA, V. A. A.

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,QWHUQDWLRQDO6FLHQWL¿F&HQWUHRI)HUWLOL]HUV&,(&Rio de Janeiro, RJ 2014PROCEEDINGS9LQLFLXVGH0HOR%HQLWHV$GLOVRQGH2OLYHLUD-XQLRU3DXOR6HUJLR3DYLQDWR3DXOR&pVDU7HL[HLUD0LOWRQ)HUUHLUD0RUDHV5HJLQD0DULD9LOODV%{DVGH&DPSRV/HLWH5RQDOGR3HUHLUDGH2OLYHLUDEditorsTECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION FOR A SUSTAINABLE TROPICAL AGRICULTUREOctober 20-24, 2014Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil387Introduction Agriculture is under pressure to produce more to feed rising global demands, yet pollute OHVV ,QWHQVL¿FDWLRQ RI DJULFXOWXUH WKURXJK WKH XVHof high-yielding crop varieties, fertilization, irrigation and crop protection remain the most likely options to combat these challenges. The nitrogen (N) is a nutrient required in greatest quantity, often supplied so unsatisfactory by soil in agricultural systems, be-ing one of the most limiting nutrients to achieve high productivity. Brazilian agriculture has increased in the last years the use of fertilizers, between 2003 and 2013, fertilizer consumption increased from 22.8 million tons to 31.1 million, which set a 35% growth in the period (ANDA, 2014).  (I¿FLHQWQLWURJHQIHUWLOL]DWLRQLVLPSRUWDQWLQboth aspects: economic and environmental. This is the same as minimizing nutrient losses to the envi-ronment, while obtain optimal crop yields. However, WKHDJURQRPLFHI¿FLHQF\LQWKHXVHRI1IHUWLOL]DWLRQapproaches 50 % of the total applied (Bouwman, 1998). Part of the N not used by the plant is not necessarily lost and can remain in the soil, probably immobilized in roots and soil organic matter (Alves et al., 2006). Nitrogen (N) uptake by the plant can varie with the fertilizer used, soil type and climate condi-tions. The objective of this study was to establish correlations among the total N and the SPAD read-ings in Coffea arabica leaves. This study is part of a project that aims to evaluate the agronomic and HQYLURQPHQWDOHI¿FLHQF\RIQLWUDWHEDVHG IHUWLOL]HUVcompared to conventional nitrogen fertilizers used in the cultivation of coffee. Methods The three years agronomic and environ-mental evaluation of the coffee crops will be con-ducted in three commercial areas located in the cit-ies of Campinas (two areas - Area 1 and Area 2) and Espirito Santo do Pinhal (one area - Area 3), in São Paulo state. In the 2013 harvest, Area 1 had an overproduction and was several pruned at the end of the year. This part of the study was carried out during the 2013/2014 season, when coffee plants (Coffea arabica) were 6 years old. Area 1 and 2 had been planted in a spacing of 3.2 x 0.8 m, with the Variety Catuai Vermelho and Catuai Amarelo, with a population of approximately 3906 plants per hectare. Catuia Amarelo was also planted in Area 3 in a spacing 3.20 x 0.70 m, with a population of ap-proximately 4464 plants per hectare. The experimental design was a complete randomized in four block, with eight treatments and plots with eight plants. The treatment consists of 3 doses of calcium nitrate (50, 100 and 200 kg N ha-1), 3 doses of urea (50, 100 and 200 kg N ha-1WUHDWPHQWZLWKSDUFHOHGFDOFLXPQLWUDWH13.application, and a control. The other nutrients are applied at recommended for culture according to the analysis of soil and crop productivity expecta-tion doses. The fertilizer forms were applied in soil surface in plant projection, in an annual procedure.  After N fertilizer application, leaf analyses were occurred in February and June to macro and micro nutrients determination. Total N concentration was determined by dry combustion in an elemen-tary analyzer (LECO Tru-Spec CN analyzer). An average of 30 leaves from the portable chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502, Minolta, Japan) was obtained XQGHU¿HOGFRQGLWLRQV LQ)HEUXDU\0D\-XQHDQGJuly. Data were subjected to analysis of variance $129$WRLGHQWLI\VLJQL¿FDQWGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQthe treatments according to the design described above. The means were compared using the Tukey test at 5% probability. Results and discussion Leaves with high N content have a greater maximum rate of net photosynthesis and greater to-WDOFKORURSK\OOLQEULJKWOLJKWWKDQWKRVHGH¿FLHQWLQ82PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF COFFEE CROPS UNDER DIFFERENT DOSES OF NITROGEN WITH A SPAD METER AND LEAF NITROGEN VIVIANE A.A. VILELA1, ADEMIR RODRIGO F. V. B. DE L. AMARO1, IGOR MARTINS MORASI1, MARINA .0855(51, PETRA F.G. DE ABREU1, RAFAELA C.R.M. DUARTE1, WALDEMORE MORICONI1, JOSÉ R.P. GONÇALVEZ1, LIDIANE C. F. DA SILVA1, $1$3$8/$3$&.