A study was conducted at Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, to investigate the influence

of seed vigour on field performance of Vigna radiata. Seeds of the U-Thong cultivar of medium and

low vigour were obtained by subjecting high quality seeds to an atmosphere of high temperature and high relative

humidity. Genninability of seeds cOrresponded directly with their respective vigour' levels, with the differences

being significant. Some yield component characteristics were found to be significantly influenced by seed vigour.

Plants established from high vigour seeds produced significantly higher seed yield (1300 kg/ha) than those

from medium (884 kg/ha) and low vigour seeds (767 kg/ha). However, some vegetative characteristics

did not appear to be influenced by seed vigoUl·

Mohd. Lassim, Mohammad B.

Thong, Faa Chee

Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository

Pertanika 4(1), 25- 29 (1981)Field Performance of Mungbean (Vigna radiata Wilczek)Seed differing in Vigour Levels.MOHAMMAD B. MOHD. LASSIM and Faa CHEE THONG lDepartment of Agronomy and HOI·ticulture, Universiti Pertanian Nlalaysia, Serdang, Sela"tgor, Malaysia.Key words: Accelerated ageing; se.ed germinability; seed vigour; productivity; tetrazoliumRINGKASANSatu kajian telah dijalankan di Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, untuk menyelidikpengaruh kecergasan bijibenih ke atas performa di ladang bagi Vigna radiata. Bijibenih kultivar U-Thongyang mempunyai kecergasan sederhana dan I·endah telah di perolehi dengan mendedahkan bijibenih berkualititinggi kepada suasana suhu dan kelembapan udara yang tinggi. Percambahan bijibenih mempunyai pertalianterus dengan peringkat kecergasan, di mana perbezaan-perbezaannya adalah bererti. Beberapa sifat kom-ponen keluaran didapati telah di pengaruhi dengan berel·tinya oleh kecergasan bijibenih. Pokok-pokok yangdihasilkan daripada bijibenih dengan kecergasan tinggi mengeluarkan hasil yang lebih tinggi (1300 kg/ha)daripada pokok-pokok yang dihasilkan daripada bijibenih dengan kecergasan sederhana (884 kg/ha) dankecergasan rendah (767 kg/ha). Walau bagaimanapun, beberapa sifat tampang didapati tidak dipengaruhioleh kecergasan bijibenih.SUMMARYA study was conducted at Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, to investigate the in-fluence of seed vigour on field peljonnance of Vigna radiata. Seeds of the U-Thong cultivar of medium andlow vigour were obtained by subjecting high quality seeds to an atmosphere of high temperature and high relativehumidity. Genninability of seeds cOiTesponded directly with their respective vigoUi' levels, with the differencesbeing significant. Some yield component characteristics were found to be significantly influenced by seed vigour.Plants established from high vigour seeds produced significantly higher seed yield (1300 kg/ha) than thosefrom medium (884 kg/ha) and low vigour seeds (767 kg/ha). However, some vegetative characteristicsdid not appear to be influenced by seed vigoUl·.INTRODUCTION"Seed vigour" is frequently used as a mea-sure of seed quality by agronomists, seed analystsand related scientists, as well as by some pro-gressive farmers. For practical purposes,Delouche and Caldwell (1960) defined seedvigour as "the sum of all seed attributes whichfavour rapid and uniform stand establishment inthe field". Until fairly recently, it was generallyassumed that the influence of seed vigour onperformance did not extend beyond emergence.But now, it seems quite clear that the vigour ofseed can and does influence the growth, develop-ment and productivity of the plants produced.LITERATURE REVIEWSowing low quality seeds can be a majorcause of stand failures. These evidently arecostly consequences to farmers because theyhave to bear the cost of additional seeds to beresown and at the same time have to