ALMEIDA, R. P. de

CARVALHO, M. da C. S.

CRUZ, I.

DENARDIN, J. E.

FERREIRA, G. B.

IPO, A. do R.

MALEIA, M. P.

MIRANDA, C. H. B.

MUTADIUA, C.

NAPITA, I. C.

NEUMAIER, N.

ROCHA, M. de M.

SILVA FILHO, J. L. da

SILVA FILHO, P. M. da

SILVA, H. R. da

SIMBA, D.

Repository Open Access to Scientific Information from Embrapa

EFFECTS OF THE METHOD OF PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZER APPLICATION ON COTTON GROWTH AND PRODUCTION IN MURIAZE, NAMPULA, MOZAMBIQUE  EFEITOS DO MÉTODO DE APLICAÇÃO DE FERTILIZANTES FOSFATADOS NO CRESCIMENTO E PRODUÇÃO DE ALGODÃO EM MURIAZE, NAMPULA, MOÇAMBIQUE  Gilvan Barbosa Ferreira1; Raul Porfírio de Almeida1; João Luis da Silva Filho1; Henoque R. Silva2; Cesar Heraclides Behling Miranda2. Maria Conceição Santana Carvalho3; Pedro M. da Silva Filho4; José E. Denardin5; Maurisrael de Moura Rocha6; Norman Neumaier7; Ivan Cruz8; Celso Mutadiua9; Antônio do R. Ipo10; Manuel Pedro Maleia10; Idalina C. Napita10; Domingo Simba10.   1Pesquisador Embrapa Algodão, E-mail: gilvan.ferreira@embrapa.br; 2Embrapa SRI; 3Embrapa Arroz e Feijão. 4Embrapa Soja. 5Embrapa Trigo. 6Embrapa Meio-Norte. 7Embrapa Soja; 8Embrapa Milho e Sorgo; 9Consultor Técnico  Projeto ProSavana, Lichinga; 10CZNe/IIAM, Nampula.  Resumo  O algodoeiro necessita de solos com bons teores de fósforo (P) disponível ou adubação fosfatada anual para corrigir suas necessidades de extração de 25 kg of P/ha para produzir uma tonelada de algodão em caroço. O adubo fosfatado é caro e deve ser usado com máxima eficiência. Os solos de Moçambique são pobres em fósforo e o adubo é raro no mercado local, devidos ao pouco uso e seu preço elevado. Assim, fez-se esse estudo com o objetivo de verificar o efeito da aplicação de P e qual a melhor forma de localização do adubo fosfatado. Testou-se duas doses de P2O5 (0 and 80 kg/ha), com quatro combinações de aplicação: sem correção; correção superficial seguida de incorporação com enxada; correção superficial, sem incorporação; e correção na linha de plantio. Cada tratamento teve quatro repetições, consistindo de parcelas de 5 linhas de 5 m cada, espaçadas 0,9 m entre si. Toda a area experimental recebeu calcário (1 ton/ha de calcário dolomítico) e fertilização básica com 150 kgN/ha e 100kg K2O/ha. A cultivar BRS 293 foi usada no experimento, tendo sido plantada em 21/12/2012, com densidade de 10 plantas por metro linear. O algodão cresceu melhor na presença do P, mas não houve resposta na produtividade, devido a perda de flores e macas pequenas por causa de intenso ataque de insetos pragas e seca severa durante o período de crescimento.   Palavras-chave: Gossipium hirsutum L. Produtividade. Estresses de plantas. Fertilidade do solo. Projeto Pro Savana   Abstract  Cotton needs soils with good amounts of available phosphorus (P) or annual fertilization to correct its needs of extracting 25kg of P per ha to produce a ton of cottonseed. Phosphorus fertilizer is expensive and should be used with maximum efficiency. Soils from Mozambique are poor in P, and fertilizer is rare in the local market, due to poor demand and high cost. Thus, a study was conducted to check out the effect of application of P and the best way of disposing P fertilizer in the soil. Two rates of P2O5 (0 and 80 kg/ha) were compared, with four methods of application: no application; broadcasting over the soil; broadcasting and incorporation into the soil; and incorporation in the planting row. Every treatment was replicated four times, being each one 5 rows of 5 m each, spaced 0.9 m. Before planting, all experimental area received liming (1 ton/ha of calcium dolomite) and basic fertilization with 150 kg N/ha and 100 kg K2O/ha. The cultivar BRS 293 was used for the experiment, being planted in 21/12/2012, with a density of 10 seeds per lineal meter. Cotton grew better in the presence of P, but there was not response in its productivity, because of loss of cotton flower buds and small bolls due to strong insect attacks and severe drought during the growth period.  Key words: Gossipium hirsutum L. Productivity. Plant stress. Soil fertility. Pro Savana Project.  