Canchim's watershed is compised into an 1496 ha (14,96 km2) area located between the geografical coordenates of 21o55' and 22o00'S, and47o48'and 47o52'W. The climate is classified as Cwa (Koeppen), warm with fry winter. Annual mean of reainfall is 1354 mm, with 1525 mm of potential evapotranspiration. Dry season extends from april to september.URL: http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/SUSTENDEV/agr99/agr0003.htm (1abr.1999)

CAMARGO, A. C. de

MACHADO, R.

PEDROSO, A. de F.

PRIMAVESI, A. C. P. de A.

PRIMAVESI, O. M. A. S. P. R.

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I 21. Have others picked up on your case idea and acted upon it?rf so, who, where ~nd hdw?Yes, agricultural practices were adopted by dairy farms, likeFazenda Santa Barbara, in São Paulo statei theoretical concepts to supportdairy farm development activities are used by cooperatives of milkprocessing like rtambe in Minas Gerais State, Parmalat in Goias State.22. Are you aware of other cases like yours? rf so, where?Yes, the University of São Paulo/ESALQ, in Piracicaba, São PauloState, has been applying some concepts of soil and roughage management toestablish the dairy production system.23. rf your case is selected for in-depth development during thefirst six months of 1999:a. Would an on-site assessment and perhaps visual documentationbe possible?[x 1 Yes [ 1 Nob. Would you have time to collaborate on the case write-up (2-4weeks)?[x 1 Yes [ 1 Noc. Do you have readily available audio-visual materials(photographs,videos, GrS maps)?[x 1 Yes [ 1 NoBefore you proceed to the next page (Section 5: Summary of theCase Study), are there any comments, remarks or suggestions youwould like to make?Thank you for ycur assistanceSection 5: Summary of the case studyProvide a summary of your case, including thto and continuing throughout its duration. (fill out this section with care, as it is thcase that will be shared with your colleaguein the compendium.)PROCI-1999.00155PRI1999SP-1999.00155Title/location:Canchim's watershed as a natural laboratory for assessment andfostering the sustainable management of cattle farms in the tropics.Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo State, Brasil.Summary:StructureCanchim's watershed is comprised into an 1496 ha (14,96 km2)arealocated between the geographical coordenates of 21055' and 22000' S, and47048'and 47052'W. The climate is classified as Cwa (Koeppen), warm with drywinter. Annual mean of rainfall is 1354mm, with 1525 mnl of potential evapotranspiration. Dry season extendsfrom april to september, being August as the month with the lowestjprecipitation (13 mm). In terms of geology, the are a is comprised bysandstone with basaltic intrusion, where the reliev is slightly undulated; with altitudes ranging from 680 to 912 m.Soils are predominantly of low fertility, with 300 g/kg clay, OrthicFerralsols, presence of Rhodic Ferralsol and Ferralic Arenosols; showing awater hold capacity from 48 to 145 mm/m. Hidrography: 20000 m of creeks. Vegetation: an interface between thefitogeographic domain of 'cerrado' (savana) and Atlantic forest vegetation;with 120 ha of tropical forest, 5 ha cerrado (linked to a neighbour 700 haarea), and extensive/intensively managed pastures complemented by 120 ha intensive agriculture to producesilage. The main forages are: Brachiaria decumbens, Panicum maximum cv.Tobiata and Tanzania, Pennisetum purpureum and Cynodon dactylon cv.Coast-cross for the rainy season, and Saccharumofficinarum, Zea mays and Sorghum bicolor for the dry season. Thestocking rate varies from 0.7 to 15 A.U./ha (450 kg) in the rainy season.The dairy cattle are the Brasilian Dairy cross-bred and pure black andwhite Holstein; the beef cattle are mainlythe indian zebu Nelore, and crossbreds with european like Canchim(zebu x Charolais). The intensive dairy cattle system, with 58 ha and 220animaIs, mean stocking rate of 9.4 A.U./ha, and pastures with up to 15A.U./ha (in the rainy season), produces 2,10O L/day, 6,700 L/cow.305 lactation days, or 13,000 L/ha.year. Thelactation begins with 26.8 months of age, and the calving interval is 12.8months.Processes1. dairy and beef cattle production systems, based on rotationalmanagement of pastures, and food supply in the dry season.2. research and technology development activities foccusing 2holistic projects on competitive and sustainable production of milk and beefon pastures with tropical forages.3. monitoring activities on environmental quality, altered by thesesystems, with spatial and temporal comparison of extreme performed areas(f.e., forest x extensively managed degraded pastures x intensively managedpastures x crop production areas) .4. training of students, extension professionals and speciallyfarmers: on intensive, rational, competitive and sustainable management ofdairy and beef production systems based on tropical forage pastures.Please state: Objectives and purpose at the outset and how theymay have evolved:Initial objetivesa) installation of low cost, productive, competitive and sustainablereal model of intensive, on tropical forage pasture, dairy and beefproduction systems, at watershed leveI.b) monitor the impact of these systems on the environmental quality(soil and water) .Purposesa) offer to owners of little-sized and medium-sized farms atechnological option to reduce costs wich allows for competitivity withsustainability.b) to train farmers for more productivity, competitivity andsustainability.