Duyar, Hale

Kilic, Cenc

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AbstractIn this research, the possibility of dill, parsley and leaf lettucegrowth in a floating system was studied with the purpose of lessnutrient (fertilizer) use. These baby leaf vegetables have shortproduction cycles. The effect of full and half strength nutrientsolutions on yield, quality and leaf nutrient status was studied.Research was carried during the spring production seasons of2010. Standard nutrient solution ((mM) 12 N-NO3, 3.8 N-NH4,2.8 P, 8.4 K, 3.5 Ca, 1.4 Mg, 9.5 Na, 8.0 Cl, 2.7 S, 0.04 Fe) wasused as full strength (control treatment) and compared to halfstrength Hoagland nutrient solution. In both of the seasons totalyield changed between 1030.78-1149.90 g m-2 in dill, 604.73-659.70 g m-2 parsley and leaf lettuce 162.60- 143 g plant-1respectively. In this study, the effect of treatments on some qualityparameters (dry weight, vitamin C, nitrate, pH and EC) andnutrients uptake by plant were determined. When the results areevaluated as a whole, it was concluded that half strength nutrientsolution decreased yield. Some savings could be achieved interms of nutrient solution consumed by the plant with the negativeimpact on the environment.KeywordsFloating system; Hoagland nutrient solution; yield; quality, babyleaf vegetable1. IntroductionBaby leaf vegetables like dill, parsley and leaf lettuce are popularspice vegetables used in Turkey.  Generally, leaves are used forgarnish and flavoring dishes. Dill (Anethum graveolens) is a herbleaves and seeds are used for flavouring and seasoning [1]. It isthe sole species of the genus Dill use fresh and dried leaves(sometimes called "dill weed" to distinguish it from dill seed)which are widely used as herbs in Europe and central Asia. Dillis best when used fresh as it loses its flavour rapidly if dried;however, freeze-dried dill leaves retain their flavour relativelywell for a few months. Parsley is naturalized (grown) elsewhereand widely cultivated as a herb, a spice, and a vegetable.  Parsleyis one of the most important vegetables produced in the world.Its varieties differ according to the commercial organs. There areleafed parsley such as plain and curly leafed varieties and fleshyroot parsley such as Hamburg varieties [2, 3]. Lettuce (Lactucasativa L.) is a vegetable from Compositeae (Asteraceae) familywhich grows both in open field and greenhouse conditions duringall year and consumed fresh and in salads and has appetizingcharacter with vitamins and minerals in their leaves [4, 5, 6].Dill, parsley and leaf lettuce which are the three types of leaf-edible vegetables  used widely and increasingly in our countryare also grown in Mediterranean and Southern Europeancountries. These vegetables can be used fresh as salad and garnishand can be grown all year round [7]. They are rich in vitaminsand minerals. It is known that Vitamin C is especially effectiveon many biological activities in human body [8]. Small-size leafy vegetables can profitably be cultivated in afloating system to get fresh market products or ready-to-usesalads that are arousing more and more interest by consumers.Among hydroponic methods, the floating system is the easiestand cheapest way to produce baby leaf vegetables when soilcultivation is not feasible any more [9]. At the same time,fertilization is one of the most practical and effective ways ofcontrolling and improving the yield and nutritional quality ofcrops for human consumption. The optimal fertilizerconcentration for baby leaf vegetables depends on theenvironmental conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility ofthe production of dill, parsley and leaf lettuce which have shortproduction cycles and baby leaf vegetable to reduce theconcentration of nutrient solution in floating system.2. Materials and methodsThe research was conducted in an 18 x 40 m sized PE greenhousebelonging to Ege University Bayindir Vocational Training School(27° 40' D, 38° 11' K) in the growing periods of spring andautumn 2010-2011.Dill (Anethum graveolens L. cv. Gönen), parsley (Petroselinumcrispum cv. Italian Giant) and leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa cv.Nika) were the vegetable materials of the experiment. In thestudy, desks covered with polyethylene covering at a height of 1meter from the ground, made of galvanized steel and sized 2.40x 1.40 x 0.30 m. were used. Viols of 53.5 x 34 cm were placedinside the desks. Two big perlite sheets were spread to thegrowing area. The seeds were planted manually as 1.5 g seeds perm2 [7]. Cultivation started by seeding and seven days later viols wereplaced in the pond. In the study, nutrient solution was applied as24HUNGARIAN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING N° 29/2016 24-27Published online: http://hae-journals.org/HU ISSN 0864-7410 (Print) / HU ISSN 2415-9751(Online)DOI: 10.17676/HAE.2016.29.24A RESEARCH ON PRODUCTION OF BABY LEAF VEGETABLES INFLOATING SYSTEMAuthor(s):C. C. Kılıç – H. DuyarAffiliation:Greenhouse Programme, Bayindır Vocational Training School, Ege University, Bayindir, İzmir, 35840, TurkeyEmail address:cenk.kilic@ege.edu.tr, hale.duyar@ege.edu.trPERIODICAL OF THE COMITTEE OFAGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMENGINEERING OFTHE HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCESand SZENT ISTVÁN UNIVERSITYFaculty of Mechanical Engineering(1) full strength and (2) half strength. Hoagland