Broholm, Mette Martina

Kalisz, Mariusz

Krupanek, Janusz

Martac, Eugeniu

Nielsen, Mette Algreen

Stalder, Marcel

Trapp, Stefan

Background/Objectives. Site characterization is often time consuming and a financial burden for the site owners, which raises a demand for rapid and inexpensive screening methods. Tree coring is a phytoscreening method useful for detection of contamination with organic compounds. The method takes advantage of the natural ability of trees to absorb water, nutrients and prospective contaminants from the soil pore water into their roots and upwards to the stem from where a core is sampled. Samples are then analyzed for the contaminants in the wood. The results give an impression of the contaminant level in the subsurface and plumes may be mapped. Various plants can be used for phytoscreening, however trees are preferable to smaller plants as their large root system can absorb chemicals from a broader and deeper area. Approach/Activities. In this study tree coring is tested for fuel components and chlorinated solvents. The method was applied at various European sites contaminated with PCE/TCE or BTEXs due to former site activities (industrial production, gas stations, air base or gas plant). Tree core samples were collected in fall 2013 and analyzed by HS-GC/MS. Results were used to map the plume(s). The measured concentrations are also compared to concentrations detected in soil and/or groundwater. Furthermore, the two screening technologies Tree coring and Soil air sampling have been compared to evaluate the feasibility of the tree coring method. Results/Lessons Learned. The method of tree coring can detect contamination with BTEX and chlorinated solvents in the shallow subsurface. The uptake of BTEX into trees varies to a greater extent with the site conditions and tree species than chlorinated solvents, which lead to greater uncertainty. Tree coring is semi-quantitative, low-invasive and inexpensive, which makes it suitable as initial screening methods. The method is useful at large sites and at sites where conventional site characterization methods can be limited due to the sensitivity of the site (e.g. private land, moor, rocks and forest) or due to (former) activities at the site like explosive hazard which poses a risk when drilling. Phytoscreening by tree coring can be used to focus other more advanced and cost-intensive screening methods, with the overall goal to make site characterization more complete and/or efficient.<br/

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                       General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.  • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal   If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.     Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Dec 20, 2017Phytoscreening of BTEX and chlorinated solvents by tree coringNielsen, Mette Algreen; Broholm, Mette Martina; Trapp, Stefan; Kalisz, Mariusz; Krupanek, Janusz;Stalder, Marcel; Martac, EugeniuPublication date:2014Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of recordLink back to DTU OrbitCitation (APA):Nielsen, M. A., Broholm, M. M., Trapp, S., Kalisz, M., Krupanek, J., Stalder, M., & Martac, E. (2014).Phytoscreening of BTEX and chlorinated solvents by tree coring. Abstract from Ninth International Conferenceon Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds , Monterey, California, United States.Phytoscreening of BTEX and chlorinated solvents by tree coring   Mette Algreen (mann@env.dtu.dk) Mette Broholm, Stefan Trapp  (Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark), Mariusz Kalisz, Janusz Krupanek (Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, Katowice, Poland), Marcel Stalder (SolGeo AG, Solothurn, Schweiz), Eugeniu Martac (Fugro Consult GmbH, Mössingen, Germany).  Background/Objectives. Site characterization is often time consuming and a financial burden for the site owners, which raises a demand for rapid and inexpensive screening methods. Tree coring is a phytoscreening method useful for detection of contamination with organic compounds. The method takes advantage of the natural ability of trees to absorb water, nutrients and prospective contaminants from the soil pore water into their roots and upwards to the stem from where a core is sampled. Samples are then analyzed for the contaminants in the wood. The results give an impression of the contaminant level in the subsurface and plumes may be mapped. Various plants can be used for phytoscreening, however trees are preferable to smaller plants as their large root system can absorb chemicals from a broader and deeper area.   Approach/Activities. In this study tree coring is tested for fuel components and chlorinated solvents. The method was applied at various European sites contaminated with PCE/TCE or BTEXs due to former site activities (industrial production, gas stations, air base or gas plant). Tree core samples were collected in fall 2013 and analyzed by HS-GC/MS. Results were used to map the plume(s). The measured concentrations are also compared to concentrations detected in soil and/or groundwater.  Furthermore, the two screening technologies Tree coring and Soil air sampling have been compared to evaluate the feasibility of the tree coring method.   Results/Lessons Learned. The method of tree coring can detect contamination with BTEX and chlorinated solvents in the shallow subsurface. The uptake of BTEX into trees varies to a greater extent with the site conditions and tree species than chlorinated solvents, which lead to greater uncertainty.  Tree coring is semi-quantitative, low-invasive and inexpensive, which makes it suitable as initial screening methods. The method is useful at large sites and at sites where conventional site characterization methods can be limited due to the sensitivity of the site (e.g. private land, moor, rocks and forest) or due to (former) activities at the site like explosive hazard which poses a risk when drilling.  Phytoscreening by tree coring can be used to focus other more advanced and cost-intensive screening methods, with the overall goal to make site characterization more complete and/or efficient. 

