Experimental evaluation of the effects of relative size, curvature and location of

curved floor baffle blocks in the dissipation of energy and control of hydraulic

jump is presented. The flow over floor blocks with curved upstream edges (in

plan) was described by a set of dimensionless ratios using dimensional analysis

techniques. The solution was evaluated in the laboratory with respect to

measurable elements of the flow. The results have indicated that, for all flow

conditions, the curved blocks are generally more effective in lowering the

downstream kinetic energy than regular straight edges blocks; thereby, creating

optimum flow conditions having lower capacity for erosion of the downstream

channel bed together with economy in structural requirements

Al-Baidhani, J. H.

Eloubaidy, Aziz F.

Ghazali, Abdul Halim

Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository

Pertanika J. Sci. & Technol. 7(1): 69-77 (1999)ISS : 0128-7680© Universiti Putra Malaysia PressDissipation of Hydraulic Energy by Curved Baffle BlocksAziz F. Eloubaidyl, J.H. Al-BaidbanFand Abdul Halim GhazaJilIDepartment of Civil EngineeringUniversity Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia2Department. of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Babylon, Hilla, IraqReceived 15 September 1998ABSTRAKPenilaian secara ujikaji mengenai kesan saiz relatif, lengkungan dan lokasi blokbafel lantai berlengkung ke atas kehilangan tenaga dan pengawalan lompatanhidraul dikemukakan. Dengan menggunakan teknik analisis berdimensi,keterangan mengenai aliran di atas blok berlengkung (pada pandangan atas)dinyatakan dengan satu set nisbah tak berdimensi. Penilaian dibuat di dalammakmal dengan merujuk kepada unsur-unsur ali ran yang boleh diukur.Keputusan yang diperolehi menunjukkan bahawa, di dalam semua keadaan,blok berlengkung adalah lebih berkesan dalam mengurangkan tenaga kinetikberbanding dengan blok bersisi lurus. Dengan ini blok berlengkung bolehmenghasilkan keadaan aliran optimum yang boleh mengurangkan penghakisandasar saluran serta keperluan struktur yang lebih ekonomik.ABSTRACTExperimental evaluation of the effects of relative size, curvature and location ofcurved floor baffle blocks in the dissipation of energy and control of hydraulicjump is presented. The flow over floor blocks with curved upstream edges (inplan) was described by a set of dimensionless ratios using dimensional analysistechniques. The solution was evaluated in the laboratory with respect tomeasurable elements of the flow. The results have indicated that, for all flowconditions, the curved blocks are generally more effective in lowering thedownstream kinetic energy than regular straight edges blocks; thereby, creatingoptimum flow conditions having lower capacity for erosion of the downstreamchannel bed together with economy in structural requirements.Keywords: hydraulic energy dissipation, hydraulic-jump control, curved bafflesINTRODUCTIONEnergy dissipation at locations where water is discharged through gates or overspillway crests is generally accomplished by causing a hydraulic jump to beformed in stilling basin. Certain structural arrangements of obstructions,including floor blocks, permit the realization of economic benefits through areduction in the size of the basin and favorable flow conditions having acapacity for erosion of channel downstream to a minimum. Based upon basicprinciples of hydraulics, it is reasonable to state that with curved blocks oneshould expect, as a result of more eddies and turbulence, more dissipation ofsurplus energy with a shorter distance of structure.Aziz F. Eloubaidy, J.H. Al-Baidhani and Abdul Halim GhazaliAll of the available evaluations of floor blocks stemmed from experimentaland field observations made on regular (straight-edged) blocks. Such previousstudies include those of Forster and Skrinde (1950), Rajaratnan (1964), Pillaiand Unny (1964), Basco and Adams (1971) and Mirajgaoker (1967).o attempts have been made using floor baffle blocks with curved upstreamedges such as those proposed in this study except that of El-Gawhary et al. (1986)who experimented in a small laboratory flume a circular curved end sill ofspecified diameter and height with narrow range of discharges. Another casethat could be mentioned is that of floor blocks with circular face, concavedvertically, used in the stilling basin of Pit River Hydroelectric Project (U.S.A.),as reported by Murthy and Divatia (1982).ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEMA study of the conditions of flow with curved floor blocks reveals the problemto be a consideration of the following variables:(1)in which p and 'Yare the mass and weight density of liquid, respectively; and mdenotes the fluid viscosity. Schematic illustration of the remaining symbols isgiven in Fig. (1). It should be noted that the thickness of baffles, t, was keptconstant at one value which was equivalent to the height of models, h, used.By the Pi-Theorem and with the selection of V2', Y2'and p as repeating variables,and after rearranging terms, the problem reduces to:where F] and F2' denote the Froude number upstream and after the forcedhydraulic jump, respectively; and Re2 is the Reynolds number after the jump.The solution to the problem is extremely complex and a complete evaluationwould be impractical. If one assumes that the force of fluid viscosity isinsignificant as compared to those of inertia, the Reynolds number, Re2, couldbe eliminated. Also, it could easily be shown, Chow (1959), that for a normaljump the ratio Y/Y\ is functionally related to F,. Then, the factor Y/YJ in theEq. (2) can be eliminated. Further simplification of the problem could beachieved by stating that:F2'2 = (q2/ g) (Y2'3)also, F,2 = (q2/g) (Y,3)in which q is the flow discharge per unit width. Combining Eqs.the following expression is obtained:(3)(4)(3) and (4),(5)70 PertanikaJ. Sci. & Technol. Vol. 7 No. I, 1999Dissipation of Hydraulic Energy by Curved Baffle BlocksThe above equation shows that:F'2 (6)which indicates that the factor Y/Y2'could be eliminated.According to the definition of blockage ratio which could be denoted by T], asreported by Ranga Raju et al.(1980), one can state that:T] = f 4 (wIh, s/h) (7)Based upon Eq. (7), if one considers II and wlh as an independent parametersin the functional relationship relating the problem of flow with curved floorblocks, the term slh could be eliminated.The process of elimination mentioned above permits the problem to berestated as:(8)Then, adopting a constant value of 0.5 for the parameter T], as recommendedby Elevatorsky (1959), and, also, for a given baffle shape Eq. (8) may bereduced to:(9)The solution illustrated in Eq. (9) is to be investigated in the laboratory withrespect to measurable elements of the flow; thereby, rendering the resultsreadily available for standardization and general evaluation of the effectivenessof the curved floor blocks.EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES·The laboratory flume used in this study consisted of truss supported channelwhich was 20 m long, 0.9 m wide and 0.6 m in depth. Water was supplied froma sump by centrifugal pump and flowed over a calibrated v-notch weir. A sharpedged sluice gate provided a means of obtaining and controlling supercriticalflow with various values of Froude number. The downstream depth wasregulated by means of a flap gate installed at the end of the flume.The laboratory equipment consisted of the basic facility (the flume) anddevices to measure the discharges, depths and velocities of flows. The baffleblocks were made of teakwood and fa tened to the false floor of the flume byscrews. Four groups of baffle blocks models were used in carrying out theexperimental works. Every group was divided into SUbgroups which had adifferent radius of curvature and, therefore, different curvature ratio (radius-height ratio, r/h). Dimensions of models used in the experiments and theirdesignations are given in Table (1).PertanikaJ. Sci. & Techno!. Vo!. 7 No. I, 1999 71Aziz F. Eloubaidy, J.H. Al-Baidhani and Abdul Halim GhazaliChannel WdlPlanElevationFig 1. Definition sketch for forced hydraulic jump with curved baJJle blocksTABLE 1Characteristics of models testedGroupDesignationABCDSub GroupDesignation(Model 0.)12341234123123Height4.54.52.35.0Dimensions(cm)Width4.59.04.55.0Thickness4.54.52.35.0LhStraight Edge0.40.60.8Straight Edge0.40.60.8Straight Edge0.40.6Straight Edge0.60.872 PertanikaJ. Sci. & Techno!. Vol. 7 o. I, 1999Dissipation of Hydraulic Energy by Curved Baffie BlocksThe experimental works could be divided into fourteen series, each consistedof different models and/or flow conditions. A summary of all experimentalseries is given in Table (2).RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSince the primary purpose of dissipating energy in stilling basin is to create flowconditions having minimum capacity for erosion of channels downstream, itwould be logical to adopt the downstream Froude number, F2', as thedimensionless parameter used as a criterion in assessing the hydraulicperformance of stilling basins with curved baffles.TABLE 2Summary of experimental runs takenSeries Group of Flow Parameters PurposeRuns Models h/Yl Fl x/Y2A 2.5 4.0, 4.5, 5.0 1.30 To show the effect of (r/h)5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0 on Residual Kinetic Energy2 A 3.03 A 2.5 5.0 1.30, 2.10, 2.99, To show the effec of (x/Y2)3.83, 4.67, 5.52 on Residual Kinetic Energy4 A 3.0 6.0 