Ekler, Péter

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Papias’ Ars and George of Trebizond’s Compendium: Two Grammars Based on the Institutiones Grammaticae of Priscian

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Péter EklerPapias’ Ars and George of Trebizond’s  Compendium: Two Grammars Based  on the Institutiones Grammaticae of PriscianA Comparative Analysis1“Priscien occupe une position singulière dans l’histoire de la grammaire occidentale.” – These are the first words of the introduction to the conference publica-tion of the 2006 Priscian Conference in Lyon.2 The volume contains the most recent scholarly findings concerning Priscian (around 500 A. D.), one of the most important and influential Latin grammarians. He was a major point of comparison and standard for medieval and Renaissance humanist grammarians and rhetoricians.3Modern scholarship is familiar with Priscian’s impact on the 11th-century Papias. Thanks to Roberta Cervani, Papias’ Ars, which is based on Priscian’s Institutiones grammaticae, can now be studied in a critical edition.4 Also thanks to Cervani, we have an insight into Papias’ method of condens ing 1 The present paper has been significantly supported by private communication with Edit Madas, Roberta Cervani, Anneli Luhtala, Pierre Swiggers, John Monfasani, to whom the author expresses his sincere gratitude.2 Priscien: transmission et refondation de la grammaire de l’Antiquité aux modernes. maRc BaRatin, BeRnaRd colomBat, louiS holtz éditeurs, avec la collaboration éditoriale de chRiStine melin. (État des recherches à la suite du colloque de l’ENS Lettres et Sciences Humaines, Lyon, 10-14 octobre 2006) (Studia artistarum 21) Turnhout 2009. IX.3 Prisciani grammatici Caesariensis Institutionum grammaticarum libri XVIII ex recensione maRtini heRtzii (= Grammatici Latini ex recensione Henrici Keilii. II-III). Hildesheim 1961. (Unveränderter reprografischer Nachdruck der Ausgabe Leipzig 1855-1859.) See also: Prisciani Institutionum grammaticalium librorum I-XVI Indices et Concordantiae, Curantibus cIrIlo garcía román, maRco a. GutiéRRez Galindo. I-IV. (Alpha-Omega. Reihe A. Lexika, Indizes, Konkordanzen zur klassischen Philologie, CCXIV. 1-4.) Hildesheim – Zürich – New York 2001.4 Papiae Ars grammatica. Edizione critica a cura di RoBeRta ceRvani. Bologna 1998.328 Péter Eklerthe monu mental Priscianic Institutiones.5 Important data concerning Papias’ life and his other major work are provided by Violetta de Angelis’ research,6 while Robert Black’s examinations reveal Papias’ position and role in me-dieval education.7Georgius Trapezuntius’ (George of Trebizond, 1395-ca.1474) 15th-centu-ry Compendium (ca. 1435) based on Priscian’s Institutiones grammaticae was the topic of the author’s PhD dissertation (2008), where the text of the Compendium was published and carefully scrutinised.8Owing to John Monfasani, the life and work of George of Trebizond are known in details.9 It is a great pleasure that by publishing research on George of Trebizond and the Compendium (in the journal Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae), further findings can be added to Monfasani’s results.10The aim of the present paper is to compare the two grammars, name-ly Papias’ Ars and George of Trebizond’s Compendium (hereafter: Papias; Trapezuntius). Since they are similar in length and in the proportions of their chapters, they seem to be comparable. For this reason, the two gram-mars based on the same source are worth studying.5 ceRvani, R.: Considerazioni sulla diffusione dei testi grammaticali: la tradizione di Donato, Prisciano, Papias nei secoli XII-XV. Bullettino dell’Istituto Storico Italiano per il medioevo e Archivio Muratoriano 91 (1984) 397-421.6 Papiae Elementarium. Littera A. 1. A-Aequus. Recensuit v. de anGeliS. (Testi e documenti per lo studio dell’antichità; 58.) Milano 1977.7 Black, R.: Humanism and Education in Medieval and Renaissance Italy. Tradition and Innovation in Latin Schools from the Twelfth to the Fifteenth Century. Cambridge 2001. 