Low concentrations of paclobutrazol and daminozide at 0, 5, 10 and 15 mgt] were foliar sprayed on 12 week old A. mangium seedlings at three different frequencies of application i.e. 1 (week 0), 2 (week 0 & 4) and 3 (week 0, 4 & 6). Either chemical was effective in controlling growth but paclobutrazol was more potent than daminozide. A low concentration of 5 mgt] paclobutrazol at 1 application was sufficient to cause a significant reduction in height growth compared to daminozide which required a minimum concentration of 10 mgt] with 2 applications. In general, the main effects of the chemicals increased with increasing concentration and frequency of spray

Abod, Sheikh Ali

Yasin, Sulaiman

Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository

PertanikaJ. Trop. Agric. Sci. 25(2): 143 - 147 (2002) ISSN: 1511-3701© Universiti Putra Malaysia PressEffects of Paclobutrazol and Daminozide on the Growth ofAcacia mangium SeedlingsSHEIKH ALI ABOD & SULAIMAN YASINFaculty ofForestryUniversiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang,Selangor, MalaysiaKeywords: Paclobutrazol, daminozide, Acacia mangiurn, growth controlABSTRAKAnak benih A. mangium berumur 12 minggu telah diberikan semburan daun dengan paklobutrazol dandaminozid pada kepekatan-kepekatan yang rendah iaitu 0, 5, 10 dan 15 mgt] pada tiga kekerapan semlJuranyang berlainan iaitu 1 (minggu 0), 2 (minggu 4 & 6) dan 3 (minggu 0, 4 & 6). Setiap bahan kimia itudidapati berkesan untuk merencatkan tumbesaran tetapi paklobutrazol lebih berkesan daripada daminozid.Paklobutrazol pada kepekatan yang terendah iaitu 5 mgt] pada 1 semburan didapati cukup untuk merencatkantumbesaran ketinggian dengan berbanding daminozid yang memerlukan kepekatan minima 10 mgt] dan 2 kalikekerapan semburan. Pada amnya, kesan kedua-dua bahan kimia itu bertambah dengan pertambahan kepekatandan kekerapan semburan.ABSTRACTLow concentrations of paclobutrazol and daminozide at 0, 5, 10 and 15 mgt] were foliar sprayed on 12 weekold A. mangium seedlings at three different frequencies of application i.e. 1 (week 0), 2 (week 0 & 4) and 3(week 0, 4 & 6). Either chemical was effective in controlling growth but paclobutrazol was more potent thandaminozide. A low concentration of 5 mgt] paclobutrazol at 1 application was sufficient to cause a significantreduction in height growth compared to daminozide which required a minimum concentration of 10 mgt] with2 applications. In general, the main effects of the chemicals increased with increasing concentration and frequencyof spray.INTRODUCTIONMalaysia has a total of 171,292 hectares of forestplantation as of October 1996 (Abod 1998).About 80% of the species planted are Acaciamangium Willd mainly because of its rapid growthrate. The species have been reported to have amean annual increment exceeding 30 m3 ha-lyrl Gohari and Chin 1986). In the nursery,however, excessive growth of A. mangium is aliability if transplanting in the field is delayed.Delays in transplanting often occur when thetiming of the site preparation which requires adry season cannot be synchronized with fieldplanting which requires a wet season. This canresult in overgrown seedlings which are moredifficult to transport and plant and have beenreported to have a poor survival rate because ofunfavourable root to shoot ratio, resulting indesiccation after field planting (Abod and Ahun1991) .Researchers have sought reliable, effectiveand safe methods of controlling shoot growth oftree species using chemical growth retardants.Paclobutrazol (cultar) and daminozide (alar)are two common growth regulators which in-hibit endogenous gibberellin biosynthesis andthereby control excessive growth of plants.Daminozide was introduced as a plant growthretardant by Riddel et al. (1962) and has sincebeen used extensively for controlling excessivegrowth in the nursery (Stahly and Williams 1967).Paclobutrazol is relatively new and has beenreported to be a reliable, effective and safechemical for reducing the shoot extension ofmany temperate trees (Richardson and Quinlan1986) .SHEIKH ALI ABOD & SULAIMAN YASINPrevious studies by Abod and co-workers onthe effects of paclobutrazol (Abod and Jeng1993) and