ALVES, G. L. O.

CONCEIÇÃO, R. R. P.

COSTA, R. V.

FERREIRA, P.

MENDES, S. M.

QUEIROZ, V. A. V.

RIBEIRO, P. E. A.

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Fumonisins incidence in Maize Stored in Family FarmsCribs in the Central Region of the State of Minas Gerais,BrazilEfficient and safe production processes in sustainable agriculture and forestryXXXIV CIOSTA CIGR V Conference 20111 Embrapa Maize and Sorghum (Rodovia MG 424, km 45, Sete Lagoas,35.701-970, Brazil), va/eria@cnpms.embrapa.br,/u/aa/ves@yahoo.com.br, prís 7/@hotmail.com,renatapontes@hotmail.com, simone@cnpms.embrapa.br,veras@cnpms.embrapa.br, pau/oedu@cnpms.embrapa.brV.A. V. Ciuelroz', G.L.O. Alves2, P. Ferreire', RR.P. Conceiçêo',S.M. Ma rtins', R. V. Cosie', P.E.A. Ribeiro' .e-mail ofcorrespondingauthor:valeria@cnpms.embrapa.brSummaryFumonisins are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp. and commonlycontaminate maize and maize products worldwide. This study evaluated theincidence of total fumonisins in maize, stored in 10 family farms located in theCentral Region of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. There were four samplingperiods in which were collected the samples in two months intervals, totaling 40samples. The total fumonisins concentrations were determined using a VicanFluorometer. Fumonisin was detected in ali 40 samples, with values range from230 to 6450 I-1gkg -1.Key word: mycotoxins, food security, small farmIntroductionMaize is one of the three cereal crops that have the highest productionand can be used for many purposes, such as animal feed, industrial uses,and is even the staple food in many developing countries. However, thepercentage of raw maize samples contaminated with mycotoxins, and thelevels of contamination, is very high, particularly some important toxinssuch as aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisins.Fumonisins are mainly produced by Fusarium verticillíoides (Voss et aI.,2007). Except in extreme situations, fumonisins formation happens onlybefore harvest or during the early stage of drying, but not in the storagestage. Thus, the control of this mycotoxin requires more attention to pre-harvest practices and to the subsequent effects of processing and29 June -1 July 2011 Vienna - AustriaUniversity of Natural Resources and Applied Ufe Sciences116Efficient and safe production processes in sustainable agriculture and forestryXXXIV CIOSTA CIGR V Conference 2011preparation of foodstuffs (Arora and Khachatourians, 2004). In animais,fumonisins are known to cause the equine leukoencephalomalacia(ELEM) in the horse and porcine pulmonary edema. Also, they have beenreported to induce liver and kidney tumors in rodents and are classified asGroup 2B "possibly carcinogenic to humans" (Wild & Gong, 2010).The objective of this work was to assess the incidence of total fumonisinsin maize, stored in 10 family farms in the Central Region of the State ofMinas Gerais, Brazil. /'Material and methodsIt was randomly collected 150 maize ears in 10 family farms cribs, in foursampling periods (every two months), totaling 40 samples. The maize earswere divided in two groups: ears with well (WC) and bad (BC) husk cover.The percentage of each type was calculated, 10 ears of each type werethreshed and the grains were weighed. A representative 1 kg compositesample of each corn crib was obtained following the proportion of the WCand BC ears. These grain samples were divided into three sub samples,milled and stored at _180 C until analysis. Fumonisin was quantified usinga Vicam Series - 4EX Fluorometer (Bozin et aI., 2006). The experimentaldesign was completely randomized in a 3 replicates 10 x 4 factorial (localx sampling period) and averages compared by Tukey test at 5%probability. 'Results and DiscussionIt was observed that the contamination with fumonisins range from 230 to6450 /lg kg -1 in the 40 maize samples evaluated (Table 1). In the 1st, 2ndand 3rd sampling periods, the samples collected at the farm - 10 showedthe highest levels of total fumonisins and those collected at the farm - 5showed lowest contamination in the 1st and 2nd collections. The totalfumonisins in most rural properties did not increase throughout the storageperiod, except in the farm - 5. This finding indicated that fumonisins aremycotoxins that may occur mainly in the pre-storage. In the EuropeanUnion the maximum tolerable limit for this mycotoxin in maize is 1000 /lgkg -1. Thus, 33 (82,5%) of the 40 maize samples analyzed werecontaminated with fumonisins at levels above acceptable limits for humanconsumption. In agreement with these, the results of Orsi et aI. (2000)investigation showed that a total of 195 hibrid maize samples from State ofSão Paulo, Brazil, 90,2% were found to contain fumonisin B1, and 97,4%to contain fumonisin B2.29 June -1 July 2011 Vienna - AustriaUniversity of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences117Efficient and safe production processes in sustainable agriculture and forestryXXXIV CIOSTA CIGR V Conference 2011Table 1: Total fumonisins levels in maize stored in family farms cribs inMinas Gerais, BrazílTotal Fumonisins (~g kg -1)Farm Sampling Period Mean1 2 3 42100 AS 2800 A 1010 S de 1950 AS 1965cde cde abcd2 1450 S de 5150 A 1850 S cde 670 Sd 2280abc3 1700 Acde 1800 Ade 2600 A bcde 1350 Acd 1862.54 700 Se 3700 A 455 Se 1400 S cd 1563.7bcd5 540 SCe 230 Ce 2950 A bcde 1750 AS bcd 1367.56 3900 Abcd 2350 S 3050 AS 3500 AS 3200cde bcde abcd7 3250 A 2550 A 3850 A abcd 3200 Aabcd 3212.5bcde cde8 3050 A 1750 AS 1450 S cde 1100 Sd 1837.5bcde de9 1550 Ade 1550 Ade 480 Ae 805 Ad 1096.210 6450 Aa 5550 Aab 5200 A ab 2800 S abcd 5000Mean 2469 2743 2289.5 1852.5Averages followed by the same capitalletter in the rows or lower case in the columns didnot share significant differences at 5% probability by Tukey's testoReferencesArora, D.K. and Khachatourians, G.G., 2004. Applied mycology andbiotechnology: Fungal genomics. First Edition. Elsevier, London. 415 pp.Bozin, B., Mimica-Dukic, N., Simin, N., Anackov, G., 2006. Characterization ofthe Volatile Composition of Essential Oils of Some Lamiaceae Spices and theAntimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of the Entire Oils. Journal ofAgricultural and Food Chemistry [54], 1822-1828.Orsi, R.B.; Corrêa, B.; Possi, C.R.; Schammass, E. A.; Nogueira, J.R.; Dias,S. M.C.; Malozzi, MAB. 2000. Mycoflora and occurrence of fumonisins infreshly harvested and stored hybrid maize. Journal of Stored ProductsResearch [36], 75-87.Voss, KA, Smith, G.W., Haschek, W.M., 2007. Fumonisins: toxicokinetics,mechanism of action and toxicity. Animal Feed Science And Technology[137], 299-325.Wild, C.P.and Gong, Y.Y., 2010. Mycotoxins and human disease: a largelyignored global health issue. Carcinogenesis [31], 71-82.29 June -1 July 2011 Vienna - AustriaUniversity of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences118

Fumonisins incidence in maize stored in family farms cribs in the Central Region of the State of Minas Gerais.

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