The potential of using a 'natural' soil with high mycorrhizal spore count as a source of inoculum was

evaluated in this preliminary experiment using 4 soil types .. Serdang, Munchong, Malacca and Bungor.

Results obtained on the dry weight and P content ofplant tops was not significant between treatments but

was significant between the soil types used. This could be due to the duration of the experiment being too

short to enable these endogonaceous species to establish well in these soils and bring about significant

growth response of the mungbean plants

Chulan, Azizah

Kamal, A.J.M

Omar, M.

Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository

Pertanika 7(3), 123-126 (1984)COl\rIMUNICATION IIThe Effect of Different Soil Types on Growth andNodulation of Vigna radiata (L) Wilczek Inoculatedwith Vesicular-arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM)RINGKASANKajian awal ini ialah untuk menguji potensi satu sampel tanah yang mengandungi spora mikorizayang tinggi bilangannya sebagai satu unsur inokulum di dalam 4 jenis tanah : Serdang, Munchong, Malaccadan Bungor. Keputusan berat kering dan kandungan P dalam tisu daun tidak memberi perbezaan yangbermakna di antara rawatan, tetapi memberi perbezaan yang bermakna di antara jenis-jenis tanah yangdigunakan. Ini mungkin disebabkan oleh jangka masa kajian ini dijalankan, terlalu singkat untuk memboleh-kan spesies-spesies kulat ini membiak dan menghasilkan pertumbuhan yang bermakna.SUMMARYThe potential of using a 'natural' soil with high mycorrhizal spore count as a source of inoculum wasevaluated in this preliminary experiment using 4 soil types .. Serdang, Munchong, Malacca and Bungor.Results obtained on the dry weight and P content ofplant tops was not significant between treatments butwas significant between the soil types used. This could be due to the duration of the experiment being tooshort to enable these endogonaceous species to establish well in these soils and bring about significantgrowth response of the mungbean plants.INTRODUCTIONLegumes need adequate phosphorus supplyfor satisfactory nodule production and nitrogenfixation (van Schreven, 1958, cited from Mosse,1979). Since the root systems of legumes arerelatively restricted, it has been established thatthese legumes respond favourably to mycorrhizalinfections (Mosse, 1979). Several experimentscarried out in P-deficient soils have shownimproved nodulation and nitrogen-fixation oninoculation of the plants with mycorrhiza(Abbott and Robson, 1977; Crush, 1974; Mosseet al., 1976). Mosse (1979) has also shown thatin Centrosema, only mycorrhizal or P treatedseedlings produce nodules. Without any of these,no nodules were produced in spite of a reasonablywell-developed root system.It has been demonstrated by 'Harley (1969)and Gerdemann (1975) that inoculation offorest trees and agricultural plants with mycorrhi-zal fungi can stimulate their growth in nutritional-ly poor soils. Such soils occur in very large areas ofthe tropics. The possible impact of mycorrhizasseems obvious from the observation that almostall plant species of economic importance in thetropics are infected with VA endophytes (Crush,1974; Mosse et al., 1976; Ross and Harper,1970). In the light of the present knowledge,this preliminary investigation has been initiatedto determine the growth response and hencenodule production of mungbean plants inoculatedwith Rhizobium and mycorrhizal spores (fromthe sandy beach soils) in four different unsteri-lized inland soils.MATERIALS AND METHODSThis pot experiment was conducted in fourunsterilized soils namely : the Serdang andBungor series (Typic Paleudult) and the Munchongand Malacca series (Tropeptic Haplorthox).Table 1 gives the physicochemical properties ofthe four soil types used. Three of the soils havepH 4.7 except Munchong with pH 5.2. Twenty-two em diameter pots were used for the experi-ment, each pot containing 5 kg soil. Urea, triple-syperphosphate and muriate of potash wereapplied to each pot (top-dressing) at the equivalentrate of 50 kg N, 100 kg P and 120 kg K per harespectively. There were four treatments per soiltype : (1) uninoculated control, (2) inoculatedwith V A