daminozide (Abod and Yap 1994) onthe growth of A. mangium seedlings tested highchemical concentrations ranging from 25 to 1200mgP foliar sprayed once at week O. Plants treatedwith paclobutrazol did not recover in heightgrowth even 12 weeks after treatment at all theconcentrations tested. Low concentrations (25mgI-1) of daminozide, however, were less effec-tive in retarding growth when the plants weresprayed once. The present study tests the effectsof lower concentrations of paclobutrazol anddaminozide applied at different frequencies ofspray on the growth of A. mangium seedlings.MATERIALS AND METHODSA. mangium seeds were obtained from a planta-tion in Setul, Negeri Sembilan. The seeds werepre-treated in boiling water for 30 seconds,soaked in tap water for 24 hours and thengerminated in a greenhouse. Four weeks aftergermination, each seedling was transplanted intoa black polythene bag measuring 14 cm in diam-eter and 19 cm in height. The potting mediumwas a mixture of soil, sand and peat in a ratio of7:3:2. All plants were given adequate water andnutrients throughout the duration of the experi-ment. The experiment was conducted in a green-house. Plants were selected 12 weeks after ger-mination. Seedlings with uniform shape andmeasuring 25 cm tall were chosen from a largenumber of available plants.Paclobutrazol (PP333) was supplied by Im-perial Chemical Industries (ICI) in an aqueoussuspension at a concentration of 250 g I-1 with anactive ingredient of 22.0% ww1• Its trade name iscultar and chemical formula (2 RS, 3 RS)-I-(4chlorophenyl) -4, 4 dimethyl-2(lH-l,2,4 triazol-l-yl)pentan-3-01) .Daminozide (B-9) was supplied in a powderform with an active ingredient of 85.0% ww1• Itis manufactured by Uniroyal Chemical Inc.Middlebury CT 067, USA. Its trade name is alarand chemical formula N-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid (IUPAC) butanedioic acid mono(2, 2-dimethyl-hydrazide) (CA) succinic acid 2,2- dimethylhydrazide.The chemicals were diluted in distilled wa-ter to give concentrations of 0, 5, 10 and 15 mgI-1 paclobutrazol or daminozide. A surfactant wasadded at a concentration of 2.0 ml I-1. The aerialparts of plants were sprayed to runoff using ahand-held pressure sprayer. Some of the chemi-cals were inevitably also deposited in the pottingmedium.Three frequencies of application i.e. at weeko (1 frequency), weeks 0 and 6 (2 frequencies),and weeks 0,4 and 6 (3 frequencies) were testedfor each chemical. There were 15 replicates pertreatment totalling 360 plants inclusive of con-trols. Increment in height (i.e. length of themain stem from the soil surface to the shootapex) were measured at weekly intervals untilharvest, 12 weeks after the fIrst spray. At harvest,plants were measured for dry weights of root,shoot, total plant and the root to shoot ratio.The experiment followed a completelyrandomized design. All data were subjected tothe analysis of variance to test differences be-tween treatment means.RESULTSFactorial analysis of the results in Table 1 re-vealed paclobutrazol to be more effective thandaminozide in reducing the height incrementand dry weights of the root, shoot and totalplant, and increasing the root to shoot ratio ofA. mangium seedlings. However the results werestatistically signifIcant only for height, root dryweight and root to shoot ratio. The effects of thechemicals increased signifIcantly with increasingconcentration or frequency of spray (Table 1;Figs. la, b & c and 2a, b & c). There were,however, statistically signifIcant (P<0.05) interac-tions between chemical x cone. and chemical xfrequency of spray for height increment, totalplant dry weight and root to shoot ratio. Interac-tions between conc. x frequency were statisti-cally signifIcant (P<0.05) for height, root andshoot dry weight. The interactions betweenchemical x conc. x frequency were signifIcantfor all the parameters measured. The simpleeffects of paclobutrazol and daminozide on theheight increment are presented in Figs. 1 and 2respectively.Low concentrations of daminozide whenapplied at 1 frequency of spray at week 0 werenot effective in controlling the height growth ofA. mangium seedlings (Fig. 2a). A second appli-cation