49; 51; 54; 67-68. See also witt, R. G.: The Two Latin Cultures and the Foundation of Renaissance Humanism in Medieval Italy. Cambridge 2012. 260.8 ekleR, P.: Georgius Trapezuntius nyelvtani kivonata a priscianusi “Institutiones” alapján. Szövegközlés és -elemzés [George of Trebizond’s Grammatical Compendium on the Basis of Priscian’s “Institutiones”. Text and Analysis]. PhD-dissertation. Supervisor Edit Madas. Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 2008.9 monFaSani, j.: George of Trebizond. A Biography and a Study of his Rhetoric and Logic. Leiden 1976; monFaSani, j.: Collectanea Trapezuntiana. Texts, Documents, and Bibliographies of George of Trebizond. Binghamton, N. Y. 1984.10 ekleR, P.: George of Trebizond’s Grammar on the Basis of Priscian’s Institutiones. Comparative analy-sis. Acta Ant. Hung. 52 (2012) 45-57. ekleR, P.: “Propugnacula Christianitatis – studia humanitatis”. Relations Between Byzantium, Byzantine Humanists Active in Italy, and Hungary in the Middle Third of the 15th Century. In: FöldeSi, F. (ed.): A Star in the Raven’s Shade. János Vitéz and the Beginnings of Humanism in Hungary. An Exhibition at the National Széchényi Library. 14th March – 15th June, 2008. Budapest 2008. 105-116. ekleR, P.: Methodological Problems in 15th Century Latin Grammar Books Used in Hungary: saepes – faex – pecus. Camoenae Hungaricae 2007-2008. 65-78.329Papias’ Ars and George of Trebizond’s Compendium: Two Grammars Based…The present paper focuses on techniques for making a grammatical com-pendium/grammatical summary. As a recent publication in the journal Acta Antiqua11 has given an exhaustive comparison of the Compendium and Priscian’s Institutiones, only brief references will be made to those findings. The present study cites the Compendium based on the text presented in the doctoral dissertation and follows its division into chapters.12 (A modern edi-tion of the text of the Compendium is to be part of a later project.) As the text prepared for the dissertation is available only as a manuscript, for the sake of making it searchable and checkable, the page numbers of the first printed edition of the Compendium (1471)13 are also given.1The Institutiones, Priscian’s major and majestic work contains a number of Greek quotations (lines or words from Greek authors, Greek words for ex-planation or interpretation). Compared to Priscian, Papias very rarely cites Greek texts.14 When he does so, he gives one or two Greek words, mostly for explanation or interpretation, primarily in chapters De mutatione litterarum, De ordine litterarum, De sillaba, De casu, De prepositione, De coniunctione, and De pronomine.15 Let us see an example.Papias interprets Latin words with their Greek counterparts (e.g. ΠΕΡΙ, ΔΙΑ), following the Priscianic model. George of Trebizond tries to avoid the use of Greek words.16‘Se’ quoque pro  Graeca praepositione separativa est, ut ‘secubo’, ‘separo’, ‘seduco’; est etiam abnegativa, ut ‘securus’. Praeterea ‘se-orsum’ fit adverbium a ‘se’, ut a ‘de’: ‘deorsum’, a ‘super’ ‘sursum’. (Priscianus, Grammatici Latini III. 57. 12-14.)‘Am’ etiam  Graecam praepositionem significat: ‘amplector’, ‘amputo’, ‘ambio’, in quo etiam additio b consonantis fit propter m. (Priscianus, Grammatici Latini III. 57. 17-18.)11 ekleR (n. 10.) 