Introduction  Cotton (Gossipium hirsutum L.) is a plant that needs fertile soils, or good annual availability of nutrients if growing in poor soils, to render good productivity. To produce one ton of cottonseed per hectare, it exports around 69 kg/ha of nitrogen (N), 25 kg/ha of phosphorus (P2O5), and 73 kg/ha of potassium (K2O) from the soil. From these, 34, 12 and 22 kg/ha, respectively, are exported away from the field with the harvested products (Carvalho et al., 2011). In the Brazilian Cerrados, with adequate soil correction and fertilization, it was obtained an average productivity of 3,689 kg cottonseed/ha in the 2012/2013 cropping season, cultivated in 893 thousand hectares. Some producers managed to harvest above 5.000 kg/ha (CONAB, 2013). Regarding P2O5, on average, these areas are fertilized with around 120 kg P2O5/ha. If the fertilizer is applied in the planting row, the better is its efficiency (Silva, 1999), especially in soils with low P2O5 availability. In Mozambique, there are about 188,000 ha under cotton cultivation, usually in small family properties (“machambas”). According to the Instituto de Algodão de Moçambique average productivity in these machambas is around 452 kg of cottonseed/ha (Instituto de Algodão de Moçambique, 2012). Some reasons for such low productivity include exploitation of soils naturally poor in P2O5 and organic matter, and lack of fertilizers application (Ronquim et al, 2013; Bolfe et al., 2011). In this work it is reported a study conducted to test out some methods of phosphorus fertilizer addition to a Mozambican soil, plus the addition of a surplus rate, with the objective of determining the best way to improve efficiency of P2O5 application.  Material and Methods   The experiment was conducted in area of the Instituto de Investigação Agrícola de Moçambique, in Muriaze, Province of Nampula, in a sandy soil (Table 1). Two rates of P2O5 (0 and 80 kg/ha) were compared, in parallel to four methods of application: no application; broadcasting over the soil; broadcasting and incorporation into the soil; and incorporation in the planting row. Experimental design was a completely randomized factorial 2 (rates) x 4 (methods), with four replications for each treatment. Each experimental plot consisted of rows of 5 m each, spaced 0.9 m. All experimental area received liming (one ton/ha of calcium dolomite) and basic fertilization (150 kg N/ha and 100 kg K2O/ha) before planting. The Brazilian cotton cultivar BRS 293 (Morello et al., 2010) was used for the experiment, being planted in 21/12/2012, with a density of 10 seeds per lineal meter. In 13/06/2013 plants were harvested within four lineal m of the three central rows of every replication. Evaluations encompassed characteristics of plant growth (plant height and height of insertion of the first cotton boll) and plant production (final plant stand, number of bolls per plant, average mass of bolls, number of green cotton bolls, number of open bolls, and productivity). The data obtained for each parameter was submitted to variance analysis and regression, and means were compared using Tukey test (Gomes, 1987).  Result and discussion  The natural soil P2O5 availability (Table 1) is within a range considered low to cotton, which responds up to 20 mg/dm3. With that, it would be expected that the plants would respond to the phosphorus application. Indeed, the applied rate induced increases in the height of plants. However, id did not reflected into increases of productivity (Table 2). A possible explanation for that is that the plants suffered a strong water stress between February and March, which resulted in a great loss of cotton flower buds and small cotton bolls. It is known that a wealthy plant blossoms early and presents great formation of bolls. It is possible that plants in the control treatment had blossomed later than those in the fertilized treatment, thus being less affected by the hydric stress. Added to the water stress, there was a strong attack by caterpillars, which impaired even further plant productivity.  There was no effect of the method of P2O5 on any measured parameter but the number of cotton bolls per plant (Table 2). However, this variable showed a large coefficient of variation (36 %), which may indicate that the loss of flower buds was an important factor of variability to explain productivity under the evaluated conditions. With that, it is advisable to perform the experiment once again, in the same conditions, to check out the replicability of the results.  Conclusions  There was clear indication of plant response to P2O5 application in the studied conditions. Productivity was affected by severe water stress and pests attack during the blossoming stage. There was no effect of method of P2O5 application in the studied conditions. It is recommended that the experiment be replied over time.  References  BOLFE, E.L.; BATISTELLA, M.; RONQUIM, C.C.; HOLLER, W.A.; MARTINHO, P.R.R.; MACIA, C.J.; MAFALACUSSER, J. Base de dados geográficos do “Corredor de Nacala”, Moçambique. