A detailed gravimetric geoid was computed for the Northwest Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea area in support of the calibration and evaluation of the GEOS-C altimeter. This geoid, computed on a 15 ft. x 15 ft. grid was based upon a combination of surface gravity data with the GSFC GEM-6 satellite derived gravity data. A comparison of this gravimetric geoid with 10 passes of SKYLAB altimeter data is presented. The agreement of the two data types is quite good with the differences generally less than 2 meters. Sea surface manifestations of numerous short wavelength (approximately 100 km) oceanographic features are now indicated in the gravimetric geoid and are also confirmed by the altimetry data

Chang, E. S.

Marsh, J. G.

Mcclinton, A. T.

Vincent, S.

English

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J
DETAILED GRAVIMETRIC GEOID
CONFIRMATION OF SHORT
WAVELENGTH FEATURES OF SEA
SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY DETECTED BY
THE SKYLAB S-193 ALTIMETER IN THE
ATLANTIC OCEAN
J. G. MARSH!
S. VINCENT
A. T. McCLINTON
E. S. CHANG
(N ASA-TM-X- '0405) 	 DFV.I;. )	 ' VIP'	 IC
(;EuIU CONFIFMAIION OF 5110 T
	 ^^rH
FFATU n ES OF S = A SU r rACF TOPOG JkP iY DFTECTFr)
3Y THE. SKYL', B S-193 ATTIMETFF IN, THE
ATLANTIC OCFAS (NAS.4 )	 20 p HC i i. 2.^
MAY 1975
N75-25491
UnCIdS
G 1 /48 25555
- 
GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER
GREENBELT, MARYLAND
i
DETAILED GRAVIMETRIC GEOID CONFIRMATION
OF SHORT WAVELENGTH FEATURES OF SEA SURFACE
TOPGRAPHY DETECTED BY THE SKYLAB
5-193 ALTIMETER IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN
J. G. Marsh
Goddard Space Flight Center
S. Vincent
A. T. McClinton
F. S. Ching
Wolf Research and Development Group
ABSTRACT
A new detailed gravimetric geoid has been recently commuted for the
Northwest Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea area in support of the
calibration and evaluation of the GEOS-C altimeter. This geoid, com-
puted on a 15' x 1 -5 1 grid was based upon a combination of surface
gravity data with the GSFC GEM -6 satellite derived gravity data. This
paper presents a comparNon of this new gravimetric geoid with 10
passes of SKYLAB altimeter data. The agreement of the two data
types is quite good with the differences generally less than 2 meters.
Sea surface manifestations of numerous short wavelength (^-100 km)
oceanographic features are now indicated in the gravimetric geoid
and are also confirmed by the altimetry data.
I
iii
CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
	