2012.12 ekleR (n. 8.).13 Georgii Trapezuntii de partibus orationis ex Prisciano Compendium. [Milan, Philippus de Lavagna 1471]14 Cf. ceRvani (n. 5) 414-415.15 E.g. Papias 241 (16); 243 (29) (De prepositione); Papias 265 (7); 268 (29) (De coniunctione).16 Cf. ekleR (n. 10) 2012 49-50.330 Péter Ekler40 ‘Se’ pro  separativa est, ut ‘secubo’, vel abnegativa, ut ‘securus’.41 ‘Am’ etiam  significat, ut ‘amplector’, ‘ambio’, addita b. (Papias, 245.)14.78 ‘Se’ est separativa, ut ‘seduco’, abnegativa, ut ‘securus’. A ‘se’ fit ‘seorsum’, ut a ‘de’ ‘deorsum’. 14.79 ‘Am’ significat circum, ut ‘amplector’, ‘ambio’, in quo interponitur b proter m. (Trapezuntius, fol. [65v])2Similarly to Priscian (but unlike George of Trebizond), Papias gives phono-logical points when describing litera and syllaba.17Nunc de mutis dicamus. B transit in c, ut ‘occurro’, ‘succurro’; in f: ‘officio’, ‘sufficio’, ‘suffio’; in g: ‘suggero’; in m: ‘summitto’, ‘globus glomus’; in p: ‘suppono’, in r: ‘surripio’, ‘arripio’; in s: ‘iubeo iussi’. (Priscian, Grammatici Latini II. 34. 8-11. = De litera)F etiam sequente in eandem convertitur b vel in u vocalem, ut ‘officio’, ‘offundo’, ‘sufficio’, ‘suffero’, ‘suffio’… (Priscian, Grammatici Latini II. 46 14-15. = De syllaba)24 B transit in c, f, g, m, p, r, s, ut ‘succurro’, ‘officio’, ‘suggero’, ‘summitto’, ‘globus, glomus’, ‘suppono’, ‘surripio’, ‘iubeo iussi’. (Papias, 15. = De mutatione litterarum)6 B igitur ... f sequente in eandem convertitur ... ut ‘officio’ ... (Papias, 22. = De sillaba)Trapezuntius “pulls together” the first and second books of the Institutiones grammaticae, mentioning the assimilation in the words ‘officio’ only once.1.26 ‘Occido’ unde componitur? Ab ‘ob’ praepositione et ‘caedo’. Quare scribis c et non b? Quia c, f, g, m, p, r sequentibus in compositis b transit in ipsas, ut ‘occido’, ‘officio’, ‘oggannio’, ‘summitto’, ‘suppono’, ‘arripio’, exceptis ‘abscondo’, ‘abscedo’, ‘abscido’, quae cum ‛abs’ 17 Cf. ekleR (n. 10) 2012 51-52.331Papias’ Ars and George of Trebizond’s Compendium: Two Grammars Based…componuntur, et ‘obscurus’ et ‘obscoenus’, in quibus interponitur s. … (Trapezuntius, fol. [3v] = De literis)3The following two extracts intend to illustrate two phenomena. Both are strik-ing and both are highly characteristic of Trapezuntius’ grammar. The first is that the Compendium is a catechism, while Papias’ Ars is not. The other feature is that George of Trebizond often uses classical authors cited by Priscian. Unlike Priscian (and George of Trebizond), Papias applies few clas-sical quotations to highlight grammatical points. a)3.27 (1) ‘Avicula’ unde derivatur? A dativo ‘avi’. Quare? Quia in is vel in e desinentia vel in ns monosyllaba vel in rs, si faciunt diminutiva, correpta i dativi accipiunt culus vel cula vel culum, ut ‘igniculus’, ‘fidicula’, ‘dulciculus dulcicula dulciculum’. Cicero IV Tusculanarum: dulciculae potionis aliquid bibamus, ‘securis securicula’, ‘reticulum’, ‘fonticulus’, ‘lenticula’, ‘particula’. (2) Excipiuntur ‘lapillus’, ‘cuticula’, quod solum ante paenultimam produxit apud Iuvenalem: Nostra bibat vernum contracta cuticula solem. Praeterea ‘unguis ungula’, ‘anguis anguilla’, quae tamen significatione non sunt diminutiva.18 (Trapezuntius, fol. [11])15 Desinentia vero in is, vel in e, vel in ns monosillaba, vel in rs, dativo corripientia i assumunt culus, cula, culum, ut ‘testis, testi, testiculus’, ‘navis, navi navicula’, ‘rete, reti, reticulum’, ‘fons, fonti, fonticulus’, ‘pars, parti, particula’, ‘dulcis, dulci, dulciculus, dulcicula, dulciculum’. 