spend a lotof precious time on the job.Early studies on the effects of seed deterior-ation and vigour on performance potential werefocussed on stand establishment (Raspet, 1963;Del~uche, 1973). More recently, however, suchstudIes have been extended to encompass theeffects of seed quality on plant growth, develop-ment and productivity. Seed vigour had been1 Present address: Bank Pertanian Malaysia, Raub, Pahang.Key to authors' names: M. B. Mohd. Lassim and C. T. Foo25M. B. MOHD. lASSIM AND C. T. FOademonstrated to have substantial influence onplant growth (Gill, 1969; Assuncao, 1972).Grabe (1967) pointed out that low vigour seedsyielded poor stands despite the high laboratorygermination. Edje and Burris (1971) observedthat the lowest vigour seeds emerged slowest.Baskin (1970) observed that peanuts producedfrom high quality seeds produced the higheststand and yield. Perry (1969) working with peaseeds of high and low vigour and planted atsimilar pl?nt population, found that plants oflow vigour seeds had a lower yield potential thanthose of high vigour seeds. Munn (1946) attri-buted low yields of kidney beans to the lowvigour of seed planted.MATERIALS AND METHODSLaboratory Experimentsa) Accelerated ageingHigh quality seeds of the U-Thongmungbean cultivar were subjected to anaccelerated ageing treatment using ?n appa-r?tus as illustrated in Figure 1. The apparatuswas a modification to the one described byDelouche and Baskin (1973). Seeds wereremoved from the ageing chamber at the endof 48 and 96 hours. After a 48 hour equili-bration period at room temperature, thegerminability of seeds was determined by thestandard germination test. Resultant sublotsafter ageing treatment were designated as A,Band C corresponding to 0, 48 and 96 hoursof ageing, respectively.b) Standard germination testFour hundred seeds (50 seeds X 8replicates) from e2.ch of sublots A, Band Cwere used in the standard germination test,using moist, fine river sand as the growingmedium. E2.ch seedling was evaluated inaccordance with the criteria prescribed in theInternational Rules for Seed Testing (I.S.T.A.Rules, 1976).c) Tetrazolium (TZ) testFour hundred seeds (50 seeds X 8 repli-cates) e2.ch sublot were allowed to absorbmoisture from moistened filter paper for16 hours. The moistened seeds were thenimmersed completely in 0.20% aqueoussolution of 2, 3, 5-triphenyl-tetrazoliumchloride (TTC) at 35°C for 2-3 hoursto affect staining. Then, the TTC solutionwas decanted and the seeds rinsed withrunning water before evaluation. Thest2.ined seeds were eV2Juated in accordancewith the guidelines provided by Grabe (1970)in the "Tetrazolium Testing Handbook".Seeds remained immersed in water untilevaluation was completed.Field ExperimentThe seeds of sublots A, B ar:d C wereplanted on 23rd September 1978 in a randomisedt------------ Oven~--------t+------------- Tin Can~----~---------H--------------- Perforated Canill1t--t-t---seeds~~~/}------_+--------_++_-------------Support (to suspend seedsabove water)/~"/'...-r. _- - - -iT----------+lf-------------- WaterFigure 1. The apparatus used to age the high vigour seeds26FIELD PERFORMANCE OF MUNGBEAN SEED DIFFERING IN VIGOUR LEVELScomplete block design (RCBD) with three repli-cates at the Universiti Pertanian MalaysiaAgronomy Research Area using a plantingdistance of 50 em by 30 cm. The seeding ratesused were 8.00 kg/ha, 12.00 kg/ha and16.00 kg/ha corresponding to sublots A, Band C, respectively. Fertilizers were added atthe rate of 148 kg/ha N, 98 kg/ha P 20 S and198 kg/ha K 20. Thinning of seedlings, leavingonly one seedling per planting point, was doneone week after planting.