The influence of psychological factors for development and maintenance body dysmorphic disorder among female students in Kurdistan Iraq Region “across-cultural study”

Abstract

The objective of this study is to identify the psychological factors that influence for development body dysmorphic disorder among female students in Kurdistan community. The study adapts a cognitive behavior model for measuring the relationship between the psychological factors and development body dysmorphic disorder. Across-cultural study with 460 females’ student attended to the study from six universities in Kurdistan Iraq region. The self-report questionnaires which were divided into several scales and sub- scales used for measuring psychological factors and body dysmorphic it content Rosenberg self-esteem scale(RSER), perfectionistic self-Presentation scale (PSPS), body image behavior inventory (BIB)-3, body –shame sub-scale, and body shape questionners-16 items the English version. All the scales and sub scales translate directly by four experts in English to Arabic and English to Kurdish languages. The pilot survey was conducted with (120) respondent to evaluate the internal consistency by using Cronbach’s alpha for reliability. The Cronbach’s alpha for BSQs was (0.89), Rosenberg self-esteem was (0.71), perfectionism PIP (0.73), body-shame sub scale (0.79), and body image behaviors BIB-3(0.88). The validity was examined through the psychometric evaluation of the instrument using the principle component analysis (PCA). Also structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to evaluate the overall fit of model as well as assess the structural model all together. The results showed significant relationship between psychological factors in terms of (self-esteem, perfectionism, body-shame, and body image behavior) and development of body dysmorphic disorder, also there were moderator effect from racial on the relationships, but no moderator effect from Islamic al-hijab on the relationship between psychological factors and BDD. According to the results the intervention programmers for this specific population are recommende