1
COMPARISON OF 15' x 15' GRAVIMETRIC GEOID WITH SKYLAB
ALTIMETER DATA	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	 1
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
REFERENCES	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	 4
DETAILED GRAVIMETRIC GEOID CONFIRMATION
OF SHORT WAVELENGTH FEATURES OF SEA SURFACE
TOPOGRAPHY DETECTED BY THE SKYI.AB
S-193 ALTIMETER IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN
INTRODUCTION
In support of the calibration and evaluation of the GF.OS-C altimeter in the Atlan-
tic Ocean off the East Coast -)f the U.S. , a new deLailed gravimetric geoid Lased
upon a combination of satell- to derived and surface gravity data has been com-
puted on a 15' x 15' grid (NI<irsh and Vincent, 1975). Compariso!i of this new
geoid with the detailed geoiu previously computed on a P x 1° grid (Mar.h and
Vincent, 1974) revealed height differences as large as 12 meters over the Puerto
Rico Trench. Furthermore, differences as large as 3-4 meters were noted in
numerous other areas due to the increased res.,:ution of the 15 1
 x 15' surface
gravity data.
The accuracy of the 1° x 1° gravimetric geoid was based in part on comparisons
with astrogeodetic geoids and dynamically derived satellite tracking station
heights. These geodetic comparisons were limited to continental areas and
islands and did not provide information on the charleter of short wavelength
(<100km) features in ocean areas. however, with the recent availability of the
SKYLAB altimeter data, an independent complementary set of data has been pro-
vided for gravimetric ge(Ad computations in ocean areas.
COMPARISON OF 15' x 15' GRAVIMETRIC GEOID WITH SKYLAB ALTIMETER
I)ATA
Satellite altimetry was performed for the first time during the SKYLAB Mission
(1973-1974). During the SL-2, SL-3 and SL-4 missions over 130 sets of data
were taken over the oceans, each set being approximately 750km in length. Ex-
tensive evaluations of these data (e.g. , pulse shape, radar cross section, time
correlation, pulse compression and nadir alignment) have been performed at
Wallops Flight Center (McGcogan et al. , 1974a, and 1974b). Sea surface topog-
raphy as measured by the altimeter along the 130 passes has been compared with
th-e GSFC 1° Y. 1 0 GE Al-6 detailed gravimetric geoid. These comparisons are
summarized in McGoogan et al.. 1974c. Comparisons for specific passes have
also been presente,l in Marsh anf Vincent, 1974b; Vonhun et al. , 1975; and
Fubara and Aloura.-i, 1974. The relative accuracy ascribed to the altimeter data
by Mcroogan et al. , (1974c) over arcs of 1000 to 2000 km is 1 to 2 meters. Thus
as a means of evaluating the relative shape of the new 15' x 15' geoid in the
GEOS-C calibration area, comparison.:: were made with 10 passes of SKYLAB
altimeter data.
In addition to altimeter system error and gravimetric geoid error, the effects
of orbit error must also be considered in such comparisons. Vonbun et al. ,
(1975), have shown that orbit error for SKYLAB can amount to as much as 5
meters over a well observed revolution. However, orbit error tends to be Joni;
wavelength (once per revolution) and thus is generally not significant for rely -
five comparisons over are lengths of less than 100okm.
Figure 1 presents a plot of the ground tracks for the passes considered in this
stady. Figures2 through 11 present plots of the 15' x 15' gravimetric geoid pro-
files along these ground tracks superimposed on the altimeter data. Since on'
a comparison of the relative shames was of interest, the geoid profiles have been
translated along the ordinate axis to provide the best fit to the altimeter data.
The agreement of the relative shape of the 15' x 15' geoid and the sea surface
topography as derived from the altimeter data is excellent. The d ifferences are
generally less than  m.
In the evaluation of McEloogan et al. , 1974c, short wavelength trends (<100km)
were noted in the altimeter data which were either not visible in the 1° x 1' grav-
imetric geoid, for example, the Blake Escarpment, or were only slightly indica-
ted, as was the ease in the Puerto Rico Trench area. Short wavelength sea sur-
face topography features which are a manifestation of the bottom topography and
subsurface density variations are expected to exhibit amplitudes on the order of
a few meters. 'Therefore these features could be detected by the SKYLAB altim-
eter system. Thus with the computation of the 15' x 15' gravimetric geoid, the
reso.lutior of the geoid has increased to the degree that further analysis of these
short wavelength oceanographic features is possible. The locations of numerous
such oceanographic features are denoted on the plots.
In Figure 2, four such features are noted. As can be seen in the plot both the
altimeter and the gravimetric geoid clearly show the existence of two short wave-
length oceanographic features; the Blake Bahama Basin and the Bahama Outer
Ridge. Also, the Blake Platc _a and the Blake Escarpment are indicated by the
altimeter data but are not as pronounced in the gravimetric geoid most likely due
to a lack of surface gravity coverage in this particular area.
Figure 3 compares the two data types over the Puerto Rico Trench area. Where-
as the 1' x 1" gravity date only slightly indicated the presence of a sharp de-
pression in the ocean surface, the 15' x 15' geoid and the altimeter geoid map
the depression, also both ctata types indicate the existence of two other oceano-
graphic features namely the Antillean Trench and the Antillean Rise.
Figure 4 presents a pass in the Caribbean slightly to the north of Jamaica. In
this plot three features are apparent: the Cayman Trough, a ridge south-east of
the trough and an abyssal hill further along the track.