•c) to establish ecological sustainability indicators.Further objectivesa) to find an adequate use of inputs (mainly fertilizers and organicmaterial) .b) to find buffer practices to these with potentially negativeimpactoc) to evaluate the sociological view, related to the environmentalperception by the watershed residents.d) to find adequate integrated (multienvironmental) managementmechanisms, at farm and watershed level: natural environments (ripparianforest, legal forest reserves = 20% of the surface), agriculturalenvironments (agroecosystems), and urbanized environments (concentration areas of animals and humans, like the seat, thesettlement, the barns, and others), to support the farmers attendance to theenvironmental legislation, and also to get functional opportunities.e) to make compatible environmental concepts used by differentprofessionals engaged specifically to each environment (engeneers with waterquality, ecologists with natural ecosystems, and agronomists withagroecosystems; besides lawers, sociologes and o.)f) to make compatible the multienvironmental activities with theenvironmental legislation, generating by the farmer feasable opperationalsolutions, and also support lowers and superintendent actions.g) to generate a multienvironmental legislation manual, to guidefarmers activities.h) to develop a 'school' watershed, holisticallyandmultiprofessionally managed, to be a reference to farmers activity.i) to realize a multienvironmental planning, with modelling andsimulation possibilities, with the goal to increase the resident clean waterproduction, improving the hidrological cyclus.DurationThe intensive dairy production activities started in 1993, and thewatershed related activities in 1995, both in full course of expansion andholistic development.Who initiated the process?The production system was realized by Dr.Artur Chinelato de Camargo(Animal Production specialist); and the characterization and monitoringactivities were realized by Dr.Odo Primavesi (Soil and Plant Nutritionspecialist), in a project linked to the Embrapa's Environmental Quality ProgramoWhat needs were addressed?a) a more intense partnership relation among different complementaryresearch institutions and farmer associations were ~eeded.Jb) funds to allow the development of the minimal infrastructure.c) the need to amplify the number of monitored environmentalcharacteristics, with severe difficulties to improve the laboratory pool todo this, despite the partnerships.d) the need for a more rigorous quality monitoring of the inputs,previewing potential negative impacts of impurities.e) the need of environmental education towards the populationengaged or resident in the watershed.List the most outstanding results achieved.A) in researcha. it happened a breaktrough of technical 'tabus', related to highmilk producing cows on tropical forage pasturesi ar the ingestion of shoppedsugar cane with urea.b. it was verified the need of monitore soil characteristics indepth up to 1.60 m, considering environmental qualty.c. it was verified the technical viability of pasture rehabilitationby surface application (without buring) of limestone and fertilizers, andfast calcium transport to 1,0 m depth, in 3 years.d. it was verified the major importance of nitrogen to increasetropical forages (4C type) , with low possibility of success of legume (3Ctype) use, because of the high intraspecific competition potential of thestimulated grasses.e. it was verified the activation of a probable surface adsorptionmechanism of cations, generating positive charges which store nitrate insoil profile, below 1,0 m depth: reduces losses, constitute N source forforages.f. it was verified the need of simultaneous use of couteractingpractices: f.ex., N fertilization (acidification) x limestone use(activation of pH-dependent charges of organic matteri the main charges intropical soils) to avoid cation losses.g. it was verified the need to consider differences in foragemanagement, related to soil protection/ cover, like between bunch grasses(Panicum sp., Pennisetum sp.) and creeping (Cynodon sp.) ar decumbent(Brachiaria decumbens) grasses.h. it was verified the need of amplify the multielement analyticalspectrum, to better characterize the inputs and natural ressources, andavoid future negative impacts ar disorders.i. it was verified the urgent need of a holistic view ofmultienvironmental rural management.In the development and technology transfera. the importance of a real model of production system.b. the importance of partnerships with private extension, valueaggregation and trade services, to promote the rural development of aregion.c. the urgency to intensify training courses on basal concepts oft~ technologies, to extension people, farmers and rural workman.. ,Working staff:Odo Primavesi (Soil and Plant Nutrition)Artur Chinelato de Camargo (Animal Production)Andre de Faria Pedroso (Animal Production)Ana Candida Pacheco de Aguirre Primavesi (Soil and Plant Nutrition)Rui Machado (Animal Reproduction)

Canchim's watershed as a natural laboratoriy for assessment and fostering the sustainable management of cattle farms in the tropics.

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