HIGARASHI, M. M.

MATTEI, R. M.

NICOLOSO, R. da S.

OLIVEIRA, P. A. V. de

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 III Simpósio Internacional sobre Gerenciamento de  Resíduos Agropecuários e Agroindustriais 12 a 14 de março de 2013 – São Pedro – SP  GREENHOUSE GASES EMISSIONS FROM DEEP PIT STORED SWINE MANURE IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL  Martha M. Higarashi1*; Rodrigo S. Nicoloso1; Paulo A. V. Oliveira1; Rosemari M. Mattei1 1Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concórdia – SC – Brasil *martha.higarashi@embrapa.br  ABSTRACT: Greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions were monitored in an open pit containing swine manure which represents the usual storage structure employed for the management of livestock wastewater in Brazil. Methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) were measured in a circular concrete deposit which received daily loads of 1m3 of fresh swine manure. GHG assessment was carried out through 50 days during winter using a conical dynamic chamber installed above the pit to cover the whole emitting surface and with a ventilation rate fixed at 147 m3.h-1. Samples from inlet and outlet air were continuously collected and analyzed by infrared photoacoustic gas monitor. Results have shown that methane and carbon dioxide constituted the main GHG emitted from the manure storage. Approximately 82% of mineralized organic carbon was emitted as methane due to the oxygen-limited condition that prevails in this environment. Furthermore the manure temperature measured during the experiment was relatively high (>200C) which favor the methanogenesis. Additionally, no N2O emission was observed during the monitored period which confirms the anaerobic character of the biodegradation.       Keywords: methane, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, manure pit, livestock, global warming.   INTRODUCTION  Agriculture is known as a major contributor to GHG emissions. CH4 is produced when organic materials are decomposed under anaerobic conditions, notably from fermentative digestion by ruminant livestock, from stored manures, and from rice grown under flooded conditions (Metz et al., 2007). The main source of GHG emissions from industrial production of poultry and swine are the beddings and the storages of manure, respectively. Brazil is the fourth largest exporter of swine meat with a production of about 2.9 million Ton/year (Santos Filho & Souza, 2011; ABIPECS, 2011). Currently the adopted management for the manure in almost all Brazilian farms of swine production consists in daily or weekly removal of liquid manure from the channels of the building. Then the wastewater is conducted by pipes to an external deposit (open pits or lagoons) where it is kept during about 120 days for partial stabilization and subsequent land application.  During the manure storage, CH4 and CO2 produced by anaerobic degradation of organic matter and also by aerobic bacterial activities at air/slurry interface are emitted to atmosphere (Moller et al., 2004). Although mathematical models have been developed to estimate this emission (IPCC, 2006), most part of data used to generate these models and emissions factors were obtained under temperate climate which could increase the uncertainties about the estimations made for livestock production located in tropical countries. According to Sommer et al. (2007) the production and emission of CH4 from swine slurry is strongly affected by temperature and there is indeed the need for a better understanding about the relationship between temperature and CH4 production to improve emission calculation on a global scale. Recent articles have shown that frequent removals of sludge from the channels can significantly mitigate CH4 emission by: reducing the pool of methanogenic bacteria within this environment, and transferring the sludge to an outside store under lower temperature (Chadwick et al. 2011). Therefore both, temperature as well as manure management can affect the rate of GHG emission.  The aim of this work was measuring the emission flux of CH4, CO2 and N2O in a pilot-scale swine manure pit that reproduce the usual management adopted in Brazilian farms.   III Simpósio Internacional sobre Gerenciamento de  Resíduos Agropecuários e Agroindustriais 12 a 14 de março de 2013 – São Pedro – SP  MATERIAL AND METHODS Manure storage and management description:  The experiment was carried out in the City of Concordia, Santa Catarina State, in South of Brazil (27018’46” S, 51059’16” W) during 50 days from June 12th to August 1st, 2012. A circular concrete earth pit (internal diameter= 5.02 m; height= 1.8 m; volume=35.6 m3) was daily fed during 30 days (5 days a week) with aliquots of 1 m3 of fresh manure from a demo farrow-to-finishing operation with 14-sow. Samples of the added manure were collected at each load and analyzed for pH, dry matter (DM), volatile solids (VS), ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3), total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and organic carbon (OC) – Table 1, according to official methods (APHA, 1995).   GHG emissions measurement: A conical dynamic chamber was made with transparent PVC (5.05 m diameter and 1.6 m high with a volume of 10.6 m3) and installed above the pit (Figure 1) leaving a space of 20 cm between the concrete margin of the pit and the lower edge of the chamber to allow the entrance of fresh air. An exhaust pipe Ø = 300 mm was installed on the top of the chamber and the ventilation rate was fixed at 147 m3.h-1 using a fan equipped with a dimer. The sampling point of outlet air was located in the exhaust pipe 53 cm before the fan, whether the samples of inlet air (fresh air) were collected in two opposite points right below the lower edge of the chamber. Samples were continuously (every 2 minutes for each sampling point) and automatically pumped to the measurement device – Multipoint Sampler and Doser/Infrared Photoacoustic Gas Monitor (INNOVA 1313/INNOVA 1412, Air Tech Instruments, Denmark) – through Teflon tubes of 4 mm in diameter placed in the sampling points. Greenhouse gas emission flux (g.h-1) was calculated using the equation:  EG = [Qair (Co – Ci)]/1000 (1)  Where: Co = gas concentration in the outlet air (mg.m-3); Ci = gas concentration in the inlet air (mg.m-3) and Qair = airflow rate (m3.h-1).  