mycorrhizal fungus (comprising mixedspecies from sandy beach soil), (3) inoculatedwith Rhizobium compost of variety CV 5000(obtained from RRIM) and (4) inoculated with (2)and (3).The soaked mungbean seeds (of uniform size4mm x 5 mm ± 2mm) were mixed with the123AZIZAH CHULAN (HASHIM) A.J.M. KAMAL AND M. OMARTABLE 1Physicochemical properties of thefour soil types usedSerdang Manchong Malacca BungorHorizon Ap Ap Ap Ap+Depth (cm) 0-15 0-10 0-10 0-15+Coarse sand (%) 35.1 7.7 16.7 16.8+Fine sand (%) 31.9 27.8 5.5 53.1+Silt (%) 7.4 13.3 17.6 11.4+Clay (%) 25.6 51.2 60.2 18.7Organic carbon (%) L30 2.35 1.44 2.46Total N (%) 0.10 0.23 0.18 0.11Extractable P (ppm) 36.6 21.1 15.3 12.70pH (OJ N CaCI 2 ) 4.7 5.2 4.7 4.7+S. Paramananthan (1978)Rhizobium compost before sowing. At the timeof planting, 50g sandy beach soil (containingabout 100-200 viable VAM spores) were placedat about 5 cm below the top-soil in each pot.The seeds were then planted 2 cm above theinoculum soil at an average of 4 seeds per pot.The uninoculated plants were similarly treatedusing 50g autoclaved sandy beach soil. The plantswere thinned to two per pot 2 weeks after sowing.Five replicates were used for each treatment.The plants were harvested 35 days aftersowing (when 80% of them had produced flowers).The number and size of nodules per treatmentwere measured and recorded. The plant topswere oven-dried at 60°C for 72 hours and theirdry weights determined. Subsamples of theground tissue were digested with concentratedsulphuric acid and 50% hydrogen peroxide(Thomas et al., 1972) and analysed for N, P andK on a Technicon (R) Autoanalyser.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONGrowth ResponseInoculation of plants with both Rhizobiumand mixed mycorrhizal species did not seem toenhance plant growth when compared to plantsreceiving either one or no inoculation at all(Table 2). This could perhaps be due to theintroduced endogonaceous species not being ableto establish well in the four soils tested or that124the level of inoculum added was insufficient tobring about significant plant response within theshort period the experiment was conducted(35 days).The best overall growth response was byplants growing in the Malacca series and thepoorest was shown by plants grown in theMunchong series. The difference in top dryweights of plants between treatments were notsignificant (Table 2). Only the difference betweensoil types was significant.Nodule DistributionIn general, the size and distribution of noduleswithin the root-zone of the test crop wasinfluenced more by the physical properties of thedifferent soil types used rather than by the treat-ments given.Plants grown on the Serdang soil gave bigger(2-3 mm diameter) but fewer nodules (42-70nodules/plant) compared to smaller and. morenumerous nodules (68-152 nodules of 1-1.5mm diameter) produced in the Malacca soil.Most of the nodules in the Serdang soil wereproduced on the upper part of the lateral roots(about 40 cm from the crown) while in theMalacca series, pin-sized nodules were producedas deep as 10 cm from the crown along the lengthof the lateral roots. There was very poornodulation in plants grown in either Bungor orTHE EFFECT OF MYCORRHIZA INOCULATION AND SOIL TYPES ON GROWTH AND NODULATION OF VIGNARADIATATABLE 2Effect. of .inoculation with V A endophytes andRhzzobzum on the dry weigh t (g) of tops ofmungbean 35 days after sowing. The differencesdue to soil series are significant (P<0.05 and P<O.OI)(Symbol : NS : Not significant)Treatment Shoot dry weight per plant (g) (NS)Serdang Munchong Malacca BungorControl 6.74 3.81 7.59VAM 6.57 2.60 7.39Rhizobium 6.22 3.70 6.82VAM + Rhizobium 6.44 4.25 7.22(LSDo.05 (Soil) 1.027)(LSD 0.01 (Soil) 1.374)TABLE 3Effect of inoculation with V A endophytes andRhizobium on the phosphorus content (%) oftops of mungbean 35 days after sowing.