(51*1 Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Rodovia SP 340, km 127,5, Jaguariúna, 13820-000, BRAZIL *(paula.packer@embrapa.br)3RVWHUV_6HFWLRQ_6WUDWHJLHVIRUEHWWHUXVHHI¿FLHQF\16th World Fertilizer Congress of CIEC388N (Evans 1983). Contents of N and SPAD readings were closely correlated during fruit development from January through June) with treatment.  Nitrogen concentration in leaves increased after the fertilization, comparing the February and June measurements, as presented in Table 1. The February measurements of Areas 1 and 2, the treat-PHQWVDUHQRW VLJQL¿FDQWO\ GLIIHUHQW)RU WKHRWKHUresults, a difference can be observed between the control and the others treatments, without following a pattern. Coffee plants have the biannual habit of production, a year of high yield is followed by one of low production, due to the exhaustion of reserves RI DVVLPLODWHV DQGQXWULHQWV SDUWLFXODUO\1DQG.which are used for the new growth (Reis et al., 2009). This year, in 2013 all the commercial crops from the region had a high yield. Consequently, 2014 had a low production, aggravated by the lack of rain in the Southeast region of Brazil during rainy season.  Nitrogen plays its role in yield formation through the participation in many compounds such as amino acids, proteins, enzymes, and pigments. SPAD reading is a rapidly indicator of change in N nutrition correlated to chlorophyll. The results pre-sented in Figure 1 (A and B) shown a difference between the measurement of February and the ODVW WZR)RU$UHD & WKH UHVXOWV IURP WKH ¿UVWand second measurement data are equal and differ from the last two.  A correlation between N concentration and SPAD measurement was only found in Area 3 (0.8642). The results for Area 1 and Area 2 had no correlation, probably because of the lack of rain and the higher temperatures compared to Area 3.Conclusion SPAD readings are an important tool to in-dicate changes in N nutrition, considered suitable for rapid diagnosis and decision making. Improvements should be made in the next two or three seasons for this trial with a more con-stant monitoring of the correlation between N con-centration and SPAD measurement..H\ZRUGV7RWDOQLWURJHQFRQFHQWUDWLRQ63$'UHDG-ing, coffee cropAcknowledgments<$5$)HUWLOL]HUVDQG(PEUDSDIRUWKH¿QDQFLDOVXS-port. References$/9(6 %-5 =27$5(//, / )(51$1'(6)0+(&./(5-&0$&('25$7GH%2'-'(< 50 8548,$*$ 6 )L[DomR ELROyJLFD GHnitrogênio e fertilizantes nitrogenados no balanço de nitrogênio em soja, milho e algodão. 3HVTXLVD$JURSHFXiULD%UDVLOHLUD, v. 41, p. 449-456, 2006.ANDA, Associação Nacional para Difusão de Adu-bos (http://www.anda.org.br/).  BOUWMAN, A.F. Nitrogen oxides and tropical agri-culture. Nature, 392, 866-867, 1998.EVANS, J. R. Photosynthesis and nitrogen relation-ships in leaves of C3 plants. 2HFRORJLD, 78, 9–19, 1989.5(,6 $5 )$9$5,1 -/ 0$/$92/7$ (/$95(6 -Ò1,25 - 025$(6 0) 3KRWRV\Q-thesis, Chlorophylls, and SPAD Readings in Coffee Leaves in Relation to Nitrogen Supply. &RPPXQLFD-WLRQVLQ6RLO6FLHQFHDQG3ODQW$QDO\VLV. 40, 1512-1528, 2009.389Table 1. Coffee leaf nitrogen concentration measured in two periods during the 2013/2014 seasonMean values followed by the same lowercase letter in rows do not differ by Tukey test (5% probability).Figure 1. SPAD measurement made in subsequently data at Area 1 (A), Area 2 (B) and Area (3)     Total Nitrogen Concentration (N)  T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8  ----------------------------------------------------- JNJ-1 ------------------------------------------------------------------ Área 1         February 32,0 r 1,1 32,2 r 2,2 31,1 r 0,5 31,6 r 1,8 33,2 r 1,0 32,9 r 1,0 32,4 r 0,7 31,7 r 1,3 June 35,3 r 0,5 ab 35,6 r 1,4 ab 35,2 r 0,8 ab 35,8 r 0,8 a 35,8 r 0,4 a 35,6 r 0,9 a 36,2 r 0,6 a 33,4 r 0,7 b Área 2         February 32,3 r 1,7 31,9 r 2,4 32,2 r 2,9 31,1 r 1,3 32,5 r 2,6 32,9 r 2,0 31,8 r 1,6 31,7 r 1,2 June 33,9 r 1,7 a 34,6 r 1,1 a 34,7 r 1,4 a 34,6 r 1,0 a 34,6 r 1,2 a 33,1 r 0,7 ab 35,5 r 1,3 ac 30,8 r 1,4 bd Área 3         February 25,9 r 1,5 a 28,5 r 2,7 a 28,0 r 0,9 a 24,7 r 0,9 ab 24,2 r 1,5 a 26,7 r 0,1 ab 27,5 r 0,1 a 21,9 r 0,5 b June 36,4 r 1,1 a 37,3 r 0,7 a 38,7 r 0,6 ab 33,5 r 1,2 ac 36,0 r 0,9 a 36,6 r 1,3 a 39,5 r 2,2 ab 27,9 r 1,4 dc  3RVWHUV_6HFWLRQ_6WUDWHJLHVIRUEHWWHUXVHHI¿FLHQF\

Preliminary evaluation of coffee crops under different doses of nitrogen with a spad meter and leaf nitrogen.

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Preliminary evaluation of coffee crops under different doses of nitrogen with a spad meter and leaf nitrogen.

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