GHG emissions were measured for 50 days, of which the first 40 days corresponded to the loading period when deep pit was fueled with 1 m3 of fresh manure per day (5 days a week) followed by a period of 10 days without any loading when the system was kept undisturbed.  RESULTS AND DISCUSSION During the experiment, no N2O emission was detected from the system. This behavior was already expected since anaerobic biodegradation prevails in pig manure storages and there is little opportunity for NH4+ to be nitrified (Chadwick et al., 2011).  Sommer et al. (2007) has demonstrated that the emission proportion CO2/CH4 is highly influenced by storage temperature where the methanogenic microbial community dominates the organic material decomposition in temperatures above 200C (20-65% of C emitted as CH4 at 200C). Although our experiment has been conducted during winter, the temperature of manure varied just from 21 until 250C - Figure 2(c), and the emission fluxes of CH4 and CO2 showed in Figures 2(a) and 2(b) agrees with the statement above, as 82.6 ± 3.1% of carbon was emitted as CH4. The cumulated emissions of CH4 and CO2 during the 50 days of monitoring were 4.22 and 0.864 kg of C, respectively. Considering the two distinct periods (loading and undisturbed) and the available VS content on the pits as manure is being added, the average CH4 emission during the first period (40 days) was 0.020 ± 0.010 g C.h-1.kg-1 SV and then it has dropped to 0.010 ± 0.002 g C.h-1.kg-1 SV.    III Simpósio Internacional sobre Gerenciamento de  Resíduos Agropecuários e Agroindustriais 12 a 14 de março de 2013 – São Pedro – SP  CONCLUSION  Biodegradation of stored manure in open pits in tropical countries are essentially anaerobic even on winter due to the milder drops of temperature in this region which favors methanogenic activity. This behavior can have two consequences related to GHG emission during manure storage comparing to temperate climate region: 1) higher CH4/(CH4+CO2), 2)  lower N2O production. Therefore there is a need for further investigation to evaluate and quantify these two effects, once they are antagonistic, as well as their consequence for the gases emissions in the following stages of manure management such as in its application in crops and pasture.  AKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors would like to thank to SINDICARNE and Project PECUS for providing the financial support for this work.    REFERENCES Associação Brasileira da Indústria Produtora e Exportadora de Carne Suína - ABIPECS. Estatísticas: Produção Brasileira de Carne Suína 2004-2011. http://www.abipecs.org.br/pt/estatisticas/mercado-interno.html (acessed 11 august 2012). Chadwick D., Sommer S.G., Thorman R., Fangueiro D., Cardenas L., Amon B., Misselbrook T. (2011). Manure management: Implications for greenhouse gas emissions. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 166-167, 514-531.  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change - IPCC (2006). 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. V. 4, Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use; Chapters 10. http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/4_Volume4/V4_10_Ch10_Livestock.pdf Metz B., Davidson O.R., Bosch P.R., Dave R., Meyer L.A. (2007) Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, USA. http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/contents.html (acessed 20 august 2012).   Moller H.B., Sommer S.G., Ahring B.K. (2004). Biological degradation and greenhouse gas emission during pre-storage of liquid animal manure. Journal of Environmental Quality, 33, 27-36. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (1995). 19th edition, American Public Health Association/American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation, Washington DC, USA. Santos Filho J.I., Souza M.V.N. (2011) Anuário estatístico – Suinocultura. Central de Inteligência da Embrapa Suínos e Aves. Documentos 146. Embrapa Suínos e Aves. http://www.cnpsa.embrapa.br/sgc/sgc_publicacoes/publicacao_e3n75c3h.pdf (acessed 11 august 2012). Sommer S.G., Petersen S.O., Sorensen P., Poulsen H.D., Moller H. (2007) Methane and carbon dioxide emissions and nitrogen turnover during liquid manure storage. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecossystem, 78, 27-36.     III Simpósio Internacional sobre Gerenciamento de  Resíduos Agropecuários e Agroindustriais 12 a 14 de março de 2013 – São Pedro – SP  Table 1. Chemical characterization of swine manure loads (n= 30). Varable Mean SD Maximum Minimum pH 7.27 0.17 7.64 6.93 DM (%) 2.76 1.15 6.98 0.82 VS (g.L-1) 16.0 7.86 19.90 4.37 N-NH3 (g.L-1) 1.84 0.57 3.15 0.81 TKN (g.L-1) 2.61 0.89 5.36 1.01 COD (g.L-1) 33.0 13.2 63.90 8.35 OD (%) 1.10 0.62 3.47 0.31   Figure 1. Dynamic chamber installed above the manure storage pit to continuous assessment of the emission of CH4, CO2 and N2O.  10 Jun 24 Jun 8 Jul 22 Jul-1001020304050CH4 Emission (g C.h-1) 10 Jun 24 Jun 8 Jul 22 Jul-1001020304050CO2 Emission (g C.h-1) 0 10 20 30 40 50020406080100120140160180  CO2 CH4 TempDaysEmission of C (g.day-1)02468101214161820222426Manure temperature (0C) Figure 2. Emission fluxes of CH4 (a) and CO2 (b) continuously monitored (g C.h-1) and daily emission of CH4 and CO2 (c). (c) (a)  (b) 

Greenhouse gases emissions from deep pit stored swine manure in Southern Brazil.

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