1.30, 2.13, 2.973.80, 4.63, 5.475 B 2.5 4.0, 4.5, 5.50, 1.30 To show the effect of (r/h)5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0 on Residual Kinetic Energy6 B 3.07 B 2.5 5.0 1.30, 2.14, 2.99, To show the effect of (x/Y2)3.83, 4.67, 5.52 on Residual Kinetic Energy8 B 3.0 6.0 1.30, 2.13, 2.97,3.80, 4.63, 5.479 C 1.5 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 1.30 To show the effect of (r/h)6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0 on Residual Kinetic Energy10 C 2.011 C 2.512 C 3.0 5.0, 6.0, 7.0,7.8, 8.0, 9.0, 10.013 C 2.5 6.0 1.30, 2.24, 3.10, To show the effect of (x/Y2)4.13, 5.00 on Residual Kinetic Energy14 D 2.5 4.5PenanikaJ. Sci. & Techno!. Vo!. 7 o. 1,1999 73Aziz F. Eloubaidy, J.H. AJ-Baidhani and Abdul Halim GhazaJiThe results of this study are presented in the form of dimensionless plotswhich show the variation of variables developed through the dimensionalanalysis. The plots are presented in four types. Four typical plots, one for eachtype, are shown in Figs. (2), (3), (4) and (5). It should be noted that the observedvariation of F; for straight edge blocks with respect to the other ratios has beendrawn on ea~h plot to show the comparison with experimental data of curvedblocks.The resultant effect of the curvature ratio, r/h, on performance isillustrated in Fig. (2). The figure reveals that, for all flow conditions, the curvedbaffles are generally more effective in lowering the downstream kinetic energyas compared to that of straight baffles. In addition, the figure illustrates thatas the curvature ratio increases the amount of energy dissipation through thehydraulic jump increases. The increases in energy dissipation with curvedbaffles could be attributed to the fact that with curved baffles, the supercriticaljet, issuing in a shooting state through gate or over spillway crests, will strike thestationary curved face of blocks and be diverted with a velocity component inthe opposite direction of flow. This splitting and interaction within theupstream curved region of baffles, augmented by a corresponding excessivelocalized eddies and turbulence due to rolling of fluid masses, will cause aSERIES 3, CROUP A""",,-MODELI___ MODEL 2~=i=~:.go.:DEL 3~DEL40.6SE.RlES I CROUP A 0.40w/h • s/h -10............ MODEL I, STRAIGHT0.5 _____ MODEL 2. r, h..OA 0.35~~: 0.30• 0.4 .......0.250.3 0.200.2 0.153 6 0x/v"4 6Fig 2. Effect of curvature ratio on residualkinetic energyFig 3. Variation of downstream froude numberwith location ratio (For F1 = 5.0)CROCP C.... h. 5 h = 2.0, x \'2 .. 1.3-+- ~10DEL I, h VI = 1.5-a.- MODEL I. h Yl .2.0~~:gg~t:' h/Yl· 2.5~'hYl'3'0xl''2 '"' 1.3. h/Yl "" 2.5-+- \I0DEL I. CROCP A___ MODEL 2. CROUP B_____ MODEL 3. CROCP A~~o''"0.350.300.250.20... 0.\50.105 6 8 90.60.50.4....0.30.23 5 6Fig 4. Effect of height ratio on residual kinetic Fig 5. Effect of width ratio on residual kineticenergy energy74 PertanikaJ. Sci. & Techno!. Vol. 7 No.1, 1999Dissipation of Hydraulic Energy by CUnTed Baffle Blockslarger energy dissipation with curved baffles compared to that of straightbaffles. Furthermore, as the curvature ratio increases, the region and thestrength of rolling and interaction activities will increase and thus a furtherreduction in residual energy amounts after the jump. With the curvature ratioof 0.6, the largest additional dissipation of 33.3% was achieved with model no.3 of group C tested under the following flow conditions: upstream Froudenumber "FI" = 10.0, height ratio "h/Y," = 3.0 and location ratio "x/Y2" =1.3.The effect of location ratio, x/V?' on the variation of F2', as illustrated inFig. (3), decreases as the location ratio increases as would normally be expectedfrom well known basics used in the design of stilling basins. The continuity andenergy principles imply that for a given discharge, reduction in water depthleads to a corresponding increase in average velocity and vice-versa. Thebehaviour of flow with baffle blocks along the various locations is a combinationof these two phenomena. The analysis of experimental data indicates that theminimum value of Y2' occurs with baffles at a location of 1.3 Y2 and thenincreases with the increase of x/Y2. With this respect, it is worth noting thatvisual observations during experiments illustrated that better stability andcontrol of hydraulic jump was achieved at location ratio of 1.3 for both straightand curved baffles.The effect of the height ratio, h/YI , on performance is shown in Fig. (4),which reveals that as h/Y, increases the residual kinetic energy tends todecrease. This increase in kinetic energy dissipation is achieved, for a givenbaffle height, because of a decrease in YI and accordingly a stronger shootingfor a given flowrate with a consequent higher