at week 6 however became effective forconcentrations of 10 and 15 mgI-1 (Fig. 2b)whereas three frequencies of spray at weeks 0, 4and 6 caused the lowest concentration of 5 mgI-1 to be signifIcantly effective (Fig. 2c).144 PERTANIKAJ. TROP. AGRIC. SCI. VOL. 25 O. 2, 2002EFFECTS OF PACLOBUTRAZOL AND DAMINOZIDE ON THE GROWTH OF ACACIA MANGIUM SEEDLINGSTABLE 1Main effects of pac1obutrazol and daminozide on the growth of Acacia mangium seedlings 12 weeks aftertreatmentFactor Height Total root dry Total shoot Total plant dry Total root dry weightincrement weight(g) dry weight (g) weight (g) Ln(em) Total shoot dry weghtPac1obutrazol 7.1 3.08 4.87 7.95 -0.45 (0.64)Daminozide 12.2 3.26 5.22 8.48 -0.47 (0.62)Sed 0.39 0.15 0.17 0.24 0.020F-Test *** ** ns ns *Control 0 15.5 3.53 6.25 9.78 -0.57 (0.56)Concentration 5 12.1 3.27 5.47 6.78 -0.51 (0.59)in 10 10.2 3.19 5.34 8.53 -0.51 (0.59)(mgl-I ) 15 8.7 3.10 5.02 8.12 -0.48 (0.61)Sed 0.55 0.32 0.24 0.34 0.028F-Test *** *** ** ** **Frequency of 1 12.9 3.33 5.65 8.93 -0.52 (0.59)spray 2 10.8 3.27 5.29 8.56 -0.48 (0.61)3 8.3 2.29 4.71 7.69 -0.45 (0.63)Sed 0.48 0.12 0.21 0.29 0.024F-Test *** ** ** * nsError df 336 *p<0.05 **p<O.Ol ***p<O.OOlDf 23 ns = not significantSed standard error difference Bracketed means are retransformed valuesAll concentrations of paclobutrazol effec-tively reduced the height growth of A. mangiumseedlings. Increasing the frequency of applica-tion had a minimal added effect in reducingthe growth even for the lowest concentration of5 mgl- l (Figs. 1, b & c).Paclobutrazol was more immediate thandaminozide in controlling the height growth.For example, at 10 mgP concentration, differ-ences between the control and paclobutrazoltreated plants became statistically significant atweek 4 (Fig. 1b) compared to at week 6 fordaminozide treated plants (Fig. 2b). Only a sec-ond spray of daminozide at this concentrationensured a continued growth reduction subse-quently (Figs. 2a & b). There was no recovery inheight growth for all paclobutrazol treated plantsat harvest 12 weeks after the first spray (Figs. 1a,b & c). In contrast, daminozide treated plantsexhibited clear signs of recovery particularly atthe lower concentrations and frequency of spray(Figs. 2b & c).DISCUSSIONBoth paclobutrazol and daminozide reduced theroot and shoot growth of A. mangium seedlings.Paclobutrazol was more potent than daminozidein reducing all the growth parameters meas-ured. The reduction in shoot growth was greaterthan the root which in theory should also im-prove plant water relations and post-transplant-ing success (Abod and Webster 1989).Paclobutrazol treated plants had a higher rootto shoot ratio than daminozide. Increasing thechemical concentration or number of spray ap-plications of paclobutrazol and daminozide re-sulted in greater reduction in height incrementand dry matter production of the seedlings.The differences in height growth betweenthe treated and control plants increased withtime after application for both chemicals. A lowconcentration of 5 mgP paclobutrazol at oneapplication was found to be adequate to retardthe height growth of A. mangium seedlings bymore than 60% of the control at harvest, atweek 12 (Fig. 1a). However, at least 10 mgPdaminozide applied twice at weeks 0 and 6 wasneeded to achieve a similar growth reduction atharvest (Fig. 2b). Unlike daminozide, increasingthe concentration and frequency of spray ofpaclobutrazol did not significantly change themagnitude of the reduction in height growth.Growth inhibition from foliar application ofthe chemicals in this study may have resultedfrom the absorption by the young stems andleaves as well as by the roots (since the pot soilPERTANlKAJ. TROP. AGRIC. SCI. VOL. 25 NO.2, 2002 145SHEIKH ALI AEOn & SULAIMAN YASINlBr------------------------,l.$O ~ < O.o.s1614~ 12fi 10e.~ BW ..d« nncr trcnlftlCtlIFig. 1a: Effects of concentration of paclobutrazol on theheight increment of A. mangium seedling at frequency ofspray at week 0lSO,. < 0.05 l__ 20 ...8Weeks elkr treatmentFig. 2a: Effects of concentration of daminozide on theheight increment of A. mangium seedling at frequency ofspray at week 020r---------------------18116 1 lSO' < 0 .