solution [10] wasthe full strength nutrient solution and accepted as the controltreatment (Table 1). The pH of nutrient solution was kept between5.5-6.0 and the electrical conductivity between 1.8-2.2 dS m-1. Vegetables reached harvest maturity in 50-65 days in theautumn period and 30-40 days in the spring period. The totalweight of the crops harvested was calculated in   grams (g).Measurements are given as g m-2. Vitamin C (mg 100ml-1) andnitrate (mg kg-1) [11] values were specified related to thecharacteristics of leaf quality on December 3, 2010 and April 20,2011. During the study period, the water budget technique wasutilized for calculating the vegetable water consumption valuesrelated to the topics. Seasonal vegetable water consumption wasdetermined by subtracting the nutrient solution volume filled inthe pond at the beginning of the production period and thenutrient solution volume remaining in the ponds at the end of theproduction period and by dividing them into vegetable cultivationarea. The results are presented as the consumed nutrient solutionamount (mm) [12, 13].All the statistical analysis was done on a completelyrandomized blocks design with three replications. The dataobtained was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and themean differences were compared by LSD tests at the significantlevel of 95%. 3. ResultsYieldParsley (Petroselinum crispum)Every season one harvest was made and effect of treatments wasevaluated. In this regard, no significant effect was determined.Marketable yields during the spring of 2010 were obtained as604.73 and 659.70, respectively (Table 1.).Table 1.  Effect of treatments on marketable yield of parsley(g m-2). Spring, 2010Dill (Anethum graveolens)Dill was grown only during spring 2010 and significant differencewas not observed between  with a single harvest. Marketableyields of Dill varied about 1030.78 to 1149.90 g m-2 of freshmatter (Table 2.).Table 2. The effect of treatments on marketable yieldof dill (g m-2).(Spring, 2010)Leaf LettuceIn the autumn period of 2011, effect of treatments on themarketable yield of lettuce was found statistically significant atthe  full strength  treatment, and it was increased the plant weight12.5%. Although higher marketable yield of leaf salad was found inthe full treatment, effect of the treatments on the number of leaveswas found not significant (Table 3.).Table 3. The treatments on Effect ofMarketable yield of leaf lettuce (g m2) (Autumn, 2010).Some Quality parametersParsleyIn the autumn period of 2010 dry matter of parsley changedsignificantly differed according to the treatments. The EC of theplant (leaf extracts) was significantly different in the spring periodof 2011.  However, other quality parameters as L, hue, Croma,vitamin C, nitrate, and pH was found non-significant accordingto treatments in all three periods. During the autumn of 2010, dryweight (%) of the leaves was found 24.7 % higher, and EC of leaf15.3% higher during the spring season of 2011 in the half-strengthHoagland solution (Table 4).  25Table 4. The effect of treatments on some quality parameters in Parsley.Dill No effect of treatments on the studied quality parameters wasdetermined on samples taken from the dill grown in spring 2010(Table 5.).Leaf lettuceIn the trial 2011 autumn, vitamin C content of the leaves changedsignificantly. Full-strength treatments of vitamin C values werefound 28.37% higher. The effect of treatments on leaf dry weightand nitrates were not statistically significant (Table 6.).Plant water consumptionAmount of nutrient solution consumed by the plant in floatingsystem according to the growing period were given in Figure 1,2, 3 and 4. Both years of 2010 and 2011 in spring and autumnperiods, amount of nutrient solution consumed by plants in Full–strength treatment was found 35.71, 23.81, 34.23 and 22:32 mmand 32.74, 25.80, were 35.71 and 23.81 mm in half-strength.26Table 5. The effect of treatments on some quality parameters in Dill.Table 6. The effect of treatments on some quality parameters of leaf lettuce.Figure 1. The amount of nutrient solution consumed by the plant (mm) (Spring 2010).Figure 2. The amount of nutrient solution consumed by the plant (mm) (2010 Autumn).4. DiscussionVegetable production varies depending on many factors ascultivation period, method of production and climatic conditions,such as the number of plants per unit area. In our study, the effectof different nutrient solutions on yield with respect to growingperiod and plant species was found statistically non-significant.In our study, the average leaf lettuce yields was 162.60g plant-1 in full strength and 143.00 g plant-1 in half strength nutrientsolution, below the limits specified in the literature [14]. Therewas no difference in quality parameters between treatments. In our experiment, the nitrate content of the leaves of Parsley,dill and leaf lettuce was determined below the limits constitute ahazard to human health [8, 15]5. ConclusionIt is concluded that baby leaf vegetables grown in a floatingsystem can successfully be grown under unheated greenhouseconditions. It is also concluded that half strength Hoaglandnutrient solution can be suggested in order to preserve water andenvironment by providing nutrient use efficiency. 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A RESEARCH ON PRODUCTION OF BABY LEAF VEGETABLES IN FLOATING SYSTEM

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