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Mesostructured
hollow carbon nanoparticles have widespread applications.
A big challenge in materials science is surfactant-free synthesis
of hollow carbon nanoparticles with tunable mesostructures. Herein
we report a new surfactant-free sequential heterogeneous nucleation
pathway to prepare mesostructured hollow carbon nanoparticles. This
strategy relies on two polymerizable systems, i.e., resorcinol formaldehyde
and tetraethyl orthosilicate, each of which undergoes homogeneous
nucleation and particle growth. By controlling the polymerization
kinetics of two systems when mixed together, sequential heterogeneous
nucleation can be programmed, leading to monodispersed and mesostructured
hollow carbon nanoparticles with large mesopores, controllable mesostructures
(bi- and triple-layered), and rich morphologies (invaginated, intact,
and endoinvaginated spheres). For the first time, it is demonstrated
that the invaginated structure shows better hemocompatibility compared
to the intact one. The pristine hollow carbon nanoparticles with large
pore size and high pore volume show the high loading capacity of biomolecules
and successfully deliver biomolecules into cells. Our strategy has
paved the way for the designed synthesis of unprecedented carbon nanostructures
with potential applications in drug/biomolecule delivery