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONLaboratory ExperimentEffects of accelerated ageing on seed germination.Subjecting mungbean seeds to high tempera-ture (50°C) and high relative humidity (90%)resulted in a significant loss in germinationcapacity. Table 1 shows that seed germinationdeclined from an initial 96% to 77% and to63% after accelerated ageing treatments of 0, 48and 96 hours, respectively. There was a signi-ficant increase in percent dead seed with decreasedseed vigour.Topographic TZ evaluations revealed thatseeds of reduced vigour possessed reducedgermination potential (Table 2).The decline in germination capacity andincrease in abnormal seedlings and dead scedsof the aged seeds could be attributed to the effectof accelerated ageing. Among other things,acceler2ted ageing could cause cytologicaldeterioration such as degradation of ccllularmembranes and subsequent loss of control ofpermeability. This was further illustrated bythe d~ep TZ stain, suggesting easier penetrationthrough cellular membranes by the TZ solution.The loss of membrane integrity led to the reducedefficiency of sub-cellular organelles such asmitochondria and ribosomes, and enzymes.Field ExperimentThe effect of seed vigour on growth and development.Table 3 shows the average plant heightmeasured weekly. Results indicated that thetrend of increase in height was similar for allplants regardless of the vigour levels of the seedsplanted. Similarly, the number of branches perplant was not significantly affected by seedvigour. On the average, plants derived from high,medium and low vigour seeds produced 3.88,4.03 and 3.77 branches per plant, respectively.All plants attained 50% flowering 40-41 daysafter planting regardless of seed vigour levels.TABLE 1Germination of mungbean seeds after 0, 48 and 96 hours of ageing at 50°C and 90% relative humidityHours of ageing Designated % Total % Abnormal % Deadat 50°C, 90% R.H. Sublot vigour level germination seedling seed0 A High 96Aa" OBa 4Ca48 B Medium nAb IBb 22Cb96 C Low 63Ac IBb 36Cc" Similar capital letters in row and small letters in column denote no significance at 5% level (DNMRT).TABLE 2Germination potential of mungbean seeds of different vigour levels as revealed by the tetrazo lium test,---------------Tetrazolium Class"Seed vigour GerminableI IIPotentialGermination%Non-germinableIII IV----------------------------------------------------HighMediumLow93Aa**74Ab58Ac3Ba6Ba8Ba9680643Ba9BCb4BCaIBallCb30Cc* Class I - all seed tissues stained - germinable.II - tissues essential for germination stained - germinable.III - tissues essential for germination not stained or only partially stained - non-germinable.IV - most seed tissues not stained - non-germinable.** Similar capital letters in row and small letters in column denote no significance at 5% level (DNMRT).27M. B. MOHD. LASSIM AND C. T. FaaTABLE 3Mean plant height meaSll red weekly------------Plant height (em)Seed vigour vVeeks after planting2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12HighMediumLow8.41a" 11.61 a 17.07 32.84a 46.67a 51 .67a 53.16a 54.19a 54.48a 54.50a 54.50a8.93a l1.99a 17.58a 33.24a 47.90a 52.45a 53.28a 53.95a 54.16a 54.19a 54.19a8.47a 11.86a 18.21a 34.20a 48.31a 54.22a 55.31a 55.66a 55.75a 55.76a 55.76a" Similar letters in row and column denote no significance at 5 % level (DNMRT)TABLE 4Mean values of yield parameters taken on mungbean plants derived from high, medium and low vigour seedsPararneterSeed100-seed Seed yield""vigourBranches/plant Pods/plant Seeds/pod Weight (grams) (metric ton ha- I )High 3.88a" 30.87a 10.34a 6.96a 1.30aMedium 4.03a 23Mb 9.40a 6.37b 0.88bLow 3.77a 20.75c 8.91a 6.40b O.77b" Similar letters in the column of a particular parameter denote no significance at 5% level (DNMRT)"" Values obtained by calculationThe effect of seed vigour on yield components.Table 4 shows that seed vigour had a pro-found influence on yield components. There wasa decrease in the number of pods per plant andseeds per pod with decreasing seed vigour. Thiscould be due to reduced photosynthetic