Phytoscreening of BTEX and chlorinated solvents by tree coring

                       General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.  • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal   If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.     Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Dec 20, 2017Phytoscreening of BTEX and chlorinated solvents by tree coringNielsen, Mette Algreen; Trapp, Stefan; Kalisz, Mariusz; Krupanek, Janusz; Stalder, Marcel; Martac,Eugeniu; Broholm, Mette MartinaPublication date:2014Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of recordLink back to DTU OrbitCitation (APA):Nielsen, M. A., Trapp, S., Kalisz, M., Krupanek, J., Stalder, M., Martac, E., & Broholm, M. M. (2014).Phytoscreening of BTEX and chlorinated solvents by tree coring. Poster session presented at Ninth InternationalConference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds , Monterey, California, United States.fPhtoscreeningofBTEXandchlPhytoscreeningofBTEXandchlPhytoscreeningofBTEXandchlPhytoscreening of BTEX and chlygMetteAlgreen1(mann@endtdk)StefanTrapp1MarisKalis2JMetteAlgreen1(mann@env.dtu.dk),StefanTrapp1,MariuszKalisz2,JMette Algreen(mann@env.dtu.dk), Stefan Trapp,  Mariusz Kalisz, JTiBTlEthlbTreecoringBenzeneTolueneEthylbenzTree coring Benzene, Toluene, EthylbenzApplication:Phytoscreeningbytreecoringisalow-costandeasymethodforApplication:Phytoscreeningby tree coring is a low-cost and easy method, for screeningofshallowpollutionoverlargeareasItcanbeusedtoPurpose:Testmethodfeasibilityscreening of shallow pollution over large areas. It can be used to Purpose: Test method feasibility.focusothermoreadvancedandcost-intensivescreeningTtitFAibiStfocus other more advanced and cost-intensive screening Testsite:FormerAirbaseinSzprotawamethodstomakesitecharacterizationmoreefficientTest site: Former Air base in SzprotawaPldmethods, to make site characterization more efficient.  Poland.Treespecies:PinebirchwillowandasSubsurfacepollutantsaretakenupbytherootsystemandTree species: Pine, birch, willow and asSubsurface pollutants are taken up by the root system and transferredtothewoodCoresfromthestemaresampledbyaContaminationlevel:transferred to the wood. Cores from the stem are sampled by a Contamination level: handdrillandanalyzedTheextendandlevelofthe-Highriskareas:50-70mgBTEX/kghand drill and analyzed. The extend and level of the High risk areas: 5070 mg BTEX/kg. Oidhihik223BTEcontaminationismappedThemethodhasshowntobewell-Outsidehighriskareas:2-2.3mgBTEcontamination is mapped.  The method has shown to be well idfhlidlbhliiOutside high risk areas: 22.3 mg BTEsuitedforchlorinatedsolventsbutthecurrentapplicationatCiliSillsuited for chlorinated solvents, but the current application at BTEXtitditiliitdComparison sampling: Soil samples.BTEXcontaminatedsitesislimited.ppgpBTEX contaminated sites is limited. Outcome:ThfthitdOutcome:Thepurposeofthisstudywas:The purpose  of this study was: TttthfibilitfththdBTEXitlBTEXcanbedetectedinthewoodTotestthefeasibilityofthemethodasaBTEXscreeningtool.BTEX can be detected in the wood.To test the feasibility of the method as a BTEX screening tool. TtiiitilithdithilTocomparetreecoringasaninitialscreeningmethodwithsoilThehighriskareawaslocatedhoweverTo compare tree coring as an initial screening method with soil liThe high risk area was located, howevergas sampling. non-detected)occurwhencomparingwitgpgnon-detected) occur when comparing witThemethoddependsonthetreespeciesThe method depends on the tree speciesibflftlbihipine may be useful for toluene, birch is npy,SlidSamplingprocedureSampling procedure1)TheSuuntuborer:Coreextractorborerandhandle1)The Suuntuborer: Core extractor, borer and handle. ) 2)Screwingintheborertothestem2)  Screwing in the borer to the stem. Correctsamplingpoint:1mheight6cmindepthCorrect sampling point: 1 m height, 6 cm in depth.    3)Iifh3)Insertionofthecoreextractor.3)Insertion of the core extractor. 4)RiftlHigh risk area4)Removing of tree core sample.    )gp5)Thetreeaftersampling5)  The tree after sampling.BasedResults for foil to comparisonBasedResults for foil to comparison1)2)3)4)5)1)                             2) 3) 4)5)CliConclusion:Conclusion:TiilldbitbTree coring willow and asp can be suitabgphighriskareasforBTEXhigh risk areas for BTEX.gMoreinvestigationsareneededMore investigations are needed.PrivatephotosPrivate photoslorinatedsolentsbtreecoringlorinatedsolventsbytreecoringlorinatedsolventsbytreecoringlorinated solvents by tree coringygJansKrpanek2MarcelStalder3EgeniMartac4MetteBroholm1JanuszKrupanek2,MarcelStalder3 ,EugeniuMartac4,MetteBroholm1 .Janusz Krupanek, Marcel Stalder, Eugeniu Martac, Mette Broholm.dXl(BTEX)Chlitdlt(PCE)zeneandXylenes(BTEX)Chlorinatedsolvent(PCE)zene and Xylenes (BTEX)Chlorinated solvent (PCE)Application:Application:TestsitePurpose:MethodcomparisonoftreecoringTest sitePurpose: Method comparison of tree coring Test itanssoilgassamplinga,siteanssoil gas sampling. a, TtitFidtildtiiTestsite:FormerindustrialproductioninTest site: Former industrial production in JtldDkspJutland Denmark.sp. Picture modified from Treespecies:BeechoakpineandothersGoogle EarthTree species: Beech, oak, pine and others. Contaminationlevel:5-3210μgPCE/m3EX/kContamination level: 5-3210 μg PCE/m.EX/kg.EX/kg. Comparisonsampling:SoilgassamplingComparison sampling: Soil gas sampling.An aeroplane shed in the hangar garea (medium polluted). PithtPrivate photo. Pictures from a  COWI reportVisible contamination inthehighriskareaOutcome:in the high risk area. Privatephoto.Outcome:Private photo.ChlorinatedsolventscanbedetectedinthewoodandhighriskareaChlorinated solvents can be detected in the wood and high risk area gwerelocatedrsomediscrepancies(includingwere located.r some discrepancies (including thsoilsamplesEvaluationofdataandcomparisonwithothermethodsshouldbebasedth soil samples.Evaluation of data and comparison with other methods  should be based onrankeddata.s;willowandasparepreferred,on ranked data.s; willow and asp are preferred,  tddAititdibdbtkdildtinot recommended. A positive trend is observed between ranked soil gas and tree coring pggresultsresults.20350012020gData above DL and QLTree core18rinBelowQL3000100coBelow QL30001003]L]Soil gas16ee Below DL2500/mμg/14y tr250080[μgs [14b80ns on12ned 2000ioatiai60ratntr10obt150060entce8ts 1500nccon8sul40core 6re1000as co4of il gee 4nk 50020SoTr2Ra500200000DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDd on 10 datasets were both willow and asp were sampled0246810121416182001-2.06-2.6b-2.6c-2.6d-1.7-1.7c-2.d-2.97-1.6-1.b-1.7i-2.02-1.7e-1.g-2.7k-2.h-1.7j-1.8-1.6e-1.d on 10 datasets were both willow and asp were sampledRankofresultsobtainedbysoilgasmeasurements113131313131317313173123131731317313131Rank of results obtained by soil gas measurementsSamplingpointSampling pointCliConclusion:Conclusion:bliitillitltltTiillitditlfltifPCE(dTCE)ble as initially screening tool to locate TreecoringiswellsuitedscreeningtoolforlocatingofPCE(andTCE)ygTree coring is well suited screening tool  for locating of PCE (and TCE) titiithhllbfdtilltidtif/hihcontamination in the shallow subsurface and particularly to identify source/high pyygriskareasrisk areas. GoodsupplementtosoilgassamplingGood supplement to soil gas sampling. QL Qtifiti liit DL Dtti liitQL: Quantifications limit, DL: Detection limit1Affiliation:1 Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, y,gygy,,2 InstituteforEcologyofIndustrialAreasKatowicePolandInstitute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, Katowice, Poland, 3 SlGAGSlthSitld3 SolGeo AG, Solothurn, Switzerland, 4 FugroConsultGmbHMössingenGermanyFugro Consult GmbH, Mössingen, Germany.Literature:http://www.timbre-project.eu/Literature: http://www.timbreproject.eu/ Additionalsamplingguidelineandinvestigationsreportwillbeavailableatthehomepagesummer2014Additional sampling guideline and investigations report will be available at the homepage summer 2014.Acknowledgement:FinancialsupportbytheEuropeanCommunity'sSeventhFrameworkProgrammeFP7projectTIMBREAcknowledgement: Financial support by the  European Communitys Seventh Framework Programme FP7, project TIMBRE. 

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Phytoscreening of BTEX and chlorinated solvents by tree coring

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