(Symbol : NS : Not significant).6.046.175.565.78Treatment Phosphorus content of tops (%) (NS)Serdang Munchong Malacca BungorControlVAMRhizobzumVAM + Rhizobium(LSDo.05 (Soil) - 0.0818)(LSDo.01 (Soil) = 0.1095)0.460.470.470.480.310.360.350.390.420.410.420.420.340.350.330.38Munchong soil for all treatments (plants in bothsoils produced 0-20 nodules per plant withdiameters 1-1.5 mm and 1-2.0 mm, respec-tively).P Content of TopsThe highest P content of 0.48% was obtainedfrom plants growing in the Serdang soil followedby plants grown in the Malacca series (0.42%,Table 3). However, the P contents of plant topswas also insignificant between all treatmentsbut was significant between the soil types used.No significant increases in nitrogen and potassiumconcentrations of the tops was observed for alltreatments in both soils.125lruthayathas et ai., (1983) stated that theresponse of leguminous plants to the combinedi.noculation of Rhizobium and mycorrhizalspores was found to be dependent on threefactors:a) the successful establishment of thenewly introduced rhizobia into the soilwhich is in tum influenced by the nativemicrobial population.b) establishment of the introduced mycorr-hizal species in the soil.c) the synergistic effect of both Rhizobiumand mycorrhiza in enhancing plantgrowth.AZIZAH CHULAN (HASHIM) AJ.M. KAMAL AND M. OMARThe failure of the present experiment todemonstrate the beneficial effect of Rhizobiumand mycorrhiza on the growth and nodulation ofmungbean plants could be due to the absence ofone or perhaps all the factors listed above.The importance of factor number (b) ie, theestablishment of introduced mycorrhizal speciesin the soil has been demonstrated by Bagayarajet al. (1979) with his work on soyabean. It wasfound that the effect of Rhizobium andmycorrhiza was not significant at 45 days, but wassignificant at 60 days when the inoculated specieshad more time to establish itself.From this preliminary experiment it isconcluded that more studies are required tofind the optimum conditions for V AM toproduce its beneficial effect of enhancing plantgrowth.Azizah Chulan (Hashim)A. J. M. KamalM.Omar*Department of Soil ScienceFaculty ofAgricultureUniversiti Pertanian Malaysia.*Faculty of Life Sciences,Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.REFERENCESABBOTT, L.K. and ROBSON, A.D. (1976) : Growthstimulation of subterannean clover with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 28 :639-649.BAGAYARAJ. D.J., MANJUNATH. A. and PATIL,R.B. (1979) : Interaction between a VA mycorrhizaand Rhizobium and their effects on soyabean infield. Neco. Phytol. 81: 141-145.CR USH, l.R. (1974) : Plant growth responses to vesi-cular-arbuscular mycorrhiza. VII. Growth and nodu-lation of some herbage legumes. New Phytol. 73:743-749.GERDAMANN, J.W. (1975) : Vesicular-arbuscularmycorrhizae. In : The development and functions ofroots (Eds). J.G. Torrey and D.T. Clarkson pp.573-591 . Academic Press. London.HARLEY, J.L. (1969) : The biology of mycorrhizae.2nd Ed. Academic Press. London.IRUTHAYATHAS, E.E., GUNASEKARAN. S. and VLA-SSAK, K. (1983) : Effect of combined innoculationof Azospirillum and Rhizobium on nodulation andN2-fixation of winged bean and soyabean. ScientiaHorticulturae, 20: 231-240.MaSSE, B., POWELL, c.L., and HAYMAN. D.S.(1976) : Plant growth responses to vesicular-ar-buscular mycorrhiza. IX. Interactions between VAmycorrhiza, rock phosphate and symbiotic nitr~genfixation. New Phytol. 76: 331-342.MaSSE. B. (1979) : Vesicular-Arbuscular MycorrhizaResearch for Tropical Agriculture. College of Tro-pical Agriculture, Univ. of Hawaii, Misc. Pub!.PARAMANANTHAN, S. (1978) : Division of Agricul-tural Soils and Analytical Services' Bulletin No.7.Ministry of Agriculture, Malaysia.Ross. J.P., and HARPER J.A. (1970) : Effect of Endo-gone mycorrhiza on soyabean yields. Phytopatho-logy. 60 : 1552-1556.THOMAS, R.L., SHEARD. R.N., and MEYER. J.R.(1972) : Comparison of conventional and automatedprocedure for N, P and K analysis of plants. Ame-rican Society ofAgronomy. 59 : 240-243.(Received 20 January, 1984)126

The Effect of Different Soil Types on Growth and

Nodulation of Vigna radiata (L) Wilczek Inoculated

with Vesicular-arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM)

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The Effect of Different Soil Types on Growth and Nodulation of Vigna radiata (L) Wilczek Inoculated with Vesicular-arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM)

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