velocity and loss of energy dueto rolling and turbulence. The data analysis indicates that 36% additionaldissipation of kinetic energy would be attained with an increase in value ofh/Y1 from 1.5 to 3.0 for model no. 3 of group C and 27% for model no. 1 ofgroup C (both models were tested under the same flow condition with F, =8.0).To illustrate the effect of width ratio, w/h, on performance, utilizing theresults of data analysis, Fig. (5) is drawn. It seems from this figure that thedownstream kinetic energy tends to decrease as w/h increases. This finding isboth logical and expected, especially for curved baffles, since an increase in thewidth of baffles, for a given curvature, the upstream curved flow regionincreases with more interaction processes between fluid masses, i.e. moreeddies and turbulence, with a resultant increase in the amount of energydissipation. Another contributing effect stemming from the fact that using alarger width of blocks will provide a larger surface area to be in contact withflow and thus a larger dissipation in kinetic energy due to skin friction.The upper and the lower amounts of the % additional dissipation ofkinetic energy achieved with curved floor baffle blocks as compared tostraight edges blocks are given in Table (3). For each subgroup of models thereduction of kinetic energy is related to arrangements of models and/or flowconditions.PertanikaJ. Sci. & Techno!. Vol. 7 o. 1,1999 75Aziz F. Eloubaidy, J.H. Al-Baidhani and Abdul Halim GhazaliTABLE 3Percent additional dissipation of kinetic energy for models usedGroup ofModelsSubgroupDesignation(Model 0)% Additional DissipationMinimum MaximumABCD123412341231233.26.510.63.24.29.17.312.21.68.7Straight Edge14.319.625.7Straight Edge8.012.522.1Straight Edge22.533.3Straight Edge7.816.5CONCLUSIONUtilizing dimensional analysis techniques a formulation was developed describingthe flow over curved baffle blocks. The solution was evaluated in laboratorywhere fourteen models of curved blocks having different sizes, curvatures andarrangements were tested under different flow conditions.The experimental evaluation regarding the hydraulic performance of stillingbasin with curved baffle blocks in comparison with regular straight blocks hasindicated that, for all flow conditions, the curved blocks are 3.2%-33.3% moreeffective in dissipating the excessive kinetic energy of the flow. In addition, thecurved blocks provided better stability to the hydraulic jump.REFERENCESBASCO, D. R., and ].R. ADAMS. 1971. Drag forces on baffle blocks in hydraulic jumps.Journal oj the Hydraulics Division, ASCE 97: (12) 2023-2035.CHOW, V. T. 1959. Open-Channel Hydraulics. McGraw-Hili Company.ELEVATORSKY, E. A. 1959. Hydraulic Energy Dissipaters. McGraw-Hill Company.EL-GAwHARY, E. L., M. A. SOLIMAN, M. E. HAMED and Y. ZACHLOR. 1986. Characteristics offlow near concave obstacles. Civil Engineering Research Magazine, January, A1-AzharUniversity, Cairo, Egypt.FORSTER,]. W. and R. A. SKRJ DE. 1950. Control of the hydraulic jump by sills. Transactionsoj ASCE 115: 973-987.76 PertanikaJ. Sci. & Techno!. Vol. 7 0.1,1999Dissipation of Hydraulic Energy by Curved Baffle BlocksMIRAjGAOKER, A. G. and A. SWAROOP. 1967. Studies on efficiency of energy dissipatingblocks. Journal of the Irrigation and Power 24(1).MURTHY, Y. K. and E. DIVATlA. 1982. Behaviour of stilling basins in large spillways. Journalof The Irrigation and Power 39(2).PILLA!, N. . and T. E. UNNY. 1964. Shapes for appurtenances in stilling basins. Journalof the Hydraulics Division, ASCE 90(3): 1-21.RAjARATNAN, N. 1964. The Forced Hydraulic Jump: Parts 1 and n. Water Power 16: (1/2).RANCA RAju, K. G., M. K. KJTOAL and M. S. VE~lA. 1980. Analysis of flow over baffle blocksand end sills. Journal of Hydraulics Research 18: 3.APPENDIX - NOTATIONFIupstream Froude numberF2' Froude number after the forced jumpf functionh height of baffle blocksq flow discharge per unit width of the flumer radius of curvature of a curved baffle blocksRe2Reynolds number after the forced jumps spacing between baffle blocksVI upstream velocity (prejump velocity)V2velocity corresponding to sequent depth of a free jumpV2' velocity corresponding to downstream depth after the forced jumpw width of baffle blocksx horizontal distance from the toe of jump to front of baffle blocksYIupstream water depth (prejump depth)Y2 sequent depthY2' downstream water depth after the forced jump1'\ blockage ratio~ dynamic viscosityp mass densityy weight densityPertanikaJ. Sci. & Techno!. Vo!. 7 No.1, 1999 77

Dissipation of Hydraulic Energy by Curved Baffle Blocks

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Dissipation of Hydraulic Energy by Curved Baffle Blocks

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