Cohesive zone model is a promising technique for simulating fracture processes in brittle ice.
In this work it is applied to investigate the fracture behavior of polycrystalline cylindrical samples
under uniaxial loading conditions, four-point beam bending, and L-shaped beam bending.
In each case, the simulation results are compared with the corresponding experimental data
that was collected by other researchers. The model is based on the implicit finite element
method combined with Park-Paulino-Roesler formulation for cohesive potential and includes
an adaptive time stepping scheme, which takes into account the rate of damage and failure
of cohesive zones. The benefit of the implicit scheme is that it allows larger time steps than
explicit integration. Material properties and model parameters are calibrated using available
experimental data for freshwater ice and sea ice samples.
For polycrystalline ice, granular geometry is generated and cohesive zones are inserted between
grains. Simulations are performed for samples with different grain sizes, and the resulting
stress–strain and damage accumulation curves are recorded. Investigation of the dependency
between the grain size and fracture strength shows a strengthening effect that is
consistent with experimental results.
The proposed framework is also applied to simulate the dynamic fracture processes in Lshaped
beams of sea ice, in which case the cohesive zones are inserted between the elements
of the mesh. Evolution of the stress distribution on the surface of the beam is modeled for
the duration of the loading process, showing how it changes with progressive accumulation of
damage in the material, as well as the development of cracks. An analytical formula is derived
for estimating the breaking force based on the dimensions of the beam and the ice strength.
Experimental data obtained from the 2014-2016 tests are re-evaluated with the aid of this new
analysis.
The computation is implemented efficiently with GPU acceleration, allowing to handle geometries
with higher resolution than would be possible otherwise. Several technical contributions
are described in detail including GPU-accelerated FEM implementation, an efficient way of
creation of sparse matrix structure, and comparison of different unloading/reloading relations
when using an implicit integration scheme. A mechanism for collision response allows modeling
the interaction of fragmented material. To evaluate the collision forces, an algorithm for
computing first and second point-triangle distance derivatives was developed. The source code
is made available as open-source