andtranslocating efficiency of plants derived fromlow vigour seeds. Pl~nt~ derived fr~m highvigour seeds produced slgmficantly heavier seedsthan those from the medium and low vigourseeds. The final seed yield of plants derivedfrom high vigour seed was highest (1300 kg/ha)and the lowest being that from the low seedvigour plants (767 kg/ha). ~he med~um seedvigour plants produce~ ~n mtern:edl.ate seedyield of 884 kg/ha. StatistIcally, their differenceswere found to be significant.Results of the experiment substantiatedearlier reports that the vigour of seeds sownwould have an influence on the productivity ofplants produced from them. Faster ~mergence,more vigorous plants and more effiCient meta-bolism (such as photosynthesis and translocationof food materials) could be some of the factors28contributed by high vigour seeds. Low vigourseeds, on the contrary, would result in sloweremergence, weaker and less metabolically efficientplants. However, some vegetative traits (such asplant height and number of branches per plant)studied were not significantly affected by initialseed vigour. Such an observation can be attri-buted to the fact that, given enough time, lessvigorous plants could "catch-up" in terms ofproduction of vegetative parts. Nonetheless,those parts that "caught-up" were not able toequal the vigorous plants in terms of productivitypotential. Thus, plants derived from low vigourseeds produced lower seed yield than thoseplants derived from high vigour seeds.REFERENCESASSUNCAO, M.V. (1972): Field performance of highand low vigour soybean seeds from the same lots.M.S. Thesis. Mississippi State University.Mississippi.BASKIN, C.C. (1970): Relation of certain physiologicalproperties of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seedto field performance and storability. Ph.D. Thesis.Mississippi State University. Mississippi.FIELD PERFORMANCE OF MUNGBEAN SEED DIFFERING IN VIGOUR LEVELSBOONYING, V. (1974): The effect of soybean (Glycinemax (L) Merrill) seed quality on field performance.M.S. Thesis. Mississippi State University.Mississippi.DELOUCHE, J.C. (1973): The problem of vigour. Proc.1973 ShOl·t COIt1·se for Seedsmen. MississippiState University. Mississippi. .-- and BASKIN, C.C. (1973): Accelerated agingtechniques for predicting the relative storabilityof seed lots. Seed Sci and Technol. 1: 427-452.-- and CALDWELL, ~'.P. (1960): Seed vigour andvigour tests. Proc. Ass. Off. Seed Anal. 50: 124-129.EDJE, a.T. and BURRIS, J.S. (1971): Effects of soybeanseed vigour on field performance. Agron. J.63: 536-538.FUNK, C.R., ANDERSON, J.C., JOHNSON, M.W. andATKINSON, R.W. (1962): Effect of seed sourceand performance of field crops. Crop Sci. 2:318-320.•29GILL, N.S. (1969): Deterioration of corn (Zea maysL.) seed during storage. Ph.D. Thesis. MississippiState University. Mississippi.GRABE, D.F. (ed.) (1970): Tetrazolium testing hand-book for agricultural seeds. Contribution No. 29to the handbook on seed testing. Ass. Off. SeedAnal.: 62p.-- (1967): Quality control in seeds. The new testsfor seed vigour and what do they do. Crops andSoils. 19: 12-13.INTERNATIONAL SEED TESTING ASSOCIATION (1976):International Rules for Seed Testing.MUNN, M.T. (1946): Determining the vitality of redkidney beans. Proc. Ass. Off. Seed Anal. 36: 188-190.PERRY, D.A. (1969): Seed vigour in peas (Pisum sativullt.L). Proc. Int. Seed Test. Ass. 34(2): 221-233.RASPET, M.W. (1963): Deterioration of soybean seedsas influenced by mechanical injury and storageconditions. M.S. Thesis. Mississippi StateUniversity. Mississippi.(Received 5 January 1981)

Field Performance of Mungbean (Vigna radiata Wilczek)

Seed differing in Vigour Levels.

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Field Performance of Mungbean (Vigna radiata Wilczek) Seed differing in Vigour Levels.

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