16 Excipitur ‘lapis, lapillus’, ‘unguis, ungula’, ‘anguis, anguilla’. (Papias, 52. = De diminutivis)18 Cic. Tusc. 3,19,46; Juv. 4,11,203.332 Péter Eklerb)6.10 (1) ‘Cicero huius Ciceronis’, quare sic? In o Latina producta o et assumpta nis faciunt genitivum, nisi sint feminina in do vel in go desinentia, quae, nisi sint propria, i correptam habent ante nis praeter hic ‘Cupido Cupidinis’ pro deo. ‘Cardo cardinis’, ‘ordo ordinis’, ‘homo hominis’, ‘Apollo Apollinis’. ‘Anio Anienis’ a veteri nominativo ‘Anien’, ‘turbinis’ appellativum, nam proprium ‘Turbonis’ facit. (2) Item ‘margo’, quod tamen etiam femininum invenitur, ‘marginis’. Iuvenalis in primo: Iam plena margine libri. ‘Caro carnis’ facit, quoniam nominativus etiam ‘carnis’ dicebatur. T. Livius: Latinaeque instauratae, quod Laurentibus carnis, quae dari debet, data non fuerit.19 (Trapezuntius, fol. [23v-24])34 In o correptam Latina nis in genitivo sumunt o producta, ut ‘Cicero, Ciceronis’, ‘caupo, cauponis’, ‘Iuno Iunonis’. 35 Excipiuntur, que in go vel in do desinunt, que mutant o in i, nisi sint propria, et sic assumunt nis, ut ‘virgo virginis’, ‘dulcedo, dulcedinis’, ‘cardo cardinis’. 36 Sic etiam ‘homo, hominis’ (quidam etiam ‘homonis’ dixerunt) et ex eo compositum ‘nemo neminis’, et ‘turbo turbinis’ (appellativum), ‘Apollo, Apollinis, ‘Anio’ etiam ‘Anienis’, et ‘caro carnis’. 37 In o productam Greca sunt, et vel Grece declinantur, ut ‘Manto, Mantos’, vel addita nis faciunt genitivum, ut ‘Dido Didonis’. (Papias, 103. = De casu)4As the Institutiones, which served as a model, contains no verb conjuga-tion paradigms, Trapezuntius includes the relevant sections of Donatus’s Ars Minor (Trapezuntius 9. 2-9. 32, fol. [43v-45]; cf. Donatus: Ars minor, 4).20 He describes how the forms are generated, but gives no examples. (This is not the right method, as among the abstract terms of grammar, students do not get examples immediately, e.g. Trapezuntius, fol. [44] = De formatione temporum):19  Juv. 1,1,5; Liv. 37,3,4.20  holtz, l.: Donat et la tradition de l’enseignement grammatical. Paris 1981. 593,16-595,19.333Papias’ Ars and George of Trebizond’s Compendium: Two Grammars Based…9.4 Futurum indicativi modi in prima et secunda coniugatione fit a secunda persona praesentis indicativi modi abiecta s et addita bo. In tertia et in quarta o positione mutata in am. Excipiuntur in eo desinentia, quae modo primae et secundae formant futurum.219.5 Secunda persona singularis praesentis imperativi modi fit a secunda persona praesentis indicativi abiecta s.229.6 In tertia tamen coniugatione abiecta s et i in e mutata.9.7 Tertia persona singularis praesentis imperativi modi fit o positione verbi mutata in prima coniugatione in et, et in aliis in at.23Papias teaches verb conjugation paradigms primarily based on another, shorter Priscianic grammar intended for lower level education, namely the Institutio de nomine et pronomine et  verbo.2422 Prima futuri formatur a secunda persona presentis, abstracta s et addita bo, in prima quidem et secunda coniugatione et quarta in eo desinente, ut ‘amas, amabo’, ‘doces, docebo’, ‘is, ibo’; in tercia et quarta in io desinente fit a prima persona presentis singularis, o in am, ut ‘lego, legam’, ‘audio, audiam’. (Papias, p. 174. = De generali verbi declinatione)255In describing supina, similarly to Priscian, Papias proceeds according to conjugations (I-IV.) and within them according to subgroups. Following the perfect form, he immediately gives the supinum.In dio desinens unum invenio, ‘fodio, fodi’ et ex eo composita … Supinum in sum facit geminata s, ut ‘fodi fossum.’ … (Priscianus, Grammatici Latini II. 498. 5, 9-10.)21 Cf. Donatus: Ars minor (= holtz (n. 20.) 593. 20-21).22 Cf. Donatus: Ars minor (= holtz (n. 20.) 593. 22).23 Cf. Donatus: Ars minor (= holtz (n. 20.) 593. 22).24 Papias, 172-181. (= De generali verbi declinatione); Priscianus: Institutio de nomine et pronomine et verbo. In: Grammatici Latini III. 450-456.25 Cf. Priscianus (n. 24) 451,16; 452,24-29.334 Péter EklerIn gio similiter producta antepaenultima et ablata o extrema faciunt praeteritum perfectum, ut ‘fugio, fugi’ … Supinum o in tum convertit: ‘fugio, fugitum’ … (Priscianus, Grammatici Latini II. 498. 