•' I14~ 12 1! ..U 10 ..I a l .~ 6~43 4 56789Week. aOcr lreatmcnl10 11 12 13 14 olSQ, < 0.05 I2 3 4~Son9~. ..y/./'oonuny .. IOmgn·7·// / /,sm9n........... / '"8 7 8 9 10 " 12 13 1We.:b .Rer treatmenlFig. 1b: Effects of concentration of paclobutrazol on theheight increment of A. mangium seedling at 2 frequencyof spray at week 0 and 618,----·..·· -----------------<::1 ./...... OM._~ 12 1~I 10t B. /:1· ~:::~~'.-----'o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 B 9 10 11 12 13 14Weeks .ncr lreotmenlFig. 1c: Effects of concentration of paclobutrazol on theheight increment of A. mangium seedling at 3 frequencyof spray at week 0, 4 and 8Fig. 2b: Effects of concentration of daminozide on theheight increment of A. mangium seedling at 2 frequencyof spray at week 0 and 6o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14Weeks after treatmentFig. 2c: Effects of concentration of daminozide on theheight increment of A. mangium seedling at 3 frequencyof spray at week 0, 4 and 8146 PERTANIKAJ. TROP. AGRIC. SCI. VOL. 25 NO.2, 2002EFFECTS OF PACLOBUTRAZOL AND DAMINOZIDE ON THE GROWTH OF ACACIA MANGIUM SEEDLINGSwas deliberately not covered during applicationto simulate the actual practice in the nursery)with the subsequent acropetal translocation tothe meristematic areas of plant organs(Richardson and Quinlan 1986). It appears thatthe uptake and translocation of the chemicals atthe second and subsequent spray additively acttogether with the remaining compounds fromthe previous application to ensure a greatergrowth reduction. This is clearly demonstratedin the effect of daminozide on the height incre-ment (Figs. 2a, b & c). For paclobutrazol, how-ever, it is likely that the additive effect of thechemical may prolong the time for completerecovery in the height growth.Both paclobutrazol and daminozide appearto have a potential in controlling the growth ofA. rnangium seedlings. The choice of chemical,concentration and frequency of application willdepend on the desired magnitude and durationof growth reduction required.REFERENCESABOD, S.A. 1998. Development of forest planta-tions in Malaysia. A country report. Paperpresented to Asian Productivity OrganizationMulti-Country Study Mission on Afforestationand Forest Tree Breeding, 4-13 March, TokyoJapan.ABOD, S.A. and J. ABUN. 1991. Root and shootgrowth and their manipulations of Acaciarnangium seedlings. In Proc. of a RegionalSymposium on Recent Developments in Tree Plan-tation of Humid/Subhumid Tropics of Asia ed.Sheikh Ali Abod. p. 253-261. June 5-9, 1989,Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang,Selangor, Malaysia.ABOD, S.A. and L.T. JENG. 1993. Effects ofpaclobutrazol and its method of applicationon the growth and transpiration of A.rnangium seedlings. Pertanika (Journal of Tropi-cal Agricultural Science) 16(2) : 143-150.ABOD, SA. and A.D. WEBSTER. 1989. Root andshoot growth of newly-transplanted appletrees as affected by root stock cultivar, defo-liation and time after transplanting. Journalof Horticultural Science 64(6) : 655-666.ABOD, S.A. and S.W. YAP. 1994. Effects of twodifferent growth regulators on the growthand water relations of A. mangium seedlings.J Trop. For. Sci. 6(4) : 489-501.JOHAR! BAHARUDDIN and T.Y. CHIN. 1986. Reviewof plantation experiences in Peninsular Ma-laysia. In 9 h Malaysian Forestry Conference,13-20 October. Sarawak.RICHARDSON, PJ and J.D. QUINlAN. 1986. Uptakeand translocation of paclobutrazol by shootsof M.26 apple rootstock. Plant Growth Regu-lators. 4: 347-356.RIDELL, J.A., H.A. HAGEMAN, C.M]. ANTHONY andW.L. HUBBARD. 1962. Retardation of plantgrowth by a new group of chemicals.Science : 136-391.STAHYL, EA and M.W. WILLIAMS. 1967. Size con-trol of nursery tree with N-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid. In Proceedings of AmericanSocity for Horticultural Science 91:792-794.(Received: 3 July 2001)(Acapud: 10April200~PERTANlKAJ. TROP. AGRIC. SCI. VOL. 25 NO.2, 2002 147

Effects of Paclobutrazol and Daminozide on the Growth of

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Effects of Paclobutrazol and Daminozide on the Growth of Acacia mangium Seedlings

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