2	 i
1
31 igure 5 presents :mother pass in the Caribbe;ui, south of Cuba. Again, the Cay-
man Ti ough is apparent as well as the Cayman Ridge and the adjoining abyssal
plain. Figure 6 also in the Caribbean shows good agreeme-,t between the gravi-
metric geoid and the altimeter data especially in defining the slope between the
abyssal plain and the abyssal hill.
In Figure 7 both the gravimetric geoid and the altimeter data show the rise from
the continental slope to the Antillean Ridge. The agreement between the gravi-
metric geoid and the altimeter data along; this profile would have been even 1)(-tt -r
if a slight clockwise rotation had been applied to the gravimetric geoid (or counter
clockwise to the altimeter data). This rotation is most likely due to a combina-
tion of long wavelength errors in the gravimetric geoid and orbit errors.
Figures 8 and 9 are in the Antillean Islands area. In Figure 8 the Antilles outer
Ridge, the Puerto Rico Trench and Antillean Volcanic arc are depicted by the
altimeter as well ;-s the gravimetric geoid data. The agreement between the
gravimetric geoid and the altimeter data on this pass is generajly good in spite
of the high noise level along certain portions of the pass. (W particular signif-
icance is the good agreement over the Puerto Rico Trench. This is in contrast
to the portion of the Puerto Rico Trench noted in Figure 3 where the gravimetric
geoid and the altimeter data varied in the definition of the deep gx ► rt of the trench.
This variation in Figure 0 is attributed to the steep gradient of the trench over a
small area (approximately GOkm) which is beyond the existing resolution of the
gravimetric geoid versus the gradual depression noted in Figure 8 where the
grad i ent extends over a distance of approximatel} 150k — , • ^11 within the
resolution of the gravimetric geoid. In Figure 9 the gra%	 ; is geoid and the
altimeter geoid show the sharp variation in elope between t... .tbyssal plain and
the Antillean Ridge.
Figure 10 shows a pass between Washington and Bermuda. The continental shelf,
the continental slope, and the Hatteras Abyssal Plain are defined. Also the
altimeter geoid shows the Hatteras (Outer Ridge as well as the Bermuda Rise.
Figure 11 represents a pass ! parallel to the one shown in Figure 10. This figure
illustrates the excellent agreement of the gravimetric geoid ti ith the altimeter
data over a distance of about 1000km. Although short wavelength structure is
noted in this figure, the features are smaller in amplitude and less obvious than
in the previous figures. 'This profile is of additional interest since it provides
information on the relative accuracy (--2 m) of the geoid in the vicinity of the
Wallops and Bermuda tracking; stations.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The resolution and precision of the 15' x 15' gravimetrie geoid has been suffi-
cient to provide additional confirmation of the detection of short wave sea surface
topography features by the SKYI.AB altimeter system. Numerous trends in the
SKYLAB data that may have been previously attributed to errors in the system,
for example, noise, printing error or mode changes now appear to be accurate
representations of physical features.
Preliminary analysis of crustal sections derived from geophysical data in the
vicinity of several of these passes have produced short wavelength signatures
similar to those exhibited by the altimeter data. homogeneous geophysical data
particularly over the oceans is lacking on a global I-asis. Thus, satellite altim-
etry being inherently homogeneous is expected to play a major role in the defi-
nition of crustal structure and subsequent plate tectonic studies.
REFERENCES
1. Marsh, J. G. , Vincent, S. , "Global Detailed Geoid Computation and Model
Analysis," Geophysical Surveys, Vol. 1, 1974.
2. Marsh, J. G. , Vincent, S. , "Gravimetric Geoid Computations in the GEOS-
C Calibration Area," to be presented at the Marine Geodesy (including Mean
Sea Level) Session of the XVI General Assembly of the IUGG, Grenoble,
France, 1975.
3. Marsh, J. G. , Vincent, S. , "Detailed Gravimetric Geoid for the GEOS -C
Altimeter Calibration Area," International Symposium on Applications of
Marine Geodesy, Columbus, Ohio, 1974.
4. !&i Googan, J. T. , Ml,_Ier, L. S. , Brown, G. S. , and Mayne, G. S. , 1974a,
"The S-193 Radar Altimeter Experiment," Proceedings of the IE:E:E, Vol.
62, No. 6, June 1974a.
5. McGoogan, J. T. , Leitao, C. D. , Miller, L. S. , and Wells, W. T. , "SKY-
LAB S-19. , Altimeter Experiment Performance, Results and Applications,"
International Symposium of Applications of Marine Geodesy, Columbus,
Ohio, 1974b.
6. McGoogan, J. T. , Leitao, C. D. , Wells, W. T. , Miller, L. S. , and Brown,
G. S. , "SKYLAB Altimeter Applications and Scientific Results," AIAA/AGU
Conference on Scientific Experiments of SKYLAB, Huntsville, Alabama, 1974c.
4
-1.-.
r
^I
7. Vonbun, F. O. , Marsh, J. G. , McGoogan, J. T. , Leitao, C. D., Vincent,
S. , Wells, W. T. , "SKYLAB Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP)
Sea Surface Topography Experiment." to be published, 1975.
8. Fubara, D. M. J. , Mourad, A. G. , "Results of Geodetic Processing and
Analysis of SKYI.AB Altimeter Data, " International Symposium on P.npli-
cations of Marine Geodesy, Columbu, Ohio, 1974.
5
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Detailed gravimetric geoid confirmation of short wavelength features of sea surface topography detected by the Skylab S-193 altimeter in the Atlantic Ocean

Detailed gravimetric geoid confirmation of short wavelength features of sea surface topography detected by the Skylab S-193 altimeter in the Atlantic Ocean

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