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE SENSORIAMENTO REMOTO, 15.,CURITIBA, 2011. Anais... Curitiba, PR, Brasil:INPE, 2011. 5p. Disponível em: <http://www.dsr.inpe.br/sbsr2011/files/p0842.pdf>. Acessado em 01.09.2013. CARVALHO, M.C.S.; FERREIRA, G.B.; STAUT, L.A. Nutrição, calagem e adubação do algodoeiro. In: FREIRE, E.C. (Ed.). Algodão no cerrado do Brasil. Aparecida de Goiânia: Mundial Gráfica, 2011. p.677-752. EMBRAPA. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária. Manual de análises químicas de solos, plantas e fertilizantes. Brasília: Embrapa Solos, 1999. 370p. GOMES, F.P. Curso de estatística experimental. 12a edição, Livraria Nobel S.A, São Paulo, 1987. 467 p. INSTITUTO DO ALGODÃO DE MOÇAMBIQUE. Ministry of agriculture. Republic of Mozambique. Mozambique cotton subsector: overview & perspectives, 2011/2012. (Report for the 71st plenary meeting of the ICAC). Interlaken, 2012. 7p. MORELLO, C.L.; SUASSUNA, N.D.; FARIAS, F.J.C.; LAMAS, F.M.; PEDROSA, M.B.; RIBEIRO, J.L.; GODINHO, V.P.C.; FREIRE, E.C. BRS 293: A midseason high-yielding upland cotton cultivar for Brazilian Savanna. Crop Breeding ans Applied Biotechnology. 10:180-182, 2010. RONQUIM, C.C.; RIBEIRO, F.; BOLFE, E.; TOSTO, S. Uso de geotecnologias para avaliação da agropecuária de Moçambique. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE SENSORIAMENTO REMOTO, 16, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brasil. Anais ... São Carlos: INPE, 2013. 8p. Disponível em: < http://www.dsr.inpe.br/sbsr2013/files/p1422.pdf> SILVA, N.M. da. Nutrição mineral e adubação do algodoeiro no Brasil. In: CIA, E.; FREIRE, E.C; SANTOS, W.J. dos (Editores). CULTURA DO ALGODOEIRO. Piracicaba: POTAFOS, 1999. p.57-92. CONAB. Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento. Acompamento da safra brasileira de grãos. SAFRA 2013/14, Primeiro Levantamento - Intenção de Plantio, Outubro/2013 – v. 1. Brasília : Conab, 2013. p.1-67. Disponível em: < http://www.conab.gov.br/OlalaCMS/uploads/arquivos/13_10_09_17_39_08_boletim_portugues_outubro_2013.pdf > Consultado em: 15.10.2013.    Table 1. Main characteristics of the soil in the experimental area in Muriaze, Nampula, Mozambique, October 2012. pH1 P2 K2 Al3 Ca3 Mg3 H+Al4 CTCt CTCe SB V OM Clay in water mg/dm3 ------------------ mmolc/dm3 ------------------- % -- g/dm3 -- 6,0 7,5 82 0,0 13,3 4,1 17,4 36,9 19,5 19,5 52,8 11 90 1pH in water, 1:2.5 soil:water. 2Extractor Mehlich-1, 1:10 soil:solution; 3Extractor KCl 1 mol/L, 1:10 soil:solution; 4Calcium Acetate 0.5 mol/L, pH 7.0. CTCe – soil natural Cation Exchange Capacity; CTCt – CTC at pH 7,0; SB – Sum of exchangeable basis (K+Ca+Mg); MO – Soil Organic Matter, Walkey-Black method.                         Table 2. Effects of P2O5 rates and application method on final plant stand (FPS), height of plants (HP), number of bolls/plant (NBP), average boll mass (ABM), height of first boll (H1B), number of closed bolls (NCB), number of open bolls (NOB), total number of bolls (TNB) and average cottonseed productivity (PRO). Muriaze, Nampula, Mozambique, 2012/2013. 1Values followed by the same letter in every parameter are not different (P<0.05). 2 ns, *, and ** means, respectively non-significant (P>0.05), or significant (P<0.005 and P<0.001).  Treatment  FPS   HP  NBP ABM  H1B  NCB  NOB   TNB  PRO   pl/m  cm   boll/pl  g  cm  bolls/plot  kg/ha  Rate of P2O5 application (R) No P2O5 13.8a1 70.3a 5.7a 4.4a 25.5a 137a 135.7a 272.8a 734a 80 kg P2O5/ha 12.9a 80.9a 7.0a 4.6a 27.7a 112b 114.5a 226.7b 626b  Method of P2O5 application (M) Control 13.7a 76.6a 5.8b 4.5a 28.0a 130a 120.6a 250.4a 667a Broadcasted 12.9a 79.5a 8.7a 4.3a 25.5a 111a 133.5a 244.5a 674a Broadcasted & incorporated  12.9a 70.2a 5.5b 4.4a 25.2a 132a 113.6a 246.1a 621a Only in the planting row 14.0a 76.2a 5.2b 4.7a 27.6a 125a 132.8a 258.1a 759a  Analysis of variance R 0.61ns2 6.87* 2.71ns 1.87ns 2.45ns 6.25* 3.51ns 8.63** 4.70* M 0.29ns 0.93ns 3.97* 0.82ns 1.02ns 0.92ns 0.74ns 0.15ns 1.35ns R x M  0.49ns 2.2ns 0.37ns 0.26ns 1.81ns 2.05ns 0.88ns 0.28ns 0.48ns CV % 22.7 15.2 36.2 11.1 15.0 22.6 25.5 17.8 20.6 Means 13.4 75.6 06.3 4.5 26.6 125 125.1 249.8 680 	  

Effects of the method of phosphorus fertilizer application on cotton growth and production in Muriaze, Nampula,Mozambique.

Effects of the method of phosphorus fertilizer application on cotton growth and production in Muriaze, Nampula,Mozambique.

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