20-22.)In rio unum inveni, ‘pario peperi’. Vetustissimi tamen et secundum quartam coniugationem hoc protulisse inveniuntur. … Supinum ‘partum’ debet esse ... (Priscianus, Grammatici Latini II. 500. 19-20; 501. 3)14 In dio unum ‘fodio, fodi’ et ex eo composita; supinum eius ‘fossum.’ ... (Papias, 194-195.)17 In gio similiter, abiecta o et producta i, ut ‘fugio, fugi’ et ex hoc composita; supina fiunt o in tum, ‘fugio, fugitum’. (Papias, 195.)24 In rio, ‘pario, peperi’, quod antiquitus quarte fuit coniugationis; supinum ‘partum’ ... (Papias, 196.)As it is visible, Papias – following Priscian’s footsteps (De praeterito perfecto tertiae coniugationis) – proceeds according to subgroups in conjugation III. (De preterito perfecto tercie coniugationis).George of Trebizond applies an approach different from Priscian’s.26 In all three passages quoted, i.e. in all three groups, verbs belonging to different conjugations are mixed (De supinis):– their perfectum ends in vi, while their supinum in tum (10.25): ‘munitum’, ‘amatum’, ‘sopitum’, ‘aboletum’, ‘potatum’, ‘cupitum’, ‘ignotum’ (Trapezuntius, fol. [50v]),– their perfectum ends in ui, while their supinum in tum (10.26): ‘habitum’, ‘frictum’, ‘nectum’, ‘doctum’, ‘cultum’, ‘consultum’, ‘altum’, ‘desertum’, ‘apertum’, ‘indutum’, ‘annutum’ (Trapezuntius, fol. [50v]),– their perfectum ends in xi, while their supinum in ctum (10.30): ‘luctum’, ‘auctum’, ‘sanctum’, ‘intellectum’, ‘tinctum’, ‘unctum’ (Trapezuntius, fol. [51v]).26  Cf. ekleR (n. 10) 2012 53.335Papias’ Ars and George of Trebizond’s Compendium: Two Grammars Based…6In the paper analysing George of Trebizond’s methodology, it has been demonstrated that in the praepositio chapter, in the cases of the prepositions ‘prope’, ‘pone’, ‘ultra’, ‘praeter’, ‘propter’, ‘supra’, ‘usque’, ‘secus’ and ‘penes’, Trapezuntius follows an approach unlike Priscian’s.27 Papias, on the other hand, follows Priscian. The related passage in the Compendium is given in its entirety without interruptions (Trapezuntius, fol. [63v] = De praepositione):14.41 ‘Prope’ significat vicinitatem, ut Est ingens gelidum lucus prope Ceritis amnem. Terentius: prope adest, cum alieno more vivendum est tibi. Inde fit ‘propter’.2814.42 ‘Pone’ localis tantum significat ‘post’, ut ‘pone tribunal’, Pone subit coniunx.2914.43 ‘Ultra’ significat exuperantiam, ut ‘ultra definitum tempus’, ‘ultra naturae leges’.14.44 ‘Praeter’ compositum et appositum reperitur, et significat exceptionem, ut ‘quis hoc existimaret praeter me’, et ‘ultra’, ut ‘praetereo praeter ordinem’.14.45 ‘Propter’ a ‘pro’ derivatur, et significat causam, ut Te propter Libycae gentes, id est, ‘causa tui’.3014.46 ‘Supra’ significat imminentiam, ut Supra caput astitit imber, id est ‘capiti imminuit’.3114.47 ‘Usque’ praeponitur et postponitur, et significat finem, ut ‘usque Neapolim’, ‘Romam usque’, significat etiam ‘semper’.14.48 ‘Secus’ significat ‘prope’, ut ‘secus amnem’.3214.49 ‘Penes’ significat vicinitatem et potestatem, ut decus imperiumque Latini // Te penes.3327  Cf. ekleR  (n. 10) 2012 53-55.28  Verg. A. 8,597; Ter. An.1,1,125.29  Cf. Priscianus, Grammatici Latini III. 28,27; III. 29. 7; Verg. A. 2,725.30  Cf. Priscianus, Grammatici Latini III. 31,21-26; Verg. A. 4,320.31  Cf. Priscianus, Grammatici Latini III. 46,16-17; Verg. A. 5,10.32  Cf. Priscianus, Grammatici Latini III. 57,15-16.33  Cf. Priscianus, Grammatici Latini III. 33,12-14; Verg. A.12,58-59.

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Papias’ Ars and George of Trebizond’s Compendium: Two Grammars Based on the Institutiones Grammaticae of Priscian

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