Global food production will need to double to feed the more than 9 billion people by 2050..

Dwivedi, S.L.

Lalitha, N.

Pattanashetti, S.K.

Sharma, S.

Singh, S.

Upadhyaya, H.D.

Varshney, R.K.

Vetriventhan, M.

English

Research Repository

Feb 2014Inclusive Market-Oriented Development (IMOD) – our approach to bringing prosperity in the drylands.ICRISAT is a member of the CGIAR Consortium.BackgroundGlobal food production will need to double to feed the more than 9 billion people by 2050. To address this enormous challenge, the development of better adapted, higher yielding, and resource-use-efficient crop cultivars is crucial. The effective utilization of plant genetic resources in breeding is the most sustainable way to increase food production while conserving biodiversity (Table 1).Seed Conservation StrategiesShort-term: 18-20°C and 30-40% relative humidity (RH)Medium-term (active collection): 4°C and 30% relative humidity (RH); Seed viability: above 85% for 15-20 years.Long-term (Base collection): -20°C; seed viability above 85% for 50 years or more.Safety Back-up at Svalbard Global Seed VaultTo date, we have contributed seed samples of 104,000 unique accessions of chickpea, groundnut, pigeonpea, pearl millet and sorghum and of six small millets for safety duplication at Svalbard Global Seed Vault, Norway.Low Use of Germplasm – A Major Concern in Crop BreedingManaging and utilizing such large diversity is the greatest challenge to germplasm curators and crop breeders. Less than 1% of germplasm has been used in crop improvement. Promoting the use of germplasm in crop improvement programs is a major concern as breeders are reluctant to use germplasm largely either due to lack of reliable information on economic traits besides linkage drag or due to breakdown of co-adapted gene complexes.Means to Overcome Low Use of Germplasm in Crop BreedingDeveloping Core and Mini Core Collections to Enhance Use of Germplasm in Crop BreedingCore and/or mini core collections, using passport, characterization and evaluation data have been formed in chickpea, groundnut, pigeonpea, pearl millet, sorghum, and six small millets (Table 2).Genetic Resources Conservation and Strategies for Enhanced Utilization in Crop ImprovementHD Upadhyaya, S Sharma, SL Dwivedi, S Singh, RK Varshney, M Vetriventhan, SK Pattanashetti and N LalithaFlow diagram to establish core and mini core collections in a crop    Step 1    Step 2                       Group 1             Group 2…………………………..Group n-1            Group n   Step 3          Step 4    Step 5         Step 6            Step 7     Entire Collection (EC) in Genebank Characterize and evaluate EC for complete data set Form groups (using taxonomic, morphological and geographic data; accessions from smaller and adjacent countries with similar agroclimatic conditions could be grouped together)   Clusters  Analyse the standardized data sets within each group separately. Use standard clustering procedure to group accessions in clusters in each group. Select 10% of accessions from each cluster, minimum 1 accession if <10 accessions in a cluster to constitute core collection (CC). Compare CC with EC to determine the representativeness in terms of mean, variance, diversity, frequency distributions, etc. CC is representative of EC if these parameters did not differ significantly between the two sets (CC & EC). Evaluate the representative CC in replicated mutilocation trial for morphological, agronomical and quality traits to identify parents for use.     Use data for making subgroups and developing mini core collection (MCC)    if the size of CC is too large. Repeat step 3 and 4 to select MCC that represent CC. Follow step 5 to confirm representativeness of MCC with CC. Mini core is ready to use.   Clusters    Clusters   Clusters    Clusters                  Multi-trait Genetically Diverse Germplasm for Use in Crop Improvement Researchers at ICRISAT and elsewhere have extensively evaluated min core collections and identified several sources of resistances to abiotic and biotic stresses, including some with specific adaptation having multiple resistances and/or seed nutrient dense types. Genotyping information was used to identify agronomically beneficial and genetically diverse germplasm pairs in most of our crops for use in crop breeding.Population Structure, Diversity and Association Genetics in Germplasm CollectionsAdvances in genomics on these crops are now assisting us to dissect population structure, diversity, and marker-trait associations for agronomically beneficial traits using genome-wide association mapping, i.e., SSRs and SNPs associated with flowering and maturity, tillers, plant height, inflorescence architecture, seed weight, and resistance to anthracnose, grain mold and rust in sorghum. Similar studies are in progress in chickpea and groundnut, providing opportunities for crop improvement through marker-assisted breeding and genomic selection.Pre-breeding to Access Novel Alleles from Wild Relatives Wild relatives possessing resistance to pest and diseases have been crossed with cultivated types to transfer resistance to major pest and diseases in cultigen’s genepools of chickpea, groundnut and pigeonpea. Groundnut and chickpea lines with improved seed yield and seed size have been developed using wild relatives. Chickpea    Groundnut  Pigeonpea  Sorghum  Table 1. Germplasm Conservation and DistributionCropNumber of accessions conservedNumber of samples distributedCultivated Wild Total India Other Countries ICRISATSorghum 37,491 458 37,949 (92)* 131,175 131,166 (108) 240,028Pearl millet 21,908 750 22,658 (50) 62,002 34,943 (80) 55,634Chickpea 19,960 308 20,268 (60) 73,598 58,594 (87) 190,030Pigeonpea 13,216 555 13,771 (74) 50,336 22,036 (111) 84,593Groundnut 14,968 478 15,446 (92) 47,507 51,924 (95) 97,433Small millets (6)10,104 258 10,362 (50) 43,051 21,362 (60) 7,906*Figures in parenthesis refer to number of countriesTable 2. Core and Mini Core Collections and Genotype-based Reference SetsCropForming reduced subsetsCore collection Mini core collection Reference setBarnyard millet 89Chickpea 1,956 211 300Finger millet 622 80 300Foxtail millet 155 35 200Groundnut 1,704 184 300Kodo millet 75Little millet 56Pearl millet 2,094 238 300Pigeonpea 1,290 146 300Proso millet 106Sorghum 2,247 242 383View publication stats

Genetic resources conservation and strategies for enhanced utilization in crop improvement

https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/62130/1/CropImprovement.pdf

Genetic resources conservation and strategies for enhanced utilization in crop improvement

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Research Repository